Electrical Power and Energy Systems 55 (2014) 554561

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Electrical Power and Energy Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

Intelligent control of a grid-connected wind-photovoltaic hybrid power

systems
Chih-Ming Hong, Chiung-Hsing Chen
Department of Electronic Communication Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan, ROC

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 18 July 2013
Received in revised form 21 September
2013
Accepted 12 October 2013

Keywords:
Photovoltaic (PV)
Wind turbine
Hybrid power system
Radial basis function network-sliding model
(RBFNSM)
General Regression Neural Network (GRNN)
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)

a b s t r a c t
A grid-connected wind-photovoltaic (PV) hybrid power system is proposed, and the steady-state model
analysis and the control strategy of the system are presented in this paper. The system consists of the PV
power, wind power, and an intelligent power controller. The General Regression Neural Network (GRNN)
algorithm applied to PV generation system which has non-linear characteristic and analyzed performance. A high-performance on-line training radial basis function network-sliding mode (RBFNSM) algorithm is designed to derive the turbine speed to extract maximum power from the wind. To achieve a fast
and stable response for the power control, the intelligent controller consists of a RBFNSM and a GRNN for
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. The pitch angle of wind turbine is controlled by RBFNSM,
and the PV system uses GRNN, where the output signal is used to control the boost converters to achieve
the MPPT. The simulation results conrm that the proposed hybrid generation system can provide high
efciency with the use of MPPT.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Today renewable power systems are becoming more and more
popular, with the increase of energy demand and the concern of
environmental pollution around the world. Wind energy and photovoltaic energy have complementary characters. Combining wind
energy and photovoltaic in one system (hybrid system) increases
the reliability of this system and reduces the storage batteries
[1]. The major advantage of the system is that it meets the basic
power requirements of non-electried remote areas, where grid
power has not yet reached. The power generated from both wind
and solar components is stored in a battery bank for use whenever
required. A hybrid renewable energy system utilizes two or more
energy production methods, usually solar and wind power. The
main advantage of solar/wind hybrid system is that when solar
and wind power production is used together, the reliability of
the system is enhanced. Additionally, the size of battery storage
can be reduced slightly as there is less reliance on one method of
power production. Often, when there is no sun, there is plenty of
wind. Wind speeds are often low in periods (summer, eventually)
when the sun resources are at their best. On the other hand, the
wind is often stronger in seasons (the winter, in many cases) when
there are less sun resources. Even during the same day, in many re-

Corresponding author. Tel.: +886 7 3617141x3318; fax: +886 7 3650833.

E-mail address: chiung@webmail.nkmu.edu.tw (C.-H. Chen).
0142-0615/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.10.024

gions worldwide or in some periods of the year, there are different

and opposite patterns in terms of wind and solar resources. And
those different patterns can make the hybrid systems the best option in electricity production. A hybrid windsolar electric system
demands a higher initial investment than single larger systems:
large wind and solar PV systems are proportionally cheaper than
smaller systems.
For PV power generation, it usually consists of an array of PV
panels and a power converter. By regulating the converter, the
maximum power point of PV panels can be tracked. Over the years,
different MPPT techniques have been proposed for PV power generation. These methods mainly include the perturbation and observation method (P&O) [2], the power matching, the incremental
conductance, the hill-climbing search, the power differential feedback control, the curve tting, the dc-link capacitor droop control,
the intelligent control, and some other special control methods.
Among them, the P&O method is adopted by most researchers because of its simplicity and system independence. Novel methods
are developed with higher accuracy but complex process, such as
optimum gradient method, fuzzy logic control (FLC) and neural
networks (NN). These technique could also be costly, difcult to
implement, and may not be stable enough. General Regression
Neural Network (GRNN) has been applied in a number of applications for system control and identication. This algorithm has a
number of advantages over competing algorithm. GRNN is nonparametric and a one-pass learning algorithm with a highly paral-

