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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Central Campus, Pulchowk
Lalitpur, Nepal
Department of Electrical Engineering
Micro-hydro power
Submitted by:
Deepak Bhatta
(069/BEL/315)
(069/BEL/328)
Saroj Sapkota
(069/BEL/338)
August 27 2016
ABSTRACT
The main target for field visit to Malekhu micro hydro power plant was learning
the operation, commissioning, design and technical aspects of the micro hydro
power plant. The one-day program of the field visits to Malekhu Hydropower,
Mahadevbesi made us familiar with the social, economic benefits to the local
people. During the visit we measured the head by two methods: water filled
tube and sighting meter method and discharge by using two methods: area
velocity and salt gulp method. A small discussion and questioning-answering
about the installation, construction, improved socioeconomic status was also
carried out during the meeting held among our visit group and committee. All
the economic status of the micro hydro was evaluated. The problem that they
normally face and their periodic maintenance routine were discussed. The micro
hydro plant has brought a lot of change in the villagers with development like
transportation facility, access to good health service, good education facilities
and increase in living standard. Total of 310 household are getting benefits from
this micro hydro plant.
It has already been 5 years of its successful operation and it has showed its
effect within this period and is seen technically and economically feasible and
viable.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank our respected teacher Er. Dinesh Ghimire for
providing us an opportunity to gain the practical knowledge about technical
aspects of micro hydro plant through this field visit.
Secondly, we would like to express our special thanks to Department of
Electrical Engineering, Central Campus Pulchowk who managed the wonderful
field visit. We would like to express our gratitude towards Madhusudhan
Shrestha sir of Department of Electrical Engineering,Pulchowk Campus for his
supervision and assistance in Micro hydro field visit.
We would like to express our sincere thanks and gratitude to working
committee of Malekhu khola Micro Hydro Power plant for explaining the
system available there and providing the knowledge that we need for our study
without which the visit would not be as successful. Also we are thankful to our
respected teacher Madhusudan Shrestha for his valuable time and support to us.
Also, we would like to thank all the teachers, friends and everyone who is
directly or indirectly associated to make our visit successful.
INTRODUCTION
In context of Nepal, micro hydropower plant is a small scale hydropower plant
of capacity 5 kW to 100 kW usually located in remote areas where there is no
direct access to national grid that may be due geographical difficulties and
economically unfeasible. Micro hydropower plant is the major source of energy
in the rural areas and it is a practical and cost effective way of meeting the
energy demand of people in rural areas. We visited the Malekhu Khola MHP of
26KW located at Mahadevbesi VDC, Dhading. There are middle and lower
class villagers living together with dominatingly Chepang community and
others people residing over there are Magars and Gurungs. Most of the villagers
there are engaged in agriculture. The micro hydro plant has brought a lot of
change in the villagers with development like transportation facility, access to
good health service and increase in living standard.
OBJECTIVES
To learn operation, maintenance and design aspect of micro-hydro power
plant.
Flow and head measurements in actual site. Micro-hydro plant design
with measured discharge & head.
Sizing and selection of turbine and generator.
To design appropriate ballast size.
To find out the total capital cost investment and calculate the cost per
KW.
Socio-economic development in the society due to Micro-hydro Plant.
METHOLODOGY
BEFORE FIELD VISIT:
Site selection.
Collection of documents and equipment to facilitate the visit.
DURING FIELD VISIT:
Brief study of present scheme i.e. civil, electrical, mechanical etc.
Measurement of head and discharge by various methods.
Meeting with local peoples, interactions and questioning-answering etc.
AFTER FIELD VISIT:
Socio-Economic Condition
Ethnic groups:
There are 310 households, which are benefited from this MHP scheme. The
total population benefited by this project is about 1500. Communities like
Tamang, Chhetri and Damai/Kami,brahaman are residing in the project area.
chhetri holds the majority of almost more than 65% but other communities also
are in same respect.
Economic condition
Economic condition of the village is not very sound. Illiteracy percentage is
high. The main source of income of the people is agriculture. Almost 90%
household depends upon agriculture. In average 4 persons per household are
involved in agriculture. About 10% household depend on labor works; in an
average one man per household is involved.
Land holdings and uses
Average land holdings per household in the project area are 5 ropanies. The
major crops grown are rice, maize, wheat, millet, oilseeds etc. besides potatoes,
garlic, beans and orange are major horticultural crops grown in the vicinity.
Canal utilization on irrigation purpose
The main crops grown in the vicinity are rice, maize, wheat and vegetables.
Implication of irrigation has increased the land yield. The water output for
irrigation purpose is designed to be 12 l/s. with this large land has been irrigated
under different cropping pattern.
Marketing and agricultural commodities
Farmers growing cereal crops generally get their cereal products milled at an
agro-processing unit (Ghatta). Farmers engaged in vegetable growing sell their
products to local main bazaar malakhu and products go to Kathmandu also for
which middlemen plays significant role in determine price of the commoditized.
