1 What Is Ion Exchange (C)

What is Ion Exchange ?
Introduction in Main Principles

and Terminology
- Lewatit ASIA Technical Interactive Training Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20th - 21st September 2005
Nr. 1 S. Neumann
Content:
- Water and Ions

- Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process
- Break Through Curve
- Microscopic Structure of an Ion Exchange Material
- Exchange Reaction at Functional Group
- Equilibrium in Ion Exchange (-> Adsorption Isotherm)
- Operating Capacity <---> Total Capacity
- Manufacturing of Ion Exchange Resins
- Ion Exchange Applications Fields
- Technical Process Design
Nr. 2 S. Neumann
Water and Ions

Glas of Water
Ions:
Solid Salt Christal:
-
Anion
2-
2+
2+
2-
2-
Kation
-
Nr. 3 S. Neumann
2+
2-
2+
Salt type 1
e.g. NaCl
Salt type 2
e.g. CaCO3
Content:
- Water and Ions

- Examples for Functional Groups
Nr. 4 S. Neumann
Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process
Filter Device
Nr. 5 S. Neumann
Feed
Nr. 6 S. Neumann

Operating Status: Service
Ionic Species 1
Nr. 7 S. Neumann

Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Effluent
Nr. 8 S. Neumann

Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Ion Exchange Material
It is Ion-Exchange process!
Ion Exchange Material Bed
Nr. 9 S. Neumann

Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
It is Ion-Exchange !
Ion Exchange Material Bed
Nr. 10 S. Neumann

Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Nr. 11 S. Neumann

Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Nr. 12 S. Neumann

Ionic Species 1
Exhausted
Zone
Ionic Species 2
Reation Zone
Unreacted
Zone
Nr. 13 S. Neumann

Ionic Species 1
Exhausted
Zone
Ionic Species 2
Reation Zone
Unreacted
Zone
Nr. 14 S. Neumann

Ionic Species 1
Exhausted
Zone
Reaction Zone
Unreacted
Zone
Nr. 15 S. Neumann
Ionic Species 2

Ionic Species 1
Exhausted
Zone
Reaction Zone
Unreacted
Zone
Nr. 16 S. Neumann
Ionic Species 2

Ionic Species 1
Exhausted
Zone
Reaction Zone
Nr. 17 S. Neumann
Ionic Species 2

Operating Status: Break Through
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Exhausted
Zone
!
Reaction Zone
Nr. 18 S. Neumann

Operating Status: Break Through
Ionic Species 1
Exhausted
Zone
Reaction Zone
Nr. 19 S. Neumann
Ionic Species 2

Operating Status: Exhaustion
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Exhausted
Zone
Nr. 20 S. Neumann

Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Exhausted
Zone
Nr. 21 S. Neumann

Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Exhausted
Zone
Nr. 22 S. Neumann

Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Stop
Nr. 23 S. Neumann

Operating Status: Back flush
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Nr. 24 S. Neumann

Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Backflush-Water
Nr. 25 S. Neumann

Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Nr. 26 S. Neumann

Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Nr. 27 S. Neumann

Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Nr. 28 S. Neumann

Operating Status: Regeneration
Regenerant
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Waste Water
Nr. 29 S. Neumann

Regenerant
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Waste Water
Nr. 30 S. Neumann

Regenerant
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Waste Water
Nr. 31 S. Neumann

Rinse-Water
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Waste Water
Nr. 32 S. Neumann

Rinse-Water
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Waste Water
Nr. 33 S. Neumann

Rinse-Water
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Waste Water
Nr. 34 S. Neumann

Operating Status: Rinse
Rinse-Water
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Waste Water
Nr. 35 S. Neumann

Rinse-Water
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Waste Water
Nr. 36 S. Neumann

Rinse-Water
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Waste Water
Nr. 37 S. Neumann

Rinse-Water
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Waste Water
Nr. 38 S. Neumann

Operating Status: Stand By
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Nr. 39 S. Neumann

Operating Status: Stand By
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Nr. 40 S. Neumann
Content:
- Water and Ions

- Ion Exchange Process Technologies
Nr. 41 S. Neumann
Breakthrough Curve
concentration of exchanged
ion in outlet of column
feed concentration (c0)
exhaustion
point
maximum outlet
concentration
throughput in bed volumes (BV)

leakage
Nr. 42 S. Neumann
breakthrough
point
Content:
- Water and Ions

Nr. 43 S. Neumann
Different Types of Ion Exchange Material

Mineral Ion Exchanger:
(e.g. Zeolite)
Macroporous-Type Polymer:
Micro-Pores: (4 - 10 A)
Gel-Type Polymer:
and
Micro-Pores (5 - 200 A)
Macro-Pores (200 1,000,000 A)
Micro-Pores (5 - 200 A)
Nr. 44 S. Neumann
Different Types of Particle Size Distributions
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
HD
1.0 - 1.15
0.85 - 1.0
0.65 - 0.85
0.55 - 0.65
0.45 - 0.55
MD
0.3 - 0.45
Volume (%)
differetial particle size distribution:
particle size (m m )
~1 mm
integrale particle size distribution:
monodispersed beads
(uniform particle sized)
under the microscope
120
100
Volume (%)
heterodispersed (HD) beads

under the microscope
80
HD
60
MD
40
~1 mm
20
0
0
0,5
particle size (mm)