C.-M. Hong, C.-H. Chen / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 55 (2014) 554561

lel structure. It makes no assumptions concerning the form of the

underlying distribution. GRNN is simpler than other existing algorithms. The advantage of the proposed algorithm is that it is very
simple to implement, neither the trial-and-error process nor prior
knowledge about the parameters is required.
Previous research has focused on three types of maximum wind
power extraction methods, namely tip speed ratio (TSR) control,
power signal feedback (PSF) control and hill-climb searching
(HCS) control. TSR control regulates the wind turbine rotor speed
to maintain an optimal TSR. PSF control requires the knowledge
of the wind turbines maximum power curve, and tracks this curve
through its control mechanisms. Among previously developed
wind turbine MPPT strategies, the TSR direction control method
is limited by the difculty in wind speed and turbine speed measurements [3]. Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN) not only
has the ability of parallel computing, learning and fault tolerance
but also be able to approximate any complicated nonlinearity innitely. Sliding mode variable structure control is a special discontinuous nonlinear control strategy, which has strong robustness
against parameter variations, load disturbances and uncertainty
of system, with the advantage of rapidness and easy realization.
Combining neural network with sliding mode variable control
not only has strong robustness which can resist system perturbation and outer interference but also be able to eliminate the buffeting. In this paper, a RBFNSM-based with TSR MPPT strategy is
proposed for wind turbine generator.
There are some works on hybrid systems. In [4], the dynamic
performance of a stand-alone windsolar system with battery storage was analyzed, where a wind turbine system model was developed and compared with a real system. Methodologies for optimal
design or unit sizing of stand-alone or grid-connected hybrid systems have been proposed using steady-state analysis [57], where
the steady-state performance of a grid-connected wind and PV system with battery storage was analyzed. For wind-PV hybrid power
generation, it has two branches-namely, the wind power generation and the PV power generation. Since the wind power and PV
power can compensate each other to some extent during the day
and night, the development of the wind-PV hybrid power generation is attractive. For the grid-connected system, the interface between the hybrid generation system and the power grid has to
be specially designed which involves costly hardware and complex
control. For the stand-alone off-grid system, the hybrid generation
system can easily be set up in remote and isolated areas where a
connection to the utility network is either impossible or unduly
expensive.

2.1. Wind turbine

In order to capture the maximal wind energy, it is necessary to
install the power electronic devices between the wind turbine generator (WTG) and the grid where the frequency is constant. The input of a wind turbine is the wind and the output is the mechanical
power turning the generator rotor [8]. For a variable speed wind
turbine, the output mechanical power available from a wind turbine could be expressed as

Pm

1
qAC p k; bV 3x
2

xr r
Vx

2.2. PV cell conventional model

Fig. 3 shows the circuit equivalent of a PV cell. The equivalent
equation of the PV cell is as follows [6]:

V PV



Iph
nKT
ln
1
q
IPV





qV PV IPV Rs
V PV Rs IPV
1 
IPV Iph  IPVO exp
nKT
Rsh

WT2 Wind
Turbine 2kW

Grid

Load

Fig. 1. Proposed hybrid micro-grid power system.

where Rs and Rsh are series and shunt resistances (X), respectively.
Iph is photocurrent of the PV Cell (A), n is the ideality factor of pn
junction, IPVO is the reverse saturation current (A), K is Boltzmann
constant (1.38  1023 J/K), q is the electronic charge
(1.602  1019 C), and T is temperature of cell (K).

Bus

PV2 Photovoltaic
2.4kW

where r is wind turbine blade radius, and xr is the turbine speed. Cp

is a function of k and the blade pitch angle b.
A variable-speed pitch-regulated wind turbine is considered in
this paper, where the pitch angle controller plays an important
role. Fig. 2 shows the groups of C p  k curves of the wind turbine
used in this study at different pitch angles [9]. It is noted from
the gure that Cp can be changed by adjusting the pitch angle
(b). In other words, the output power of the wind turbine can be
regulated by pitch angle control.

The proposed wind and PV hybrid system is shown in Fig. 1. Dynamic models of the main components were developed using
MATLAB/Simulink, consisting of wind energy conversion systems
(WECS), PV generation systems, load, and grid.

