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CLOSED CIRCUIT
TELEVISION
(CCTV)
An Introduction to CCTV
Course Range:
This course will focus on the core elements of CCTV; ranging
from its components through to its application.
Course Objectives:
By the end of the course the delegate will be able to:
Your details:
Name:
Job Title:
Company:
Branch:
Tel:
Trainer:
TRAINING OUTLINE
1. What is a CCTV system?
2. CCTV principles
Basic Components
Basic Camera features
Camera Sensitivity and useable video
Camera / System resolution
Basic Video Recording
Control Equipment
Formulas for lens calculations
4. CCTV application
Entry control
Intruder verification
Incident recording
Response management
Crowd monitoring
Intelligence gathering
Industrial monitoring
Video patrolling
General surveillance
Traffic management
Fraud countermeasures
2. CCTV PRINCIPLES
Basic Components Of A System
Camera
Video Signal Transmission
System
Lens
Viewing Monitor
Power
Power
Housing
Recording equipment
Control equipment
Lighting
The Camera
Camera Types
Internal
External
Static
Pan/tilt/zoom
Day / Night
Monochrome
Colour
Covert
Note:
CCD Size
1/3 Inch
1/2 Inch
Note:
The larger the CCD the greater the size of the image viewed or
recorded. Also cameras with a inch CCD sensor need less
light to operate effectively compared to the light required by a
CCD camera. Typically a inch camera needs 25% more
light.
Camera Sensitivity
A Cameras sensitivity is the minimum amount of light required
for the Camera to work.
Sensitivity is usually measured in Lux
Sensitivity is usually quoted by the manufacturer as the
minimum illumination required to provide a USABLE picture
It is important to note that:
Full Video is the minimum illumination required to produce a
1vpp video signal. This figure would be higher than Usable
Picture hence manufacturers do not publish this figure.
Light
Ultra
Violet
Infra-Red
Visible
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
Daylight
Fluorescent Lights
White Filament Lights
Sodium
Tungsten Halogen Lights
Infra-Red Lights (depending on filter cut off)
Infra Red
8
lux.
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Camera Features
Resolution
TVL stands for Television Lines and is used as the measure of
resolution of either a camera output or a monitor display.
The greater number of vertical TVL the better the picture
resolution.
Colour
> 450 TVL = High Resolution
320 450 TVL = Medium Resolution
< 320 TVL = Low Resolution
Black & White
> 420 TVL = High Resolution
320 420 TVL = Medium Resolution
< 320 TVL = Low Resolution
Back Light Compensation BLC
A function of the camera that compensates for excessive light
directed at the camera causing the video to bloom or causing
the images in front of the light to be unusable.
An example of this would be:
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Lenses
Types
There are three main types of lens.
Zoom
Vari Focal
Lens Features
Focal Length
Angle Of View
12m
The greater the focal length, the smaller the angle of view;
therefore the image viewed will be larger.
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30
30
30
44
15
15
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Remember:
The size of the CCD in the camera can also effect the picture
size. e.g. a 1/3 camera with an 8mm focal length lens will have
a smaller picture than a 1/2 camera with a 8mm lens.
Lens Iris
Light Level
The smaller the Iris (measured in F stops) the less light can exit
the lens onto the CCD sensor.
F Stops
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F8
F1.2
The greater the F stop the smaller the Iris aperture. Therefore
a lens with a minimum F stop, say F1.2, will let more light
through than a lens with a minimum F stop of F3.4. This is
particularly significant in low light situations.
Lens Iris Control Method
Auto Iris:
AI. An automatic method of varying the size of a lens aperture
in response to changes in scene illumination. An auto-iris lens
has integral circuitry for assessing the amount of light which
controls the iris movements. An auto iris lens is suitable for
exterior use
Direct Drive:
DD. An automatic method of varying the size of a lens aperture
in response to changes in scene illumination, where the
electronic has been removed from the lens and is built into the
camera. To use a DD lens with a camera, the camera must
have a DD output. A direct drive lens is only suitable for
internal use.
