I

q
454

Answer Section

SUGGESTEDANSWERSTO STRUCTURE
YOURKNOWLEDGE
1. The primary structure of a protein is the specific,
genetically coded sequenceof amino acids in a
polypeptide chain. The secondarystructure involves the coiling (a helix) or folding (p pleated
sheet) of the protein, stabilized by hydrogen
bonds along the polypeptide backbone. The
tertiary structure involves interactionsbetween
the side chains (R groups) of amino acids
and producesa characteristicthree-dimensional
shape for a protein. Quatemary structure occurs in proteins composed of more than one
polypeptide chain.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

amino acid (glycine)

fatty acid
nitrogenous base,purine (adenine)
glycerol
phosphate group
sugar (pentose,ribose)
sugar (triose)

1".b, d
2"a

3. c,e,f
4.f,9

5.C

6.a

7. e,f
8.b

ANSWERS TO TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Matching:
1.A
2.8
3.D

4.C
s. C
5.D

7.8
8.C
9.A

L0. A

LL. c
12. d
13. b
14. c
ls. d

'1"5.
a
17. c
18. b
19. c
20. b

Multiple Choice:
1.e
2-c
3.a
4.e
5.c

6.b
7.c
8.a
9.d
10.c

21,. d
22. a
23. d
24. e

CHAPTER 6: A TOUR OF THE CELL

T N T E R A C T T V EQ U T S T t O N S
6.1 a. the study of cell structure
b. the internal ultrastructure of cells
c. the three-dimensional surface topography
of a specimen
d. Light microscopy enables the study of living cells and may introduce fewer artifacts than
do TEM and SEM.
6.2 a. a phospholipid bilayer with the hydrophobic
tails clustered in the interior and the phosphate
heads facing the hydrophilic outside and inside
of the cell; proteins are embedded in and attached to the membrane
b. 102,or 100 times the surface area
c. 103,or 1,000times the volume
6.3 The genetic instructions for specific proteins are
transcribed from DNA into messenger RNA
(mRNA), which then passesinto the cytoplasm
to complex with ribosomes where it is translated into the primary structure of proteins.

5.4 a. smooth ER-in different cells may houst:

enzymes that synthesize lipids; metabolize
carbohydrates; detoxify drugs and alcohol;
store and release calcium ions in muscle cells
b. nuclear envelope-double
membrane that
enclosesnucleus; pores regulate passage of materials
c. rough ER-attached
ribosomes produce
proteins that enter cisternae; produces secretory proteins and membranes
d. transport vesicle-carries products of EII
and Golgi apparatus to various locations
e. Golgi apparatus-processes products of ER;
makes polysaccharides, packages products in
vesicles targeted to specific locations
f. plasma membrane-selective barrier that
regulates passage of materials into and out of
the cell
g. lysosome-houses hydrolytic enzymes to
digest macromolecules

AnswerSection

5.5

Mitochondrion

Outer
membrane

lnner
membrane

SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO STRUCTURE

YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1. a. nucleus/ chromosomes,centrioles,microtubules (spindle), microfilaments (actin-myosin
aggregates pinch apart cell)
b. nucleus, chromosomes, DNA + mRNA ->
ribosomes -+ enzymes and other proteins
c. mitochondria
d. ribosomes, rough and smooth ER, Golgi
apparatus, transport vesicles
e. smooth ER (peroxisomes also detoxify
substances)
t. lysosomes, food vacuoles
g. peroxisomes
h. cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments,
intermediate filaments; extracellular matrix
i. cilia and flagella (microtubules), microfilaments (actin) in muscles and pseudopodia
t. plasma membrane, transport vesicles
k. desmosomes, tight and gap junctions, ECM

,
"
lntermembrane
sPace

Chloroplast
Irrtermembrane

lnner and outer

membranes

Stroma

Granum
Thylakoid

Thylakoid
sPace

6.6 Peroxisomes do not bud from the endomembrane system, but grow by incorporating Proteins and lipids from the cytosol; they increase
in number by dividing.
6.7 a. hollow tube, formed from columns of tubulin dimers; 25-nm diameter
b. cell shape and support (compression resistant), tracks for moving organelles, chromosome
movement, beating of cilia and flagella
c. two twisted chains of actin molecules; 7-nm
diameter
(tension
d. muscle contraction, maintain
bearing) and change cell shape, pseudopod
movement, cytoplasmic streaming, scll-gel
transformations
e. supercoiled fibrous proteins of keratin family;8-12 nm
f. reinforce cell shape, anchor nucleus; nuclear
lamina
6.8

