MAE 308

Fluid Mechanics
Lecture 9

MAE 308

Outline
The Bernoulli equation
head forms
energy and hydraulic grade lines
examples

Fluid Kinematics
Lagrangian and Eulerian flow description
Control volume analysis
Reynolds transport theorem

MAE 308

The Bernoulli Equation

The Bernoulli equation for steady, incompressible,
frictionless flow
v2
gh P Const, along a streamline
2
Valid and invalid regions air flow in a duct

MAE 308

The Bernoulli Equation

The Bernoulli equation can be written in terms of
heights called heads
v2
P

h Const, along a streamline

2 g g
Total head =
elevation head + pressure head +velocity head
Very popular in civil engineering
Other usage
Pump head
Turbine head
MAE 308

Turbine and Pump Head

Turbine

Pump

Win mghP

Wout mghT
Wout
ghT
Wout m

MAE 308

hT

hP

Win
ghP
Win m

Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines

v2
2g

EGL
HGL

P
g

The energy grade

line represents the
total head available
to the fluid
The hydraulic grade
line is given by the
sum of pressure
and elevation head.

h
v2
P

h H total head
2 g g
MAE 308

The Bernoulli Equation - Examples

Given: Siphon is used to transfer fluid from one tank to
another
Find: Maximum height of siphon
hm

P Patm

EGL (absolute pressure)

EGL (gage pressure)

MAE 308

Patm
g

Maximum height:

hM

General height:

Patm V 2
hG

g 2 g

Lagrangian Flow Description

Tracking individual fluid particle
Fluid particles are tagged or identified, and their
properties are determined as they move

Joseph-Louis Lagrange
1736-1813

MAE 308

Eulerian Flow Description

Describing the field of flow
v = v (x,y,z,t)
= (x,y,z,t)
p = p (x,y,z,t)
.....
This method gives information about the flow in terms
of what happens at fixed points in space as the fluid
flows through those points
z

y
x

MAE 308

Leonhard Euler
1707-1783

Lagrangian and Eulerian Flow Descriptions

Eulerian description looks easier for fluids
Eulerian description is often used in experimental and
numerical studies
In some cases Lagrangian method is more convenient
We will use mostly Eulerian description in this course

We need to learn how to apply motions law, e.g.

Newton's second law, to the velocity field

MAE 308

System
Lagrangian flow description - tracking individual fluid
particle
Following Lagrangian approach we should consider a
system a collection of matter of fixed identity/
unchanging contents

It is easy to state the governing laws for a system

( Msys = Const, F = ma, Q = U+W )
However, mathematical treatment is difficult due to a
constantly changing geometry
MAE 308

Control Volume
Eulerian flow description map the field of flow
It is easier to select a fixed volume and check how the
fluid is coming through
We can select a volume in a fluid and write integral
equations of conservation for this volume

we will call this volume

control volume c.v.
surface around c.v. c.s.

c.s.
c.v.

However, the governing equations formulated for

systems should be modified for control volumes
MAE 308

Control Volume

Instead of following the fluid we will control everything

that is coming in and out
We will formulate 3 basic conservation principles for c.v.
1. Conservation of mass
2. Conservation of linear/angular momentum
3. Conservation of energy

For engineers it is more important to understand the

effect of flowing fluid on some material objects
( engine, pump, turbine...) than the effect of the object
on the fluid.
The mechanical objects like pipes, engines, planes, ...
can be readily considered as control volumes

MAE 308

Control Volume - Examples

The selection of control volume is important

Control volumes can be fixed, moving, and deforming

MAE 308

The Reynolds Transport Theorem

Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT) was formulated to
convert basic conservations laws from system to control
volume representation
Consider B a fluid property related to mass
(extensive property)
mass
momentum
energy
...
B

- the amount of property per unit mass

m

MAE 308

The Reynolds Transport Theorem

RTT relates a change of the total (integral) property Bsys
of the system with a variation of total (integral) property
Bcv in the control volume
First we consider a simple example of 1-D flow
BM
M sys M cv min mout

dM sys dM cv dmin dmout

dM sys

DM sys
Dt

MAE 308

dt
DM sys

Dt

dM cv dmin dmout

dt
dt
dt
M cv
in m
out

m
t

The Reynolds Transport Theorem

Consider general case
c.v.

Bcv

Bin B out
Dt
t

DBsys

MAE 308

The Reynolds Transport Theorem

Consider general case

Bcv

Bin B out
Dt
t

DBsys

Bsys

d
sys

Bcv d
cv

c.v.

MAE 308

How to find Bin and Bout?

The Reynolds Transport Theorem

How to find Bin and Bout?

Vdt

dA

dBout dmout dout

dout Vdt cos dA V n dAdt

c.v.

dBout

Bout
V n dA
dt

B
V n dA
out

cs / out

MAE 308

The Reynolds Transport Theorem

Vdt

How to find Bin and Bout?

dA

dBin V n dAdt

Bin V n dA

cs / in

c.v.

cs

MAE 308

Bin Bout V n dA

The Reynolds Transport Theorem

General consideration using RTT (Reynolds Transport
Theorem)

d Bout Bin
Dt
t c.v.

DBsys

B out Bin

V n dA
c.s .

d V n dA
Dt
t c.v.
c.s .

DBsys

MAE 308