University of Toronto Scarborough

Department of Computer & Mathematical Sciences

MAT B42H

2014/2015
Solutions #1



1
1. Recalling that sin A sin B =
cos(A B) cos(A + B) we have

Z
Z2 




1
sin(k x) sin(n x) dx =
cos (k n) x cos (k + n) x dx =
2 Z

Z




1
1
cos (k n) x dx
cos (k + n) x dx =
2
2






sin
(k

n)x
sin
(k
+
n)x
1
1

, k n 6= 0
, k + n 6= 0
2
2
kn
k+n

 
 

1
1

, kn=0
, k+n=0
x
x

2
2

0 , k 6= n

, k = n 6= 0
=

, k = n 6= 0

0 ,k=n=0
2. (a) f (x) = 3 x, x < .

Since f (x) is an odd Zfunction, ak = 0,

1
k = 0, 1, 2, . bk =
3x sin kx dx even
=


Z
6
1
6
x sin kx dx parts

x cos kx +

=
0 





1
6
k 6
sin
kx
cos
k
=

1
. The
=
k2
k
k
0
N th Fourier polynomial is FN (x) = 0
3
6 sin x + 3 sin 2x 2 sin 3x + sin 4x + +
2
N
X

N 6
(1)k
sin Nx = 6
sin kx.
1
N
k
k=1

F0
F2

F1

-2

F3

fHxL = -3x

MATB42H

Solutions # 1


page 2

2 x , < x 0
1 , 0 < x .
Z 0
Z
1
1
a0 =
f (x) dx =
2x dx +







Z

0
1
2 
=
x 
x 
(1) dx =

0
0


1
-

2 = 1.
-1

Z
1
F0
f (x) cos kx dx
=
ak
=

Z 0

Z
1
-
F1
(2 x) cos kx dx+
(1) cos kx dx =

0
 
0
=0
*

x
1
1

 kx
2
sin
+
cos kx

k
k2


F2
=0




*



fHxL
2
1 1

-2
=
1 cos kx =
sinkx

2
k
k
0

0
, k = 2, 4,
.
4

,
k
=
1,
3,

k2
Z 0

Z
Z
1
1
bk =
f (x) sin kx dx =
(2 x) sin kx dx +
(1) sin kx dx =


0

 

* = 00


1
x
2 cos k 1
1
1

 kx
cos kx+ 2sin
cos kx =
+
((1)k 1) =
2
+

k
k
k
k
k


0

, k even

 k 
.
1
2

1
, k odd



1
1+ 4
+ cos x + 2 1
Hence the Fourier polynomial is FN (x) =
sin x
2



4
2
1
1
sin 2x +
cos 3x +
1
sin 3x
sin 4x +

+
9
3

2


4 cos Nx + 2 1 1 sin Nx , N odd

N2
N

sin Nx
, N even
N

(b) f (x) =

MATB42H

page 3

Solutions # 1

1
x

, x < 0

2 2
3. f (x) =
.

1 x ,
0x<
2 2
Since f (x) is an odd function, ak = 0, k
0, 1, 2, .Z
Z 0
1
1
f (x) sin kx dx =
1
bk =



Z 
x
x
1
1
sin kx dx +
sin kx dx

2 0

= 00

>
1 ( + x) cos kx
sin kx

2
+

2
k
 k2

= 0

>
sin kx
1 (x ) cos kx



2 2
k
 k2
0
1
1
1
+
=
.
2k 2k
k
1
sin x
Hence the Fourier series is

1 X sin kx
1
sin 2x + =
.
2

=
+
=

F4
-

fHxL

=
1
-
2

k=1

Z
Z 2 
Z
1 2
1
x , x [0, )
. a0 =
x dx + 2
4. f (x) =
dx =
f (x) dx =
2 , x [, 2)
0
0

 2   2 
Z
Z
1
1 2
x
1

f (x) cos kx dx =
x cos kx dx +
+ 2x
= + 2. ak =

2 0
2
0
0




2



Z 2
1
1 x sin kx
cos kx
2 sin kx
=
2
cos kx dx =
+
+
cos k 1 =

k
k2 0

k
k 2

Z
Z
0
, k = 2, 4, 6,
1 2
1
.
bk =
f (x) sin kx dx =
x sin kx dx
2

0
0
, k = 1, 3, 5,
2


2
 
Zk
2
1
x cos kx sin kx
2 cos kx
sin kx dx =
=
+2

k
k2
k

0
4
cos k 2 cos 2k cos k)
(1)k
, k = 1, 3, 5,

=
k
0 , k = 2, 4, 6,
k
k
k


4
1

1
, k = 1, 3, 5,
k

, k = 2, 4, 6,
k


MATB42H

page 4

Solutions # 1

a0 X
2
Hence the Fourier series is F (x) = +
ak cos kx+ bk sin kx = 1 + cos x+
2
4
k=1 