Two adiacent
Plantcells
Middle lamella
Primary cell wall

Secondarycell wall
Plasma membrane

Cytoplasm

455

2. a. structural support, middle lamella glues cells

together
b. storage, waste disposal, Protection, growth
c. photosynthesis, production of sugars
d. starch storage
e. cytoplasmic connections between cells
3. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
,

rough endoPlasmic reticulum

smooth endoPlasmic reticulum
chromatin
nucleolus
nuclear envelope
nucleus
ribosomes
Golgi aPParatus
plasma membrane
mitochondrion
lysosome
cytoskeleton
microtubules
intermediatefiiaments
microfilaments
microvilli
peroxisome
centrosome (contains a pair of centrioles)

i.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
q.
r.
s. flagellum

456

AnswerSection
moves into cytosol
and complexes with

4.
transcriptionof gene

TRANSPORTVESICLES
pinch off and join cr'sfaceof

RIBOSOME

mRNA

DNA

mRNA translated into PolYPePtide;

polypeptide moves into cistemal space;may be
bonded to carbohydrate to form glycoprotein

I
II

becomes attached to

ROUGH ER #

II

I
*
GOLGIAPPARATUS

TRANSPORTVESICLES
from transfaceleaveand fusewith

polypeptide maY be modified

PLASMAMEMBRANE

ANSWERSTO TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

MultipleChoice:
1.. c
2.b

3.d
4.e

5.a
6.d

7. c
8.c

9.b
L0.d

11..e
12. b

L3. b
'1,4.
c

1,5.e
16. d

17. c
L8. e

19. b
2O. a

CHAPTER 7: MEMBRANE STRUCTUREAND FUNCTION

INTIRACTIVE QUISTIONS
7.L a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

phosphate head-hydrophilic
phospholipid bilayer
hydrocarbontail-hydrophobic
hydrophobic region of protein
hydrophilic region of protein

7.2 ln hybrid human/mouse cells, membrane proteins rapidly intermingle (Frye and Edidin experiment).
7.3 transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, intercellular joining, cell-cell recognition,
attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM
7.4 Ions and larger polar molecules, such as glucose,are impeded by the hydrophobic center of
the plasma membtane's lipid bilayer. Passage
through the center of a lipid bilayer is not fast
even for small, polar water molecules.
7.5 Side A initially has fewer free water molecules;
side B initially has more. More water molecuies
are clustered around the glucose in the 1 M
solution than around the fructose and sucrose
whose combined concenhation is 0.9 M. Water
will move by osmosis from sicle B to A.

7.6 a. The protists will gain water from their

hypotonic environment.
b. They may have membranes that are less
permeable to water and contractile vacuoles
that expel excesswater.
7.7 a. isotonic

b. hypotonic

7.8 Although it may speed diffusion, facilitated diffusion is still passive transport because the
solute is moving down its concentration gradient; the process is driven by the concentration
gradient and not energy expended by the cell.
7.9 Three sodium ions are pumped out of the cell
for every two potassium ions pumped in, resulting in a net movement of positive charge
from the cytoplasm to the extracellular fluid.
7.10 a. Human cells use receptor-mediated endocytosis to take in cholesterol.
b. LDL receptor proteins in the plasma membrane are defective, and low-density lipoproteins cannot bind and be transported from the
blood ir-rtothe celi.

AnswerSection

457

SUGGESTEDANSWERSToSTRUCTUREYOURKNoWLEDGE
I osvrosts1

1..

is the
I diffusionof I
water
I
I

no net

-'*,""--11-:-*--,i",lmovementrt1*1
1-

'ol.'tio"=l

!fftj-'""-l

1;**r1
"T'Ti[:i'
I

hJ

has

inwhich

l#"r"_fl
Jffilffi
I

u.,a

gfl lffi;

more water
available to move

t"g-

|
F"---j.--11*t'f
l-r.ffi'q
I 1"1"'--^=1
| i"i*"'*'i'" I I witrshriver
ur.id

and
uria

t"T?

in which

uio

,,

, lu ,, ,

ffill+l:x":;xl EE{il
less water
available to move

bic. I illustrates diffusion through the lipid

nonpolar
layer. The solute molecules must be
oi t"ty small Polar molecules'
lI. Both diffusion and facilitated diffud. I;d
sion are considered passive transport because
the solute moves down its concentration gradiin
ent and the cell does not expend energy

The
2. a. II represents facilitated diffusion'
protein
transport
a
solute is moving through
The cell
and down its coircentration gradient'
Potransport'
this
in
does not expend energy
faciliby
move
may
lar moleculbs and ions
tated diffusion'
the
b. III represents active transport because
concentraits
solute is clearly moving against
ATP to
tion gradient and the cell is expending
gradient'
drive this transport against the

the transport.

