IP

Internet Protocol
Rev 1.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.com
All rights reserved
Objectives
IP Address and subnet planning
IP Forwarding
InterVLAN Routing
All rights reserved
Page 2
IP Forwarding (Routing)
N4
N2.H1
N1.H1
N1.H2
N3.H1
All rights reserved
Page 3
IP Header Format
0
Version
15
31
Message Service type

length
Flag
Identification
Time to live
Total length
Protocol
Frag offset
Message header checksum
Source IP address
Destination IP address
IP options
All rights reserved
Page 4
Type of Service
All rights reserved
Page 5
IP Addressing
32 Bits
Network
8 Bits
Host
8 Bits
8 Bits
10000000 00000001 11111111
128 .
1.
All rights reserved
255 .
Page 6
8 Bits
11111110
254
Classification of IP Addresses
Network(8bit)
Host(24bit)
1.0.0.0~
0
126.255.255.255
Class A
Host(16bit)
Network(16bit)
128.0.0.0~
191.255.255.255 1 0
Class B
Network(24bit)
Host(8bit)
192.0.0.0~
1 0
223.255.255.255 1
224.0.0.0~
1 1 10
239.255.255.255
240.0.0.0~
255.255.255.255 1 1 1 1 0
Class C
Multicast address
Reserved
All rights reserved
Page 7
Class D
Class E
Address Mask
Distinguish network portion and host portion
First series of ones following by series of zeros

32-bit string, can be represented in dotted-decimal format
as IP address or just count of ones (mask length):

Mask for class A: 255.0.0.0 or /8 or :
11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000
Mask for class B: 255.255.0.0 or /16:

11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Mask for class C: 255.255.255.0 or /24 or:

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
All rights reserved
Page 8
IP address and mask

192
168
17
11000000 10101000 00000001 00010001
&
255
255
&
255
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
=
192
168
=
1
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
All rights reserved
Page 9
IP address and mask

192
168
17
11000000 10101000 00000001 00010001
&
255
255
&
255
248
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
=
192
168
=
1
16
11000000 10101000 00000001 00010000
All rights reserved
Page 10
Subnets and Subnet Masks

192
168
17
11000000
10101000
00000001
00010001
11111111
11111111
11111111
11110000
Network Part
Subnet Part Host Part

(n bits)
(m bits)
IP Subnet: 192.168.1.16 255.255.255.248 or 192.168.1.16/28

Subnet numbers: 2n ( n=4, 24=16)
Host numbers: 2m-2 ( m=4, 24 2 = 14)
For 192.168.1.17/28:
network address 192.168.1.16

broadcast address 192.168.1.31
All rights reserved
Page 11
Subnet Planning
192.168.1.0/25 (128 addresses)
192.168.1.0/24
(256 addresses)
192.168.1.128/27 (32)
192.168.1.160/27 (32)
192.168.1.128/25 (128)
192.168.1.192/26 (64)
All rights reserved
Page 12
Special IP Addresses
Network part
Host part
Address
type
Any
Completely 0
Network
address
Any
Completely 1
Broadcast
address
All the nodes of a Specially

designated network
segment
127
Any
Loopback
address
Loop test
Completely0
Completely1
Use
Representing a network
Segment
Huawei Quidway router

used
All networks
Designate default routes
Broadcast
address
All rights reserved
All nodes of
Local network segment
Page 13
IP Address For Private Network

10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
All rights reserved
Page 14
Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)

Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
192.168.1.32/27
192.168.1.64/27
ISP
Announce
192.168.1.96/27
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.1.128/27
All rights reserved
Page 15
Objectives
IP Forwarding
InterVLAN Routing
All rights reserved
Page 16
IP Forwarding Process
10.1.1.0/24
.2
129.6.1.0/24
.1
E0/0
MAC2
MAC1
.1
E0/1
MAC3
.2
E1/0
MAC4
Router A
GW:10.1.1.1
10.2.2.0/24
.1
E1/1
MAC5
Router B
.2
MAC6
GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC1
MAC2
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
Dest./Mask
NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.1
E0/0
10.1.1.0/24
129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.2
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
10.2.2.1
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
All rights reserved
Page 17
E1/1
10.1.1.0/24
.2
MAC1
GW:10.1.1.1
129.6.1.0/24
.1
E0/0
MAC2
.1
E0/1
MAC3
10.2.2.0/24
.2
E1/0
MAC4
Router A
.1
E1/1
MAC5
Router B
.2
MAC6
GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC1
MAC2
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
Dest./Mask
NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.1
E0/0
10.1.1.0/24
129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.2
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
10.2.2.1
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
All rights reserved
Page 18
E1/1
10.1.1.0/24
.2
MAC1
GW:10.1.1.1
129.6.1.0/24
.1
E0/0
MAC2
.1
E0/1
MAC3
10.2.2.0/24
.2
E1/0
MAC4
Router A
.1
E1/1
MAC5
Router B
.2
MAC6
GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
Dest./Mask
NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.1
E0/0
10.1.1.0/24
129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.2
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
10.2.2.1
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
All rights reserved
Page 19
E1/1
10.1.1.0/24
.2
MAC1
GW:10.1.1.1
129.6.1.0/24
.1
E0/0
MAC2
.1
E0/1
MAC3
10.2.2.0/24
.2
E1/0
MAC4
Router A
.1
E1/1
MAC5
Router B
.2
MAC6
GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
Dest./Mask
NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.1
E0/0
10.1.1.0/24
129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.2
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
10.2.2.1
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
All rights reserved
Page 20
E1/1
10.1.1.0/24
.2
MAC1
GW:10.1.1.1
129.6.1.0/24
.1
E0/0
MAC2
.1
E0/1
MAC3
10.2.2.0/24
.2
E1/0
MAC4
Router A
.1
E1/1
MAC5
Router B
.2
MAC6
GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC3
MAC4
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
Dest./Mask
NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.1
E0/0
10.1.1.0/24
129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.2
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
10.2.2.1
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
All rights reserved
Page 21
E1/1
10.1.1.0/24
.2
MAC1
GW:10.1.1.1
129.6.1.0/24
.1
E0/0
MAC2
.1
E0/1
MAC3
10.2.2.0/24
.2
E1/0
MAC4
Router A
.1
E1/1
MAC5
Router B
.2
MAC6
GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC3
MAC4
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
Dest./Mask
NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.1
E0/0
10.1.1.0/24
129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.2
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
10.2.2.1
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
All rights reserved
Page 22
E1/1
10.1.1.0/24
.2
MAC1
GW:10.1.1.1
129.6.1.0/24
.1
E0/0
MAC2
.1
E0/1
MAC3
10.2.2.0/24
.2
E1/0
MAC4
Router A
.1
E1/1
MAC5
Router B
.2
MAC6
GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
Dest./Mask
NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.1
E0/0
10.1.1.0/24
129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.2
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
10.2.2.1
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
All rights reserved
Page 23
E1/1
10.1.1.0/24
.2
MAC1
GW:10.1.1.1
129.6.1.0/24
.1
E0/0
MAC2
.1
E0/1
MAC3
10.2.2.0/24
.2
E1/0
MAC4
Router A
.1
E1/1
MAC5
Router B
.2
MAC6
GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
Dest./Mask
NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.1
E0/0
10.1.1.0/24
129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.2
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
10.2.2.1
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
All rights reserved
Page 24
E1/1
10.1.1.0/24
.2
MAC1
GW:10.1.1.1
129.6.1.0/24
.1
E0/0
MAC2
.1
E0/1
MAC3
10.2.2.0/24
.2
E1/0
MAC4
Router A
.1
E1/1
MAC5
Router B
.2
MAC6
GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC5
MAC6
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
Dest./Mask
NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.1
E0/0
10.1.1.0/24
129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.2
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
10.2.2.1
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
All rights reserved
Page 25
E1/1
10.1.1.0/24
.2
MAC1
GW:10.1.1.1
129.6.1.0/24
.1
E0/0
MAC2
.1
E0/1
MAC3
10.2.2.0/24
.2
E1/0
MAC4
Router A
.1
E1/1
MAC5
.2
MAC6
Router B
GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2
MAC5
MAC6
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
Dest./Mask
NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.1
E0/0
10.1.1.0/24
129.6.1.1 E1/0
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.2
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
10.2.2.1
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
All rights reserved
Page 26
E1/1
IP Forwarding
10.1.1.0/24
.2
MAC1
GW:10.1.1.1
129.6.1.0/24
.1
E0/0
MAC2
.1
E0/1
MAC3
10.2.2.0/24
.2
E1/0
MAC4
Router A
.1
E1/1
MAC5
Router B
.2
MAC6
GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.1
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.1
E0/0
Dest./Mask
NextHop Interface
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.2
E0/1
10.1.1.0/24
129.6.1.1 E1/0
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
10.2.2.1
0.0.0.0/0
129.6.1.1
E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
All rights reserved
Page 27
E1/1
Mask matching
Dest./Mask
&
10.1.1.0/24
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.0/24
00001010 00000010 00000010 00000001

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
/24
00001010 0000010 00000010 00000000
00001010 0000001 00000001 00000000
0.0.0.0/0
10.2.2.1
All rights reserved
10.1.1.0
Mask matching
Dest./Mask
&
10.1.1.0/24
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.0/24
00001010 00000010 00000010 00000001

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
/24
00001010 0000010 00000010 00000000
00001010 0000010 00000010 00000000
0.0.0.0/0
10.2.2.1
All rights reserved
10.2.2.0
Mask matching
Dest./Mask
&
10.1.1.0/24
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.0/24
00001010 00000010 00000010 00000001

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
/24
00001010 0000010 00000010 00000000
10000001 0000110 00000001 00000000
0.0.0.0/0
10.2.2.1
All rights reserved
129.6.1.0
Mask matching
Dest./Mask
&
10.1.1.0/24
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.0/24
00001010 00000010 00000010 00000001