Nr. 45 S. Neumann
1,5
Ion Exchange Material: Microscopic Structure

Mass Transport
Piece of Material
(Polymer, Mineral,
Biomaterial, .....)
Micro-Pore
Functional
Group
Macro-Pore
Nr. 46 S. Neumann
Content:
- Water and Ions

- Chemical Exchange Reaction at Functional Group
Nr. 47 S. Neumann
Ion Exchange Reaction Scheme
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Ion Exchange Back bone Material
C
Functional Group
Nr. 48 S. Neumann
Common Types of Ion Exchangers
CH2 - N(CH3)2H Cl
weakly-basic-resin (WBA)
(Lewatit MP 62)
SO3 Na
Strongly-acidic-Resin (SAC)
(e.g. Lewatit Monoplus S 100)
CO2 Na
CH2 - N(CH3)3 Cl
strongly-basic-resin-type 1 (SBA1)
(Lewatit Monoplus M 500)
weakly-acidic-resin (WAC)
(e.g. Lewatit CNP 80)
CH2 - N(CH3)2CH2-CH2-OH Cl
strongly-basic-resin-type 2 (SBA2)
(e.g. Lewatit Monoplus M 600)
Nr. 49 S. Neumann
Examples for Selective Ion Exchangers

CH2-CO-ONa
CH2 - N
IDA-Resin
(Lewatit TP 207)
CH2-CO-ONa
Thiole-Resin
(IONAC SR 4)
O
CH2-P-ONa
CH2 - N
ONa
H
CH2 - SH
H OH H H
Methyl-Glucamine-Resin
(Lewatit MK 51)
SH
AMPA-Resin
(Lewatit TP 260)
OH H OH OH
CH2-NH-CH2-C - C - C - C -CH2OH
C=NH
CH2 - N
...
H
Thiurea-Resin
(Lewatit TP 214)
Chelating Resins
Nr. 50 S. Neumann
CH2 - N(CH2-CH2-CH3)3Cl
Tripropylamine-Resin
(IONAC SR 7)
Content:
- Water and Ions

Nr. 51 S. Neumann
Equilibrium in Ion Exchange Reactions
Start Condition (System not in Equilibrium)
Closed System
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Ion Exchange Backbone Material
Water Phase
Nr. 52 S. Neumann
Equilibrium in Ion Exchange Reactions

System in Equilibrium
Capacity:
grams adsorptive ( )
per Liter of
resin
Ionic Species 1
Ionic Species 2
Ion Exchange Back bone Material
Water Phase
Nr. 53 S. Neumann
Rest concentration:
per Liter of
solution
still
not exchanged
ions in solution !
Equilibrium in Ion Exchange Reactions:

Adsorption Isotherm
Capacity:
per Liter of
resin
Equilibrium concentration
is a function of the rest concentration
in solution
Total Capacity
Equilibrium Capacity
10-6
Nr. 54 S. Neumann
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
Rest Concentration:
per Liter of
solution
Content:
- Water and Ions

Nr. 55 S. Neumann
Operating Capacity
The operating capacity of a technical IX-installation is the

loading rate of a specific volume of the resin by the exchanged ion
in g/L or moles/L which is accomplished under specific operating conditions
Nr. 56 S. Neumann
Capacity of Technical Adsorbers
c0: feed concentration

of adsorptive ( )
Exhausted
Zone
Nr. 57 S. Neumann
In exhausted zone
solid and liquid phase
is more or less in equilibrium !
Capacity of a Technical Adsorbers

(Operating Capacity)
Capacity:
per Liter of
resin
Total Capacity
Max
Operating
Capacity
Equilibrium Capacity
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
feed concentration c0
Nr. 58 S. Neumann
10-2
10-1
Rest Concentration:
per Liter of
solution
Capacity of a Technical Adsorbers
c0: feed concentration

of adsorptive ( )
Exhausted
Zone
Reaction Zone
Unreacted
Zone
Nr. 59 S. Neumann
Operating capacity depending on:

- feed concentration of adsorptive
- velocity of feeding
- competing ions
- pH
- break through point location
- suspended solid particles
Total Capacity
The total capacity (TC) is the highest capacity thinkable derive from the
moles of functional groups related on a specific volume of the ion exchange
material in the delivery form
Examples:
TC
- strongly acidic (SAC)

- weakly acidic (WAC)
2 eq/L
4 eq/L
- strongly basic (SBA)

- weakly basic (WBA)
1 eq/L
2 eq/L
Nr. 60 S. Neumann
Rules of Thumb:
- TC acidic IX > TC basic IX
- TC weak IX = 2* TC strong IX
Content:
- Water and Ions