ANSWERSTO TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

MultipleChoice:
1.c
2.b

3.a
4. e

5. d
6.e

7. e
8.e

9.b
10. a

nExplanation for answer to question 19-:This problem

the
both osmosis and diffusion Although
1o.i;;;;"t
difwill
glucose
molaritl"
in
equal
initially
are
i.r,ior',,
until it reaches
fuse down its concentration gradient
on
concentration
M
ayrlo*i. equilibrium with a 1"5
side
on
both sides. The increasing soiute concentration
side' and the water
Awill causewater to move into this
level will rise.

11. e
12. a

13. b
14. c

1s. b
16. b

17. '.
18. e

19. a*
20- d**

**Explanation for answer to question 20: As the solute

it increases
in the solution crosses the cell membrane'
reducing
cell'
the
within
the concer-ttrationof solutes
As the
cell'
the
to
solution
in" f.yp"tanicity of the
and
inside
concentration
solute reaches an equal
in
changes
osmotic
outside the cell, it no longer causes
the cell.

484

Section
Anszuer

frediscotuage cross-breeding*ill- increasein

hybridization
for
quency rihiiu ttuitt that allow
."iI du.r"ute in frequency as the hybrids carrying thosetraits producefewer offspring'
b. Fusion: If hybrids are successfulin mating
rewith eachother and with the parent species'
Increased
weaken'
barriers may
ftoJ".ti""
evengene flow between the two speciesmay
species'.
a
single
traly lead to their fusion into
c. Siability: Hybrids continue to be produced
between tire two species in the area of their
overlap, but the gene pools of both parent
speciesremain disiinct' Severalcasesof such
siability among hybridizing specieshave been
documented.
has
24.6 The total time between speciation events
million
40
to
4,000
from
beenestimatedto range
years(with an averageof 6'5million years)'Thry'
lrren i{ the procesJ of speciation is relatively
rapid once it begins,it may be millions of years
belorethat new speciesgivesrise to anothernew
species.The biodiversity of Earth may take a
very long time to recover from the current increasedextinction rate'

SUGGESTEDANSWERS TO STRUCTURE
YOUR KNOWLEDGE
in bio1. Speciation, which leads to an increase
a
which
through
process
is
the
diversity,
logical
species'
a
from
evolves
Parent
ne*w species
Microevolution involves changes in the gene

pool of a population as a result of either chance

Lventsor'natural selection.If the makeup of an
isolated gene pool changesenough, microevolution maY lead to sPeciation'
2. Reproductivebarriers do not develop in order to
.r"ut" tt"r" species;they develop as a side consequence of the genetic changes that occur as a
speciesadapts to a new environment or undergoes its own genetic drift. Gene flow between
f,ryospeciestends to break down reproductive
barrieis between them. Sincegene flow is much
lesslikelybetween allopatric species,one would
predict that reproductivebarriers aremore likely
io evol.re.ln the caseof sympatric speciationby
polyploidy, however,reproductive barriers arise
in one generation.
3.

Punctuated equilibria describes the common

pattern ,""tt itt the fossil record in which
ipecies apPearrather suddenly and then seem
to change little for the rest of their existence'
Thus, evolution seemsoften to occur in spurts
of relatively rapid change interspersedwith
long periods of stasis.

ANSWERSTO TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

MultipleChoice:
1.c
2.d
3.d
4.e

5.c
6.c
7.b
8.e

9.c
10. a
11. d
12. e

CHAPTER25:THEHISTORYOFLIFEONEARTH
I N T E R A C T I V EQ U E S T I O N S
the
25,1 Acell needsmetabolicmachinery to provide
replicate
to
blocks
enzymes,energy,and building
its geneticinfoimation' This genetic-information
codlesfor that machinery'Thus both replication
and metabolismarerequired for life'
25.2 17,1g0years.Carbon-14has a halflife of 5'730
y"urr. i., 5,730years-the ratio of C-14 lo C-12
1/z;ut77,460yearsit would
would be reducedby
1/q;autdin 17,190yearsit would be
be reducedby
reducedbY % (g nuf-U"es; 3 x 5,730)'
25.3 Theinner membranesof both mitochorrdriaand
chloroplastshave enzymes and transport systemshomologousto thosein the plasmamembranesof moiern prokaryotes'Th"y replicate