WT1 Wind
Turbine 4kW

where q and A are air density and the area swept by blades, respectively. Vx is the wind velocity (m/s), and Cp is called the power coefcient, and is given as a nonlinear function of the tip speed ratio
(TSR) k dened by

2. System component characteristic

PV1 Photovoltaic
4.8kW

555

Fig. 2. C p  k characteristics of the WECS at different pitch angles.

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C.-M. Hong, C.-H. Chen / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 55 (2014) 554561

ough for a backpropagation neural network. Therefore the use of a

probabilistic neural network is especially advantageous due to its
ability to converge to the underlying function of the data with only
few training samples available. The additional knowledge needed
to get the t in a satisfying way is relatively small and can be done
without additional input by user.
The probability density function used in GRNN is the normal
distribution. Each training sample, Xj, is used as the mean of a normal distribution.

PV Cell
Ipv
Rs

Ipvo
Rsh

Iph

Vpv

h
i
D2
exp  2ri 2
YX P
h
i
D2i
n
i1 exp  2r2

D2i X  X i T X  X i

Pn

i1 Y i

Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit of PV cell.

To maximize the ll factor is to maximize the ratio of photocurrent to reverse saturation current while minimize series resistance
Rs and maximum shunt resistance Rsh within the PV cell. Hence, we
could assume that series resistance Rs is close to zero and shunt
resistance Rsh is close to innite, thus, Eq. (4) can be simplied to
be rewritten by ignoring Rs and Rsh as shown below [7]:





qV PV IPV Rs
1
IPV Iph  IPVO exp
nKT

3. MPPT Control for PV systems

With the cost of PV cell, it is necessary to implement MPPT to
have the voltage operating close to the maximum power point under the changing environment. The proposed PV systems are composed of an array of 4  3 and 4  6 panels, dc/dc converter, dc/ac
inverter and control algorithm, generally performed by a microcontroller to track the maximum power continuously. MPPT is also
used to provide a constant voltage to the required load [10].
3.1. Perturbation and Observation (P&O) method
The most common method in this eld is the P&O method [2]. It
periodically increases or decreases the PV cells voltage as mentioned before to seek the maximum power point. In this paper, a
variable step method is proposed to search for the maximum
power point, where the step lengths is adjusted according to the
distances to the maximum power point (MPP). The ratio of the variation of power (P) to voltage (V) is considered as the step length of
duty ratio D, which is actually the slope of each operating point under very short sampling time. Fig. 4 shows the control block of the
P&O method.
3.2. General Regression Neural Network (GRNN)
3.2.1. Generalized regression
The GRNN was proposed by Specht as an alternative to the well
known back-error propagation training algorithm for feed-forward
neural network. This neural network like other probabilistic neural
networks needs only a fraction of the training samples a backpropagation neural network would need [11,12]. The data available
from measurements of an operating system is generally never en-

The distance Dj between the training sample and the point of prediction, is used as a measure of how well the each training sample
can represent the position of prediction X. If the Distance Dj, between the training sample and the point of prediction is small,
expD2j =2r2 , becomes big. For Dj = 0, expD2j =2r2 becomes
one and the point of evaluation is represented best by this training
sample. The distance to all the other training samples is bigger. A
bigger distance Dj, causes the term expD2j =2r2 to become smaller and therefore the contribution of the other training samples to
the prediction is relatively small. The term Y j  expD2j =2r2 for
the jth training sample is the biggest one and contributes very much
to the prediction. The standard deviation or the smoothness parameter r, as it is named in [11], is subject to a search. For a bigger
smoothness parameter, the possible representation of the point of
evaluation by the training sample is possible for a wideer range of
X. For a small value of the smoothness parameter the representation
is limited to a narrow range of X, respectively.
3.2.2. Architecture
A four-layer GRNN with a boost converter shown in Fig. 5 is
adopted to implement the controller where the control law VMPPT
is generated, and x11 V PV , x12 IPV and x13 Temperature. The
PWM module is used to generate PWM pulses to control the duty
cycle of the switch. A general structure of the GRNN can be illustrated as in Fig. 6. The calculations performed in each pattern neuron of GRNN are expD2j =2r2 , the normal distribution centered
at each training sample. The signals of the pattern neuron i, going
into the Denominator neuron are weighted with the corresponding
values of the training samples Yi. The weights on the signals going
into the Numerator neuron are one. Each sample from the training
data inuences every point that is being predicted by GRNN. Input
layer will simply channel in the input vector to the GRNN, and its
distance to the recorded patterns are then calculated in each of the
pattern nodes at pattern layer. The summation layer will perform
the summing operation as for the upper and lower parts of (9),
and the nal networks output is obtained at the output layer
which performs the normalization function [13,14]. The two summation units Denominator and Numerator to output layer, which is
given by:

PV
DC /DC
Converter

I pv

DC /AC

Load

DC/DC
Converter

Ipv V pv

Vdc

DC/AC

Vpv

PV
P& O

PWM

Fig. 4. Block diagram of P&O Method.

Temperature

GRNN

V MPPT

PWM

Fig. 5. Block diagram of Intelligent MPPT Method.

Load

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C.-M. Hong, C.-H. Chen / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 55 (2014) 554561
Pitch Servo

V dc
-

max

Supercised
learning
law

V MPPT

WECS

PI Controller

Pref

PV
System

Pout

s
min

Pout

Y (X )

(a)

Output
Neuron

Online
learning

Denominator

Numerator

Summation
Neurons

Pitch Servo
max

Y1

Yj

Yi

Yp

Pattern
Neurons

RBFNSM

Pref
+

Controller

Pout

1
+

WECS

s
min

Pout

(b)

Input
Neurons

Fig. 7. Pitch control for WECS (a) PI controller and (b) RBFNSM controller.
X2

X1

X3

Fig. 6. Structure of the four-layer GRNN.

"
#
n
X
D2i
Denominator
Y i exp  2 ; k 1; 2
2r
i1
Numerator

n
X

"
exp 

i1

D2i
2r 2

#
9

4. MPPT control for wind energy systems

The wind power generation system studied in this paper is
shown in Fig. 7, and the proposed pitch angle control system using
PI and RBFNSM is explained in this section.
4.1. RBFNSM controller design
Suppose switching function is RBFN input, the sliding mode controller is taken as the output of neural network, and the RBFNSM
control can be built by utilizing the ability of self-learning [15
17]. The structure of RBFNSM controller can be illustrated in Fig. 8.
We can dened the sliding surface as:

_
st cet et

Fig. 8. Architecture of the RBFNSM.

10

where Pout and Pref represent the actual output power and the reference output power of the generator, respectively. e denotes the
tracking error.
Based on gradient descent algorithm, the iterative algorithm of
output weight, central vector of mode and base width constant can
be expressed as:

wj t wj t  1 gyt  ym thj awj t  1  wj t  2

Dbij yt  ym twj

xj  cij
2

bj

cij t cij t  1 gDcij acij t  1  cij t  2

14

15

where g is adaptive rate, a is momentum factor.

The sliding mode controller is designed as the output of RBFN,
and the signal propagation and the basic function in each layer
are introduced in the following.

11

Dbj yt  ym twj hj

kX  cj k2
3

bj

bj t bj t  1 gDbj abj t  1  bj t  2

12

4.1.1. Layer 1: Input layer

In the input layer, the node is dened by

net11 s11 k
13

y11 k f11 net11 k net 11 k

16

where k represents the kth iteration, s11 k is switching surface.