Nr. 61 S. Neumann
Base for most IX-Materials: Crosslinked Polystyrene
monomer
starter
+
styrene
functionalisation
DVB
crosslinking agent
Nr. 62 S. Neumann
crosslinked polystyrene
Manufacturing of Ion Exchange Resins

(Heterodispersed Resins)
- water fill-in
- monomers (e.g. styrene, DVB),
emulsifying agents, (porogen),
starters fill in
- heat up and polymerisation
- filtration, (porogen stripping),
drying, ...
- functionalisation
- rinsing
- packaging
Nr. 63 S. Neumann

(Monodispersed Resins)
column
reactor
nozzle plate
water
styrene, DVB
Nr. 64 S. Neumann
additives
starter
pore generating agent

(Monodispersed Resins)
column
reactor
After-treatment
Filtration, (porogen stripping), drying, ...
Functionalisation
Rinse
Packaging
water
styrene, DVB
Nr. 65 S. Neumann
additives
starter
pore generating agent
Content:
- Water and Ions

- Ion Exchange Fields of Application
Nr. 66 S. Neumann
Fields of Application of Ion Exchange Technology

Field of Application
Industrial Water
Industrial Water
...
Food Industry
Food Industry
Food Industry
Potable Water
....
Purpose
Softening
Demineralisation
Exchanged Ions *)
Ca2+ / Mg2+ / HCO32-,
all Anions and Cations
Sugar Refining
Juice Refining
Demineralisation
Softening
Dystuffs, Salts, ..
Acids, ...
Salts, ...
Ca2+ / Mg2+/...
Groundwater
Detoxification
Hg2+ / HCrO4- / CN- /
Potable Water
Detoxification
Ni2+/ ClO4- / HAsO42-/ NO3-
Chemicals
Chemicals
Chemicals
Production
Recovery
Purification
Catalysis by IX
Isolation of Products
Diverse Impurities
Waste Water
Detoxification
Cu2+/ Hg2+/ HCrO4-/...
Mining /
Metal Recovery
Metal Production
Ni2+, Co2+, Au2+, MoO42-, ...
CCP
*) exchanged by Na+, Cl-, H+, OH- and other non critical ions
Nr. 67 S. Neumann
Content:
- Water and Ions

- Ion Exchange Fields of Application
- Ion Exchange Process Technology
Nr. 68 S. Neumann
Main Constituents of IX-Filter Unit (co-current process)

product
feed
inlet for
regenerant,
conditioner,
or rinse
Sight glass
Back flush outlet
Man way
pressure tank
distributor
(e.g. fishbone)
Free board
ion exchanger bed
strainer
resin outlet
strainer plate
inlet for
Back flush
outlet for spent

regenerant, conditioner, or rinse
product outlet
Nr. 69 S. Neumann
Important IX-Process Technologies: Co-Current and Counter Current Flow
1.) Co-Current Flow
product
feed
cleaned
product
service:
regeneration:
Nr. 70 S. Neumann
regenerant
spent
regenerant
down flow
down flow
2.) Counter-Current Flow

WS-Technology
cleaned
product
product
feed
regenerant
spent
regenerant
up flow
down flow
Important IX-Process-Technologies:
3.) Multi-Step
cleaned
product
Multi-Step and Mixed Bed
4.) Mixed Bed

regenerants
product
feed
regenerant
spent
regenerant
cleaned
product
spent
regenerant
product
feed
service:
up flow
regeneration: down flow
Nr. 71 S. Neumann
down flow
down flow
Summary
Overview on the following items has been given:
- ion theory
- structure and chemistry of ion exchange materials
- theory of ion exchange
- processing of ion exchangers in technical plants
- manufacturing of ion exchange resins
- applications of ion exchangers
- process technology
Conclusion
Based on a variety of backbone materials and functional groups

Ion Exchange Technology offers interesting technical applications for
all areas of industrial activities
- thank you for your attention Nr. 72 S. Neumann

1 What Is Ion Exchange (C)

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What is Ion Exchange ?

Introduction in Main Principles

- Water and Ions

Water and Ions

- Water and Ions

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Ion Exchange Material Bed

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Ion Exchange Material

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

Animation of Technical Ion Exchange Process

- Water and Ions

feed concentration (c0)

throughput in bed volumes (BV)

- Water and Ions

Different Types of Ion Exchange Material

Macro-Pores (200 1,000,000 A)

Different Types of Particle Size Distributions

differetial particle size distribution:

integrale particle size distribution:

heterodispersed (HD) beads

particle size (mm)

Ion Exchange Material: Microscopic Structure

- Water and Ions

Ion Exchange Reaction Scheme

Common Types of Ion Exchangers

Examples for Selective Ion Exchangers

- Water and Ions

Equilibrium in Ion Exchange Reactions

Start Condition (System not in Equilibrium)

Equilibrium in Ion Exchange Reactions