by a splitting Process similar to that of some

prokaryotes. They contain a single, circular
bNA *olecule that is not associated with
histones. The ribosomes of mitochondria and
plastids are more similar to prokaryotic ribosomes than to the cytoplasmic ribosomes of
eukarYotic ceils.
25.4 The change in nutrient Procurement from
herbivory, filter-feeding, and scavenging to pred.ation: predators with claws and other preycapturing ad.aptations as well as prey withhear'y
body armor appeared in the fossil record during
the Cambrian exPlosion.
25.5 Marsupials probably migrated to Australir
througi Souin America and Antarctica whiie

AnswerSection
the continents were still joined. When Pangaea
broke up, marsupials diversified on isolated
Australia.
25.5 a. Early mammals were restricted in size and diversity because they were probably outcompeted
or eaten by the larger and more diverse dinosaurs. After most dinosaurs became extinct,
mammals diversified and filled the niches vacated by the dinosaurs.
b. The rise in predators in the Cambrian
of terrestrial
explosion, the diversification
plants and vertebrates, the adaptive radiation
of insects that ate or pollinated plants.
c. The Hawaiian Archipelago is a series of relatively young, isolated, and physically diverse
islands whose thousands of endemic speciesare
examples of adaptive radiation following multiple colonization and speciation events.
25J a. This study provided experimental evidence
that a change in the sequence of a developmental gene could produce a major evolutionary
change-the origin of the six-legged insect
from a crustacean-like ancestor with many legsb. The coding sequence of the developmental
gene was identical in the two populations; the
gene was not expressed in the ventral spine
region of developing lake sticklebacks. Thus,
the loss of ventral spines results from a change
in gene regulation, not from a change in the
gene itself.
25.8 a. The successful species that last the longest
before extinction and generate the most new
species will determine the direction of an evolutionary trend, just as the individuals that produce the most offspring determine the direction
of adaptation in a PoPulation'
b. Both microevcllution and macroevolution are
primarily driven by natural selection resulting
from interactions between organisms and
their environments. Evolutionary trends are ultimately dictated by environmental conditions; if
conditions change, an evolutionary trend may
end or change direction.

485

SUGGESTEDANSWERSTO STRUCTURE
YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1.

The abiotic synthesis of organic molecules; the

abiotic synthesis of macromolecules; the spontaneous formation of protobionts; the origin of
self-replicating molecules, probably RNA, that
made inheritance and natural selection possible
g. Prokaryotes
a, Archaean
h. Atmospheric oxygen
b. Proterozoic
i. Single-celled eukaryotes
Phanerozoic
c.
j. Multicellular eukaryotes
Paleozoic
d.
k. Animals
Mesozoic
e.
l. Colonization of land
Cenozoic
f.

3.

Continental drift:lNhen continents form one supercontinent, many habitats are destroyed or
changed. As continents change latitude, their
climates either warm or cool. The separation of
continents creates major geographic separation
eveflts, making possible allopatric speciations.
Indeed, continental drift helps explain much of
biogeographY.
Massextinctionsempty many ecological roles,
which may then be exploited by species that
survived extinction.
Adaptiae radiations are multiple speciation
events that fill newly formed or newly emptied
niches. Thus, adaptive radiations may follow
mass extinctions, the colonization of new regions, or the evolution of novel adaptations.

4.

New morphological forms may evolve as a result

of mutations in developmental genes or changes
in the regulation of such genes.Such changes may
affect the rate or timing of development or the spatial arrangement of body parts (e.g.,Hox genes).

ANSWERSTO TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

MultipleChoice:
1.b
2.e

5.

Cl

6.e

J.d

/- a

4.e

8.c

9.c
10. c
11. a
12. b

13. c
14. d

1 s .b

CHAPTER 26:PHYLOGENY AND THE TREE OF LIFE

I N T E R A C T I V EQ U I S T I O N S
26.1,#7; #4; A and B
26.2 Adaptations to different environments may
lead to large morphologic differenceswithin
,/'

related groups/ and convergent evolution can

produce similar structures in unrelated organisms in response to similar selective pressures.
Examples are the varied Hawaiian silversword

486

AnswerSection
a protein is lesscritical to survival, more mutations would be neutral and remain, and the
sequenceof the gene will change more than
the sequenceof the more crucial gene in the
sameamountof time.

plants and the similar Australian and North

American burrowing moles.
263 A C G T G C A C G
AGG
GTG
A
The secondDNAsegment shows two deletions
and one basesubstitution.
25.4

SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO STRUCTURE

o
c

YOURKNOWLEDGE

A
D
B

1..