Available flow
Design flow
210 l/sec
Design power
26kW
Head race
Diameter of penstock
pipe
Mild steel
Types of intake
Side intake
Types of diversion
Temporary weir
Types of turbine
Cross flow
40 kw
Mechanical
transmission
Generator
ELC
26 kW
Ballast load
Total length of
transmission and
distribution
10700 m
Location
Mahadevsthan vdc
District
Dhading
Zone
Bagmati
Malekhu khola
No of house hold
310
Subscribed power
100 watt
Load centre
MEASUREMENTS
The Measurement of discharge can be performed through the following
techniques:
- Direct method
1.Area velocity:
2. Dilution techniques
-Indirect methods:
1. Hydraulic structures Weir
2. Slope area method
The methods generally used for flow measurement are:
1. Velocity Method.
2. Salt gulp Method.
3. Bucket Method.
Salt Dilution Method is mostly used in Micro Hydro.
Head Measurement can be performed through the following measures:
1. Water filled tube
2. Sighting meters
We measured the discharge using area velocity method and salt dilution method.
Likewise, we measured the head using water filled tube and Abney levels.
Area Velocity method
This Method is based on the principle that for a fluid of constant density flowing
through a cross-section, the product of cross-sectional area and mean velocity
will be constant that is the discharge.
Q(m3/s) = Area(m2) vmean(m/s)
The most practical method of measuring stream discharge is through the
velocity-area method. This method involves measuring the velocity of a neutral
buoyancy object (e.g., wood, plastic bottles etc.) and multiplying this by the
average cross-sectional area (using a tape and rule) of the river gives the
discharge of that stream. These objects do, however, float close to the river
surface, which is faster than the average velocity of the water profile and must,
therefore, be reduced by a coefficient called correction factor (in our case we
chose the value of correction factor as 0.75).
Procedure:
Person X stays at upstream and person Y stays at down-stream at some
measured distance. Person X then puts a float at a fairly fast moving point in the
river and lets it sweep. The time in the stop watch is noted down when the float
travels the prefixed distance.
The procedure is repeated 10 times with different floats. The distance travelled
by the float divided by the time gives its surface velocity. This surface velocity
is then multiplied by appropriate correction factor to find the mean velocity. Ten
such mean velocities are calculated and mean is calculated.
The mean cross sectional area of the river is found by finding the mean depth
and multiplied it by the width of the river. The mean depth is found by
measuring depth at all locations from one side of the channel to the other side of
the channel and taking a mean.
Observation table:
Distance
Time taken to travel this
travelled, Si m
distance, Ti sec.
20
17.5
20
23
20
19.2
20
18
20
19
20
17.1
20
17.96
20
19.17
20
17.76
Discharge (Q)
Observation table
Discharge Measurement Using Salt Gulp Method
S.N.
Time
Conductivity
(s)
(10-6ohm-1)
1
5
4
2
10
4
3
15
4
4
20
4
5
25
4
6
30
4
7
35
5
8
40
11
9
45
16
10
50
15
11
55
14
12
60
12
13
65
9
14
70
6
15
75
5
16
80
4
17
85
4
18
90
4
Calculation of discharge
The observed value are plotted against time as below.
HEAD MEASUREMENT
Sighting Meters
Hand-held sighting meters (also known as Clinometers or Abney levels) can
measure the angle of inclination of a slope. They can be very accurate if used by
an experienced person. They are
Small and compact, and sometimes include range-finders which save the trouble
of measuring linear distance. Since the method demands that the linear distance
along the slope is recorded, it can have the advantage of measure of the length
of penstock pipe as well.
Observation table
S.N
1
2
3
4
Angle()
degree
Slope
length(l)m
23
25
28
30
18
21
9
10
Height(h)=l*sin
,m
7.03
8.87
4.22
5
Observation table:
Head measurement Using water filled tube and graded rod
S.
N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Downhill
Uphill
height (Ai height (Bi m)
m)
2.62
0
1.68
0.40
2.17
0.15
1.64
0.20
2.15
0.10
1.68
0.9
1.61
0.10
1.42
0.52
2.46
0.20
2.37
0.10
2.13
0.20
2.25
0.19
2.52
0.15
Total = 24.31 m
Hi=AiBi
2.62
1.28
2.02
1.44
2.05
1.59
1.51
0.90
2.26
2.27
1.93
2.06
2.37
H net
rpm
40
22
0.38m
500
0.21
t jet 2 10 22
0.13 to 0.26m
We can find the runner diameter from nomogram too, and we use the value obtained
from nomogram for design purpose.