Fixed Iris:
A lens where there is no electronic control over the size of the
iris in response to varying light levels. Therefore this type of
lens is only suitable where the light levels varies insignificantly.
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Monitors
Monitors to view the picture form the camera(s) come in
various shapes and sizes.
For example:
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Cable
Coax for video signal
Video Recording
Recorders
High quality
Maximum 3 hours
Lifespan 900 hours
Tapes
Viewing Monitor
Power
Camera 2
Lens
Power
Camera 3
Video Recorder
Lens
Power
Sequential
Switcher
Camera 4
Lens
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
Power
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12 hr mode
24 hr mode
48 hr mode
72 hr mode
480 hr mode
960 hr mode
This means that the longer the mode the greater the delay
between each frame recorder. This may result in an incident
not being recorded at all.
For systems that have more than one camera additional
equipment is needed to control what happens to the pictures.
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Control Equipment
Control equipment allows you to administer the pictures from
the cameras when you have more than one camera connected
to a system
Switcher
Alarm contacts
Cameras
Mode
Seq
Display
Home
Switcher
ALL
Video Recorder
Monitor
(sequencing
picture)
Quadsplitter
Alarm inputs
Cameras
Quad
Video Recorder
Monitor view choices
1
1 2
3 4
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Multiplexer
Multiplexing and is the technique used to enable a number of
video inputs to be recorded onto a single tape.
PLAYBACK
RECORD
Multiplexer Features
Simplex
Duplex
Triplex
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72 hr
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Networkable.
Instant playback.
Remote viewing.
No tapes to administer
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Camera
Format
XL=F
Example
1/3
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3. CONSIDERATIONS AND
CONFIGURATIONS
Camera View Considerations
Angle of view
Internal or external
Colour or monochrome
Building orientation
Blind area
Blind area
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Monitor Considerations
12
17
21
Free standing ?
Rack mounted ?
Moving Cameras
THE PTZ CAMERA
Viewing Monitor
Video Signal
Telemetry Signals
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Telemetry
Serial data used for the remote control (or monitoring) of a
system. Usually comprises a digital encoded data, which is
represented by voltages on the line. Sometimes the signal
can be audio tones, such as Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) or
Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF). It is intended to control
pan, tilt, zoom, focus, preset positions, wash, wipe and
similar. Being digital, it is usually sent via twisted pair cable but
it can also be transmitted over the video coaxial cable, in the
opposite direction to the video.
Controllers
Can be incorporated within a Digital Video Recorder, or a
separate unit.
Various features depending upon requirements.
Eg
Number of inputs and outputs
Presets
Tours
Salvos
Example configuration
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Alarm Inputs
The ability to automatically move the cameras to a preprogrammed position upon activation of an alarm.
e.g.
Panic button
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4. CCTV APPLICATION
A CCTV system is generally used for one of the following
reasons:
1. Monitor and Control
2. Detection
3. Recognition
4. Identification
To effectively use a CCTV system for one of the above
applications, the following rules must apply:
No t l e s s t h a n 5 %
of screen height
Detection
Not less than 10% of screen height
Recognition Not less than 50% of screen height
Identification Not less than 120% of screen height
This would therefore be
an example of
Identification
Recognition or
Detection
(delete as appropriate)
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Customer loyalty
Link sales
Referrals
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Thank you
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Workshop
Back
Shop
Store
5m
Counter
area
6m
You have a video intercom on the front and back door which has handsets in the shop
and workshop.
You want to be able to see a bigger view from the inside pointing out of your shop
window so you can see who is at your front door when you are in the workshop and you
want to be able to see an external view of the rear door area, again from within the
workshop.
You want to be able to record the events.
You close for no more than two days at a time.
Unless you have a customer, all your time is spent in the workshop.
There is normal street lighting at the front of the shop and you have flood lights at the rear
which come on when it is dark.
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