00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
/0
00000000 0000000 00000000 00000000
00000000 0000000 00000000 00000000
0.0.0.0/0
10.2.2.1
All rights reserved
0.0.0.0
Mask matching
Dest./Mask
10.1.1.0/24
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.0/24
0.0.0.0/0
All rights reserved
IP Forwarding
10.1.1.0/24
.2
MAC1
GW:10.1.1.1
129.6.1.0/24
.1
E0/0
MAC2
.1
E0/1
MAC3
10.2.2.0/24
.2
E1/0
MAC4
Router A
.1
E1/1
MAC5
Router B
.2
MAC6
GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.1
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.1
E0/0
Dest./Mask
NextHop Interface
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.2
E0/1
10.1.1.0/24
129.6.1.1 E1/0
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
10.2.2.1
0.0.0.0/0
129.6.1.1
E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
All rights reserved
Page 33
E1/1
IP Forwarding
10.1.1.0/24
.2
MAC1
GW:10.1.1.1
129.6.1.0/24
.1
E0/0
MAC2
.1
E0/1
MAC3
10.2.2.0/24
.2
E1/0
MAC4
Router A
.1
E1/1
MAC5
Router B
.2
MAC6
GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.1
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.1
E0/0
Dest./Mask
NextHop Interface
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.2
E0/1
10.1.1.0/24
129.6.1.1 E1/0
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
10.2.2.1
0.0.0.0/0
129.6.1.1
E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
All rights reserved
Page 34
E1/1
IP Forwarding
10.1.1.0/24
.2
MAC1
GW:10.1.1.1
129.6.1.0/24
.1
E0/0
MAC2
.1
E0/1
MAC3
10.2.2.0/24
.2
E1/0
MAC4
Router A
.1
E1/1
MAC5
Router B
.2
MAC6
GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.1
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.1
E0/0
Dest./Mask
NextHop Interface
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.2
E0/1
10.1.1.0/24
129.6.1.1 E1/0
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
10.2.2.1
0.0.0.0/0
129.6.1.1
E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
All rights reserved
Page 35
E1/1
IP Forwarding
10.1.1.0/24
.2
MAC1
GW:10.1.1.1
129.6.1.0/24
.1
E0/0
MAC2
.1
E0/1
MAC3
10.2.2.0/24
.2
E1/0
MAC4
Router A
.1
E1/1
MAC5
Router B
.2
MAC6
GW:10.2.2.1
Data
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.1
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.1
E0/0
Dest./Mask
NextHop Interface
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.2
E0/1
10.1.1.0/24
129.6.1.1 E1/0
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
10.2.2.1
0.0.0.0/0
129.6.1.1
E0/1
129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0
All rights reserved
Page 36
E1/1
Router
Router
IP
IP
ETH PPP
E1/0 S2/0
LAN 1
encapsulation
decapsulation
Routing
(selecting path)
PPP ETH
S2/1 E0/1
WAN
All rights reserved
LAN 2
Page 37
Objectives
IP Forwarding
InterVLAN Routing
All rights reserved
Page 38
Layer 2 Switching NetworkBroadcast
Broadcast domain
All rights reserved
Insulating layer 2 broadcast domain
VLAN 100
VLAN 200
VLAN has insulated the layer 2 broadcast domain, thus
strictly insulating any flow between any two VLANs
All rights reserved
Inter-VLAN Communication
VLAN 100
VLAN 200
VLAN 300
Flow between different VLANs cannot directly pass
VLAN boundaries, we should use routers to forward the

packets from one VLAN to another VLAN
All rights reserved
Route Selection in Inter-VLAN Communication

VLAN 300
3.3.3.30/24
Ping 2.2.2.20
VLAN 100
VLAN 200
Ethernet 3
Non-local user or gateway

Send it to default gateway
1.1.1.10/24
Ethernet 1
Ethernet 1 belongs to network 1.1.1.0/24

All rights reserved
2.2.2.20/24
Ethernet 2
Integration of Switching and Routing

VLAN 100
VLAN 200
VLAN 300
VLAN 100
VLAN 200
VLAN 300
All rights reserved
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Message Service type

Message header checksum

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

10000000 00000001 11111111

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

First series of ones following by series of zeros

as IP address or just count of ones (mask length):

Mask for class B: 255.255.0.0 or /16:

Mask for class C: 255.255.255.0 or /24 or:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

IP address and mask

11000000 10101000 00000001 00010001

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000

All rights reserved

IP address and mask

11000000 10101000 00000001 00010001

11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

11000000 10101000 00000001 00010000

All rights reserved

Subnets and Subnet Masks

Subnet Part Host Part

IP Subnet: 192.168.1.16 255.255.255.248 or 192.168.1.16/28

network address 192.168.1.16

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192.168.1.0/25 (128 addresses)

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All the nodes of a Specially

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Huawei Quidway router

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IP Address For Private Network

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Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)

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129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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129.6.1.0/24 129.6.1.2 E1/0

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