E
D
B
c

26.5 The four-chambered heart of birds and mammals is analogous, not homologous' lt evolved
independently in the two grouPs' An abundance of evidence supports the hypothesis that
birds and mammals evolved from different rep-

2.

tilian ancestors.
26.6 a. rRNA genes
b. mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA)
c. genes for olfactorY recePtors
26.7 Assuming that genes have a constant rate of mutation, in a protein that has a crucial function,
mutations that are harmful would be quickly removed from the population. Therefore, fewer
mutations would be neutral and remain in the
genome. If the exact sequence of amino acids in

a. Bacteria;
b. EukarYa;
c. Archaea
#2 represents Sene transfer between mitochondrial ancestor with ancestor of eukaryotes
#3 represents gene transfer between chloroplast
ancestor with ancestor of green plants

ANSWERSTO TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

MultipleChoice:
4.d
5.c
6.d

1.c
2.e
3.b

/.4

8.e
9.b

10. d
1L. a
12. e

1,3. d
14. b

BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA

CHAPTERZTZ
INTERACTIVE QUESTIONS
27.1 a. spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), or spirals
b. 0.5-5 4m in diameter
c. cell wall made of peptidoglycan; gramnegative bacteria also have outer lipopolysaccharide membrane; archaea lack peptidoglycan;
sticky capsule for adherence;fimbriae and pili for
attachment or genetic exchange
d. flagella; may show taxis to stimuli
e. infoldings of plasma membrane may be
used in metabolic functions
f. circular DNA molecule with little associated
protein found in nucleoid; may have plasmids
with other genes
g. binarl' fission; rapid population growtl'r;
rapid adaPtive evolution
27.2 a. circular chromosome
b. Fplasmid,RPlasmid
c. mutation

d.
e.
t.
g.
h.
i.
j.

transformation
naked DNA
transduction
bacteriophage(Phage)
conjugation
F' or HRF cell and F cell
adaptation to environment/evolution

27.3 a. endospore; thick-walled, resistant cell that

is formed in rcsponse to a lack of nutrients and
can persist for long periods of time, breaking
dormancy when conditions are favorable;
chemoheterotroph-it obtains both energy and
carbon from organic compounds.
b. photoautotroph-uses light energy and COz
to synthesize organic compounds; the cell is a
heterocyte, specialized for nitrogen fixation.

27,4 a. cyanobacteria
b. Genetic prospecting is a technique of
sampling genetic material directly from the

AnsuterSection

environment. Before its development, researcherscould study only those speciesthat

could be cultured in the lab. This technique has
led to the discovery of new species and even
new branchesin prokaryotic phylogeny'

2.

487

Decomposers-recycle
nutrients; bioremediation: sewage treatment, clean up oil spills.
Nitrogen fixers-provide
nitrogen to the soil by
bacteria in nodules on legume roots or by
cyanobacteria.
Mutualism---enteric bacteria, some digest food
and produce vitamins.
Biotechnology-production
of antibiotics, hormones/ and many useful products.

27.5 The photosynthesis of cyanobacteria brings

carbon from CO2 into the food chain and releases02. Cyanobacteria also fix atmospheric
nitrogen, supplying other organisms with the
nitrogen they need to make proteins.

ANSWERSTO TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO STRUCTURE
YOUR KNOWLEDGE
L.

Prokaryotes are adapted to live in the diverse

habitatson (andin)Earth.Theyhave a widerange
of metabolicabilities,induding the nutritionalcategories of chemoautotrophy and photoheterotrophy Their geneticdiversity, along with their short
generation time, huge populations, and mechanisms of genetic exchange,enable rapid adaptation to changing environments. The formation of
biofilms consisting of multiple speciesand their
many symbiotic associationsare further examples
of the remarkableabilities of prokaryotes.