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C.-M. Hong, C.-H. Chen / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 55 (2014) 554561

The base width b1j is updated according to the following equation

that

4.1.2. Layer 2: Hidden layer

In the hidden layer, the node is dened by

net 2j k 
y2j

fj2

ks21  cj k2

b1j t 1 b1j gb Db1j

2
bj





net2j k exp net2j k ;

17

26

where gb is the learning rate.

j 1; 2; . . . ; m
5. Simulation results

where cj is the central vector of jth mode. bj is the base width constant of jth mode and bj > 0.
4.1.3. Layer 3: Output layer
In the output layer, the node input and output are represented as

net 3o

X
wj y2j k
j



y3o k fo3 net3o k net3o k bc

18

5.1. MPPT system performance

where yo k is the output of the RBFNSM and also the pitch angle
command of the proposed controller.
Once the RBFNSM has been initialized, a supervised learning is
used to train this system based on gradient descent. The derivation
is the same as that of the back-propagation algorithm [18,19]. It is
employed to adjust the parameters wj, c1j, and b1j of the RBFNSM by
using the training patterns. By recursive application of the chain
rule, the error term for each layer is calculated, and updated. We
choose sts_ t ! 0 as the control objective, the target of weight
adjustment of RBFN is

E sts_ t

19

The learning algorithm is described below.

4.1.4. Layer 4: Update weight wj
The error term to be propagated is given by

do 

"
#
@E
@E @y3o

@y3o @net 3o
@net3o

The hybrid system shown in Fig. 1 is implemented in the Matlab/Simpower environment. Parameters of the WECS, and the PV
array used in the simulation are shown in Table 1. Many tests were
conducted to show performance of the model under various conditions, with the comparison of various MPPT schemes [2024]
including the typical PI and P&O method .

20

5.1.1. Wind power MPPT

Time domain simulation was run for the hybrid power system
with constant load under sufcient wind and irradiance. The output power from WECS is shown in Fig. 9. From Fig. 9, it can be seen
that the RBFNSM controller provides a better control performance
than PI with less transient and smaller vibrations. The transient response at the starting point can be seen clearly that PI uctuates
more, while RBFNSM oscillates only slightly. The average power
is 1.86 kW. Compared with that of the PI control, it increases by
5.7%.
5.1.2. PV power MPPT
The output power from PV is shown in Fig. 10. From Fig. 10, we
can see that the GRNN controller provides a better performance
than P&O, both in the transient and the stability. The average
power is 2.3 kW. Compared with that of P&O, it increases by 15%.
The GRNN method can quickly and accurately track the maximum
power output for PV array.

Then the weight wj is adjusted by the amount

"
#

@E
@E @y3o
@net3o
do y2j
Dwj 
 3
@wj
@yo @net 3o
@wj

5.2. MPPT with load change

21

And the weight is updated by

wj t 1 wj t gw Dwj

22

where gw is the learning rate.

4.1.5. Layer 3: Update central vector c1j
By using the chain rule, the update law of c1j is

"
#
!(
)
@y2j
@E
@E
@net 3o
Dc1j 

@c1j
@c1j
@y2j
@net3o
 1

2 s  c1j
do wj y2j 1 2
b1j

Table 1
Simulation parameters.
Wind induction generator

23

The central vector c1j is updated according to the equation that

c1j t 1 c1j t gc Dc1j

24

where gc is the learning rate.

4.1.6. Layer 2: Update base width b1j
By using the chain rule, the update law of Wij is

"
#
!(
)
@y2j
@E
@E
@net30
Db1j 

@b1j
@b1j
@y2j
@net30
1
2
2 s1  c1j
do wj y2j
 3
b1j

With sufcient wind and irradiance, Figs. 11 and 12 shows the

comparison of the proposed algorithms with PI and P&O methods
for a sudden load change from 8 kW to 10 kW at 0.5 s. The RBFNSM
and PI pitch controllers are used for comparison, they can quickly
and accurately track the maximum power output as shown in

25

Rated power (kW)

Voltage (V)
Frequency (Hz)
Inertia
No of pole pairs
Wind speed (m/s)

2 and 4
220
60
0.7065
2
812

PV array
Maximum power of module unit (W)
Module number
Total power rating (kW)
Unit rated voltage (V)
Unit rated current (A)
Irradiance level (W/m2)

200.143, 25 C, 1000 W/m2

12 and 24
2.4 and 4.8
26.3
7.61
6001000

Load
Capacity (kW)

825

Grid
Voltage (V)
Frequency (Hz)
Phase

220
60
3

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C.-M. Hong, C.-H. Chen / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 55 (2014) 554561
3

RBFNSM controller 1.86KW

PI controller 1.76KW

2.5

GRNN Controller
P&O Controller

3.5

Power (KW)

Power (KW)

3
2

1.5

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5

0.5

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Time (s)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Time (s)
Fig. 12. PV MPPT tracking under sudden load change.