Conventional governing
i. Oil pressure governor
ii. Electronic load controller
Non-conventional governor
The conventional governors wherein the speed is regulated by controlling the water
inlet to the turbine, through hydraulic or mechanical governing system is much
complicated to design and expensive to use in a small micro hydro system. Hence, an
electronic load controller is preferred to be used as governor. An ELC with ballast
load controls the speed of the turbine generator set by maintaining generator output
constant at all times irrespective of the change in load by the consumers. The flow is
kept constant to the turbine so speed remains constant. A constant generator output
maintained by supplying a secondary ballast heaters with the power not needed by the
consumer.
DESIGN OF ELC WITH BALLAST LOAD
Now we need to design the ballast load such that when all the loads are switched off,
the ballast can safely dissipate the generated power without causing excessive
temperature rise or damage.
Let us choose 3 kW water heater elements each containing a single heating element of
3 kW. Resistance of 3 kW element;
= (230)2/3000
= 17.63
When full load is diverted to the ballast, voltage across is only 220V. Power
dissipated in each 3 kW element;
Power dissipated
=(220)2/17.63
=2745.32 W
=2.745 kW
Now, consider 10 such heating elements; Total power dissipated = 10*2.745 =27.45
kW (>23.96)
Percentage oversize
= 14 % (<15%) So valid.
So we choose 10 numbers of 3 kW elements.
Water flow rate
Q=mschange in temp
Mass/second = (23.961000)/(420025) = 0.228 kg/s
Flow rate required =0.228 l/s
Fig : Three phase star connected rotor and output voltage waveform
This allows for possible expansion of the loads and supply systems.
ii.
iii.
iv.
It is a wiser practice to employ a generator having considerably larger voltThe generator of size 45.101 kVA may not be available in the market. So we go
for next higher available generator which is 50 kVA.
EXCITATION SYSTEM
Brushless excitation system with AVR with roll off and rotating diodes is used.
TARIFF DESIGN
Tariff is the price paid by the entrepreneurs and householders for the use of
electricity. The tariff are fixed on the basis of loan repayment, operation and
maintenance cost and the welfare funds. There are some principles for fixing the
tariffs. The tarrifs should be discussed among the villgers and arguments should
be done on it. It should be workable in practice as well as it should match with
the findings of capability and demand survey. It should have the provision for
work replacement for underprivileged people. It should contain the advice of
almost all the villagers.
COST ESTIMATION
Estimated Cost Categorisation:
S.
Description of
Amount
N.
items
1
Installation
120000
supervision and
commissioning
charge
2
Cost of civil
5850000
construction
3
Cost
of
4262015
mechanical
component
4
Cost of electrical
4062015
component
5
Transportation
60755
cost
6
Other Costs
379000
Total
145,33,7
85
Labour Contribution by
Amoun
t
644000
0
650000
0
900000
locals
Investment from Locals
Total Investment
693785
145337
85
Load Distributions:
Considering the following loads will be probably incurred to the plant
throughout the year:
S.N. Description
Lighting Loads
Runnin
Operating Time g
Power consumed Energy
Hours (KW)
Consumed
KWHr
6pm-12pm;
4am-
12
108
7am
2
Rice mill * 2
12am to 6 pm
12
72
16
Other
Residential
Loads
18
54
Energy
Consumed
250
6 am- 12pm
Per Day
= 575.04 KWHr
Enerrgy Consumed
250
r (1 r ) n
(1 r ) n 1
65,00,000
0.1 1.16
1.16 1
14,92, 449
1581995
=Rs 5.5/ Watt/ month
23.96 1000 12
Considering Rs 6/Watt/month, Yearly income = 623.96100012 = 1725120/Now Yearly Welfare Fund savings=1725120 1581995=Rs 1,43,125/-
Summary:
Name of Project
: Malekhu Khola, MHP
Location
: Mahadevsthan Malekhu
District
: Dhading
Zone
: Bagmati
Name of Source
: Malekhu Khola
No. of household Benefit : 310
Electricity demand per house: 100W
Ownership: Community
Technical features
Gross Head
= 24.7 m
Net Head
Measured Discharge
Design discharge
Plant Output
= 22 m
= 270 l/s
= 210 l/s
= 23.96 kW
Turbine
Ballast
Ballast Size
Belt
Generator
Generator Size
Plant factor
Tariff
= Crossflow
= Water heater
= 27kW
= Wedge Belt
= Synchronous
= 50kVA
= 0.4
= Rs 6/Watt/month
CONCLUSION
The field visit to Mahadevsthan micro hydropower proved to be very useful to
us. We learnt operation, maintenance and design aspect of micro-hydro power
plant. We measured the flow and head measurements in actual site by using
practical methods and performed load survey demand in actual site but there
was little deviation in measured data when compared to actual data given. We
were able to observe practically what we have theoretically learnt. By using
what the data that we obtained from our experiments, we designed a micro
hydro plant with all the components like ELC, generator, turbine, drive system,
etc. by ourselves and compared it with that in the site. Hence, it was very useful
visit as a part of study.