Multiple Choice:
1.b
2.c
3.d

4.e
'5.a
6.c

7.e
8.b
9.d

10.e

FilI in the Blanks:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

cocci
nucleoid
Cram stain
fimbriae
taxis

6.
7.
8.
9.
L0.

endospore
biofilms
exotoxins
bioremediation
anaerobic respiration

CHAPTER 28:PROTISTS
INTERACTIVE QUESTIONS
28.1 The four membranes indicate secondary endosymbiosis of a green alga (whose chloroplasts
originated from the primary endosymbiont, a
cyanobacterium). The inner two membranes
belonged to the ancient cyanobacterium' The
third membrane is from the engulfed green
alga's plasma membrane and the outer membrane from the heterotrophic eukaryote's food
vacuole. The vestigial nucleus indicates that ths
process occurred relatively recently. In more
ancient secondary endosymbioses/ many components of the engllfed alga have been lost'
28.2 Frequent global changes in the surface proteins
of these parasites enable them to evade the
host's immune system'
28.3 Parsmeciumrs a ciiiate in the clade Alveolata in
the supergrouP Chromalveolata.
a.
b.
c.
d.

cilia
oral groove
food vacuoles, combine with lysosomes
contractile vacuole

e. anal pore
f. macronucieus
g. micronucleus
28.4 Theseseaweedsmay have a holdfast that maintains a strong hold on intertidal rocks' Biochemical adaptations include cellulose cell
walls containing gcl-forming polysaccharides
that protect the algae from the abrasive action
of waves and rt'clttccdrying when exposed at
low tides.
28.5 The calcareoustt'sts of forams are long-lasting
fossils in marint' st'dimcnts and sedimentary
rocks. Foram fossils are useful in correlating
agesof sedimentart' rocks in different areas.
28.6 a. diploid
b. multinucleate mass, Plasmodium
c. amoeboid or flagellated cells that emerge
from resistant sPores
d. haploid
e. solitary amoeboid cells until aggregate to
form fruiting bodY
f . two amoebas fuse to form resistant zygote

AnswerSection

488

ANSWERSTO TESTYOUR KNOWLEDGE

ANSWERSTO STRUCTURE
SUGGESTED
YOURKNOWLEDGE
1.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h'
i.

Matching:
4.G
5.H
6.8

L.c

cYanobacterium
PrimarY endosYmbiosis
red algae
green algae
JecondarY endosYmbiosis
dinoflagellates
aPicomPlexans
stramenoPiles
euglenids

2,F
3.8

MultipleChoice:
4.d
1.d
5.c
2.a
6.d
3.c

7.4
8.D

7.b
8'e
9.b

CHAPTER 29: PLANTDIVERSITYI:HowPLANTSCOLONIZEDLAND

INTERACTIVE QUESTIONS
plentiful
29.1 Benefits: bright, unfiltered sunlight'
and
herbivores
few
titt"tuls,
CO2 and ,o]l
supstructural
of
lack
patfrogens. Challenges:
of
po.t, [latirre scarcit-y of water' and problem
dehYdration'
29.2 a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

gametes
mitosis
zYgote
mitosis
sPoroPhYte
sPores
meiosis
gametoPhYte

are both
29.3 Although lycophytes and pterophytes
monoa
torm
not
seedless plants, they do
more
a
share
phyletic grouP' Pterophytes.(ferns)
than
plants
seed
ancestor with
recent .o*o^

29.5 a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
t.
s.

meiosis
sPore
gametoPhyte
antheridium
sPerm
archegonium
eqg

t. tJtliiitutio"

SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO STRUCTURE

YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1.

with lYcoPhYtes'
29.4 a. gametoPhYte
b. archegonia
c. antheridia
d. swim
e. sPoroPhYte
f. meiosis
g . c a P s u l e( s P o r a n g i u m )
h. gametophyte (germinate
tonema)

i. zYgote
i. gametoPhYte
k. YoungsPoroPhYte
l. mature sPoroPhYte
(in sori)
m. sPorangia
^gamelophyte
(upper portion of the diaThe
sporophyte (lower porthe
haploid;
is
gtu^i
diPloid.
tion) is
sup29.6 Lignified xylem provides the mechanical
convey
tissues
poit for aerial growth' Vascular
iater and minerals to photosynthesizing
leaves and transport sugars throughout the
plant. Roots bottr absorb water and minerals
ind anchorthe Plant'

2.
to

form

Pro-

altemation of generationswith protected and

nourished embryo, sporopollemn-walledsPo1e.'s
producedin sporangia,apicalmeristems'multtcellular gametangia,cuticle, secondary comand
pounds
lprotection from UV radiation
'herbivorei),
strengthtissue
vascular
stomata,
plants)
cnedr.t'ithlignin (vascular
a.
b.
c.
d.

land Plants
nonviscular plants (bryophytes)
vascularPlants
vascularPlants
seedless
seedpiants
liverworts
hornworts
lnoSSES

pterophytes(ferns,horsetails,whisk ferns)
gynx-IosPerms
angiosperms