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POWERELECTRONICSPREVIEW

POWERCONVERTERS
Thespeedcontrol of any electric drive for application requires four under mentioned major power
converters:
*AC/DCconverterfortheDCmotorcontrol
*DC/ACconverterfortheintegralhorsepowerACmotorcontrol
*AC/AC(changeinmagnitude)forcontrolofupto5hpACdrivethroughstatorvoltagecontrol.
*AC/AC(changeinmagnitudeandfrequency)forlowspeedACdrivesoflargehorsepower

FigureFD6:SinglePhaseHalfWaveRectifier

TheRectifiers

Power Electronics circuits, which execute the ACtoDC conversion, are called 'rectifiers'. A simple
singlephase halfwave rectifier circuit is shown in figure FD6 (a). The output waveforms for V
andIaredepictedinfigureFD6(b)

Theaverageoutputvoltage VDC attheoutputisexpressedas:

VDC=

Vm

(Fd1)

where,Vm isthepeakvalueofsinusoidalvoltage.
However, the addition of a capacitor across the load, as shown in figure FD7, significantly
smoothenstheoutputvoltagewaveshapeandraisesthemagnitudeofDClevel.Itisworthwhileto
mentionthattherectifierproducespulsatingDCoutput,whichneedsfiltering.

FigureFD7:SinglePhaseHalfWaveRectifierwithCapacitorFilter

NowconsideraninductiveloadasshowninfigureFD8(a).Asignificantchangehastakenplace in
the load current waveform as depicted in figure FD8 (b). It may be noted that there is an
extensionoftheconductingperiodofdiodeduetotheintroductionofinductiveloadandhencethe
inductiveenergy.
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FigureFD8:SinglePhaseHalfWaveRectificationwithInductiveLoad

The halfwave rectifier discussed as above, is used only for fractional horse power motors and
does not reflect the optimum for rectification, because the circuit does not exploit negative half
cycleofACsourcevoltagewaveform.Amorepracticalsolutionisthereforeofferedbythestudyof
singlephasefullwavebridgerectifier,asshowninfiguresFD9(a)and(b).

FigureFD9:SinglePhaseFullWaveDiodeBridgeRectifier

ForthecircuitsoffiguresFD9(a)&(b),theaveragevalueofloadvoltage VDCisexpressedas:

2Vm
VDC =

(Fd2)

For power levels up to about 5 kW, the singlephase rectifier circuit delivering twopulses per AC
cycleattheoutputispreferred.Ageneralthumbruleof20%deratingofoutputpowerisusedfor
all singlephase rectifier fed DC motor. However, beyond this power level a threephase source
witheitherhalfwaveorfullwavebridge,deliveringeitherthreepulsesorsixpulsesperACcycle,
as the case may be, needs to be considered for the purpose of rectification. Once again as a
generalthumbrule,thethreephasehalfwavebridgeispreferredforpowerlevelsuptoabout20
KWratingbeyondwhichathreephasefullwaverectificationispreferred.Assuch,wewouldnow
refer to circuit diagram of the threephase diode rectifier as shown figure FD10. The average
outputloadvoltage VDCisthereforeexpressedas:

VDC =

3Vm

While figure FD10 (a) shows the threephase

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While figure FD10 (a) shows the threephase

diode bridge rectifier, figure FD10 (b) depicts
theoutputwaveformacrosstheresistiveload.To
understandhowthecircuitworks,letus consider
TableFD3,whichdepictsthewaveform visvis
devicenumberasindicatedonfigureFD10(a)

Picture9:BridgeRectifierModule

FigureFD10:ThreePhaseDiodeBridgeRectifier

TableFD1:CurrentGatedPowerSemiconductorDevices

PowerCapability
Conductiondrop
(V)atrated
current
Switching
frequency(Hz)
Reapplieddv/dt
(V/microsec)
Turnondi/dt
(A/microsec)
Turnontime
(microsec)
Turnofftime
(microsec)
Leakagecurrent
(mA)

Thyristor
8000V,4500A

DarlingtonBJT
1200V,800A

Triac
800V,40A

GTO
6000V,4500A

1.9

1.9

1.4

400

10,000

400

2,000

30

limitsfordevices
loss&Safe
OperatingArea
(SOA)

Limitsfordevice
loss

100

21A/21A/ms

300

1.1

1.7

1.7

200

200

10

2.5

30

Motordrives,UPS

Lampdimming,

Motordrives,Large

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Applications

powersupplies,
systems,Static Heatingcontrol, Motordrives,UPS
Lighting&Heating, VAR&Harmonic
Zerovoltage
Systems,Static
StaticVAR
comp.,Switched switchedACrelay, VARCompensation
compensation
ModePowerSupply ACmotorstarting Inductionheating
ElectronicCircuit
(SMPS)
&control
Breakers

TableFD2:VoltageGatedPowerSemiconductorDevices

Presentpower
capability
Conductiondrop
(V)atrated
current
Switching
frequency(KHz)
Turnondi/dt
(A/microsec)
Turnontime
(microsec)
Turnofftime
(microsec)
Leakagecurrent
(mA)

Applications

MOSFET

IGBT

SIT

MCT

1000V,50A

4000V,1500A

1200V,300A

800V,40A

3.2

3.2

18

1.1

100

20

70

20

VeryHigh

VeryHigh

VeryHigh

1000

90ns

0.9

0.25

0.14

1.4

0.3

2.1

0.2

0.1

ACmotordrives,
UPSSystems,
Switchedmode
StaticVAR&
Inductionheating,
powersupply,
harmonic
Ultrasonic
BrushlessDC
Compensation
Generators,AM/FM
motordrive,
SwitchedMode
Generators
ElectronicDCrelay
PowerSupplies
(SMPS)

ACdrives,UPS
Systems,Static
VAR&harmonic
compensation

TableFD3:ConductingDiodePairsvisvisInterval

ConductionIntervalfigureFD10(b)
ac
bc
ba
ca
cb
ab

ConductingDiodepairs
1&6
3&6
3&2
5&2
5&4
1&4

Inordertounderstandthe circuit operation, consider the instant at which the input voltage VAC is
at its positive maximum (+Vm ) as shown in figure FD10 (b). All the relevant voltages and their
magnitudesasperthisfigurearewrittenasfollows:

Vax=0
Vcy=0
Vac=Vay=+Vm
Vbc=Vby=+0.5Vm
Vba=Vbx=0.5Vm
Vca=Vcx=Vm

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(Diode1ison)
(Diode6ison)
(Diode2isoff)
(Diode4isoff)
(Diode3ison)
(Diode5isoff)
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TheconductionofdiodesasshowninfigureFD10(a)areconfirmedbecauseofthedirectionsof
currentflowthroughtheload.
2003ElectronicsAcademy

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