Fig. 9. MPPT tracking response of the WECS.

enough, active power is provided from the grid. The output active
power from grid-connected hybrid generation system is shown in
Fig. 13. The hybrid power system quickly reaches a stable operation. We can see from Fig. 14 that with the system bus voltage

GRNN Controller 2.3KW

P&O Controller 2KW

Power (KW)

2.5

1.5

0.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Time (s)
Fig. 10. MPPT tracking response of the PV system.

Fig. 11. Fig. 12 shows comparison of GRNN and P&O methods used
in PV power system MPPT, they can quickly reach stable power
output with GRNN yielding a better performance. The proposed
method can track faster with a more stable output power under
load disturbance.
Fig. 13. Active power of the hybrid generation system.

5.3. Power management under variable load

When the inductive load changed from 8 kW to 16 kW at 2.5 s.
Where the active output power of the PV and wind turbine are not
4

RBFNSM controller
PI Controller

3.5

Power (KW)

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Time (s)
Fig. 11. Wind MPPT tracking under sudden load change.

Fig. 14. The bus voltages in hybrid generation system.

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C.-M. Hong, C.-H. Chen / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 55 (2014) 554561
3

RBFNSM controller
PI controller

2.5

Power (KW)

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Time (s)
Fig. 15. MPPT tracking response of the WT2 under variable conditions.
Fig. 18. MPPT tracking under variable conditions at t = 2.5.

Fig. 16. Simulation result of pitch angle response.

Fig. 19. The bus voltage in hybrid generation system.
3

GRNN Controller
P&O Controller

Power (KW)

2.5

1.5

0.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Time (s)
Fig. 17. MPPT tracking response of the PV2 under variable conditions.

dropped to around 0.97 pu. The proposed method can track with a
more stable output power under variable load condition.
5.4. MPPT under variable conditions
This case demonstrates a changing environment, we have the
WT1 and WT2 wind speed changed from 12m/s to 8m/s, the PV1
and PV2 irradiance level changed from 1000 W/m2 to 600 W/m2,

and the total load is 8 kW. Time domain simulation was run for
the hybrid power system with constant load under different wind
and irradiance at 0.5 s.
The output power from WT2 is shown in Fig. 15. From Fig. 16, it
can be seen that the RBFNSM controller provides a better pitch angle control performance than PI controller with less transient and
smaller vibration. The output power from PV2 is shown in
Fig. 17. The WT2 wind power dropped to a low level around
0.19 kW and PV2 solar power also dropped to around 1.3 kW.
We can see from Fig. 18 that with the drop of wind speed and irradiance, the wind turbine and PV array power output are not enough to supply the load. The grid will supply more active power
to the load. With a short transient in the beginning, the hybrid system quickly reaches a stable operation. Within a short time, the
system voltage reaches stable as shown in Fig. 19.

6. Conclusion
Renewable energy source also called non-conventional type of
energy are continuously replenished by natural processes. Hybrid
systems are the right solution for clean energy production. In this
paper, a new wind-PV hybrid generation system has been proposed and implemented. From four cases studies, it shows that
voltage and power can be well controlled in the hybrid system un-

C.-M. Hong, C.-H. Chen / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 55 (2014) 554561

der a changing environment. The simulation model of the hybrid

generation system was developed using MATLAB/Simulink.
This grid-connected hybrid generation system can fully utilize
the characteristics of the proposed wind generator and the PV panels to extract the maximum power from the wind and solar energy
sources. The GRNN and RBFNSM methods can quickly and accurately track the maximum power output for hybrid power system.
Moreover, an efcient power sharing among the energy sources are
successfully demonstrated with more efciency, a better transient
and more stability, even under different load conditions and
disturbance.
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