584

Part 5 SPICE circuit applications

where the value for L has been approximated from ordinary coaxial cable, but as
will be found from the simulations its eect is insignicant in practice. The conductance G has been taken as zero though this must be far from the truth with present
day good dielectrics let alone the gutta percha used originally. If you make G more
signicant you will see the decrease in output current. Heaviside (1922, Vol. 1,
p. 417 etc.) considered the possibility of using controlled leakage to shorten the
received pulses but the consequential loss of amplitude meant that such schemes
were unacceptable. However, it then became more evident that inductance would
be of benet and the idea of substantially increasing this either in the cable or by
periodic loading was investigated. It was such techniques, primarily introduced by
Pupin, that made longer distance telephone communication, with its much higher
frequencies, possible. Before this the variation of delay with frequency rapidly
made speech unintelligible (e.g. Everitt and Anner 1956, p. 312; Grivet 1970, p.
319).
As Grivet points out, the solution found in (5.25.4) and (5.25.5) is for a rather
simplied model for which the output starts immediately with the input and gives
no indication of delay or velocity, both of which depend on the inclusion of inductance. However, the simulation results show that the normal magnitude of inductance still has minimal eect. It is as if we were operating with an incompressible
uid in a hydrodynamic application, a point made by Stokes in the original paper
(Stokes is perhaps much better known for his work in uid ow, e.g. the relation
giving the terminal velocity of a body falling through a viscous uid, which was
essential in Millikans determination of the quantization and magnitude of the
charge on an electron). In a nite length we would expect the current to settle eventually to the z.f. value which is independent of capacitance. For an innite line it
will of course tend to zero, as indicated by the plot of i(t) (see Eq. (5.25.7)) in
Figure 5.25.4. Fig. 5.25.3 shows the frequency response of the circuit.
Figure 5.25.4 shows the pulse response for an input of 1 V, a rise and fall time
of 100 s, and period 4 seconds. It is evident that the voltage modulation ratio is
far smaller than that for the current, which is consistent with the frequency
responses. This was just as well since the receivers used were current sensitive.
The calculated step response from Eq. (5.25.5) is also shown, where the parameters at the receiving end are:
1
2

 


1
2

C
113
10 9
86.5
106

R

4.81
CRz2
113
10 9
4.81
16
106

2.174,
4
4

so

(5.25.7)
for z4000 km

i(t) [(86.5E6) /SQRT(TIME )]* exp(2.174 /TIME )