1
4
1
2
1
2
4
sin x sin 2x
1
sin 3x sin 4x
cos 3x +
cos 5x +
1
2
9
3

4
25
 
4
1
1
sin 5x .
5

/2
 
Z
Z
1 /2
1 
1 2
1
2
(f (x)) dx =
dx = (x)
=
= 1.
5. (a) The energy of f is E =

/2

2
/2
Z
Z
1 /2
1
f (x)dx =
dx = 1, so the energy of the constant term is
Now a0 =

/2
 
1
1
1 2
A2
1
1
2
A0 = a0 =
(1) = , giving 0 = 2 = . The constant term contains 50 %
2
2
2
E
1
2
of the energy.

/2
Z
Z
1
1 /2
2
1
k
(b) ak =
f (x) cos kx dx =
cos kx dx =
=
sin kx
sin
,

/2
k
k
2
/2
Z
1
k 1 and, since f (x) is an even function, bk =
f (x) sin kx dx = 0, k 1.

4 sin 2 k
2
The energy of the k th harmonic is given by A2k = a2k + b2k =
, k > 0. The
k2 2
4
energy of the 1st harmonic is 2 0.405285, the energy of the 2nd harmonic is 0

A2 + A21 + A22 + A23

4

and the energy of the 3rd harmonic is 2 0.045032. Now 0

9
E
0.5 + 0.405285 + 0 + 0.045032
0.950317. About 95 % of the total energy is
1
contained in the constant term and the first 3 harmonics.
n
X
1
th
(ak cos kx + bk sin kx) =
(c) The n Fourier polynomial is Fn (x) = a0 +
2
k=1


n 
k
1 2
cos 3x cos 5x cos 7x
1 X 2
+
sin
cos kx = +
cos x
+

+ +
2 k=1 k
2
2
3
5
7
 n  cos nx i
sin
.
2
n
Please note that F4 (x) is the same as F3 (x).

F4

-3

fHxL

MATB42H

page 5

Solutions # 1

6. Since g(x) = f (x + a), we have (g(x))2 = (f (x + a))2 , so g 2 is f 2 shifted horizontally

by a. Since f has period 2, so does f 2 and g 2 . Thinking of the definite integral as
2
area, periodicity implies
that integrals
Z
Z of f over any interval of length 2 have the

+a

same value giving

(f (x))2 dx.

(f (x)) dx =

+a

Z
1
1
2
(g(x)) dx =
(f (x + a))2 dx
The energy of g is

Z
1
f rom
=
(f (t))2 dt = the energy of f .
above

Z

substitute

t = x+a

+a

(f (t))2 dt

+a

7. f (x) = 16 x2 restricted to [4, 4] and extended to all of R with period 8.

-4

Since the periodic extension of f (x) is even, bk = 0, k = 1, 2, .


4


Z
Z
2 4
1 4
1
x3
64
1
even
2
2
Now a0 =
=
(16 x ) dx =
(16 x ) dx = 16 x
= 64
8 4
2 0
2
3 0 2
3
64
.
3




Z
Z
1 4
2kx
kx
2 4
even
2
2
dx
=
dx =
(16 x ) cos
(16 x ) cos
ak =
8 4
8
2 0
4

4

4
Z 4
2(16 x2 ) sin kx
4
kx
16
kx
4
+
+
x sin
dx
=
0 2 2 x cos
k
k 0
4
k
4 0
0
Z 4
: =0

16
kx


k+1 64

cos
dx
=
(1)
, k = 1, 2, .

2
k 2

4
k2 2

0



kx
32 64 X (1)k+1
The Fourier series is
+ 2
cos
.
3
k=1
k2
4
y = 16 - x2

F2

-4

MATB42H

Solutions # 1

page 6

8. To do this question we need to regard sin x, x [0, ], as the restriction of an even

function and as the restriction of an odd function.
To obtain an even function we simply extend
sin x over
 bk = 0,
Z R with period . Thus

2
4
2
1
sin x dx = cos x =
and
a0 =
Z 0

0
2
ak =
sin x cos(2kx) dx =
Z 0
1
-

2
(sin((2k + 1)x) + sin((1 2k)x)) dx =
0

1
cos((2k + 1)x) cos((1 2k)x)
=


2k + 1
1 2k
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+
 2k + 1 1 2k  2k + 1 1 2k
1
4
2
1
=
+
. The
2
2k + 1 2k 1
(4k 1)
-

2
4 X cos 2kx
Fourier series is F (x) =
.

4k 2 1
k=1
-1
To obtain an odd function we need only use
sin x itself with period 2. The Fourier series
is F (x) = sin x.