DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL FOR DOUBLY FED INDUCTION

MACHINE-BASED WIND TURBINES

UNDER VOLTAGE DIPS AND WITHOUT CROWBAR
PROTECTION
Abstract
This letter proposes a rotor flux amplitude reference generation strategy for doubly fed
induction machine based wind turbines. It is specially designed to address perturbations, such as
voltage dips, keeping controlled the torque of the wind turbine, and considerably reducing the
stator and rotor over currents during faults. In addition, a direct torque control strategy that
provides fast dynamic response accompanies the overall control of the wind turbine. Despite the
fact that the proposed control does not totally eliminate the necessity of the typical crowbar
protection for this kind of turbines, it eliminates the activation of this protection during low depth
voltage dips.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This letter focuses the analysis on the control of doubly fed induction machine (DFIM)
based high-power wind turbines when they operate under presence of voltage dips.Most of the
wind turbine manufacturers build this kind of wind turbines with a back-to-back converter sized
to approximately 30% of the nominal power [1]. This reduced converter design provokes that
when the machine is affected by voltage dips, it needs a special crowbar protection [2] in order to
avoid damages in the wind turbine and meet the grid-code requirements. The main objective of
the control strategy proposed in this letter, is to eliminate the necessity of the crowbar protection
when low-depth voltage dips occurs. Hence, by using direct torque control (DTC), with a proper
rotor flux generation strategy, during the fault it will be possible to maintain the machine
connected to the grid, generating power from the wind, reducing over currents, and eliminating
the torque oscillations that normally produce such voltage dips.

CHAPTER 2
DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL (DTC):
Direct Torque Control (DTC) is a method that has emerged to become one possible
alternative to the well-known Vector Control of Induction Motors [13]. This method provides a
good performance with a simpler structure and control diagram. In DTC it is possible to control
directly the stator flux and the torque by selecting the appropriate VSI state. The main
advantages offered by DTC are:
Decoupled control of torque and stator flux.
Excellent torque dynamics with minimal response time.
Inherent motion-sensor less control method since the motor speed is not required to achieve the
torque control.
Absence of coordinate transformation (required in Field Oriented Control (FOC)).
Absence of voltage modulator, as well as other controllers such as PID and current controllers
(used in FOC).
Robustness for rotor parameters variation. Only the stator resistance is needed for the torque
and stator flux estimator.
These merits are counterbalanced by some drawbacks:
Possible problems during starting and low speed operation and during changes in torque
command. Requirement of torque and flux estimators, implying the consequent parameters
identification (the same as for other vector controls).
Variable switching frequency caused by the hysteresis controllers employed.
Inherent torque and stator flux ripples.
Flux and current distortion caused by sector changes of the flux position.
Higher harmonic distortion of the stator voltage and current waveforms compared to other
methods such as FOC.
Acoustical noise produced due to the variable switching frequency. This noise can be
particularly high at low speed operation.

A variety of techniques have been proposed to overcome some of the drawbacks present
in DTC [4]. Some solutions proposed are: DTC with Space Vector Modulation (SVM) [5]; the
use of a duty--ratio controller to introduce a modulation between active vectors chosen from the
look-up table and the zero vectors [68]; use of artificial intelligence techniques, such as NeuroFuzzy controllers with SVM [9]. These methods achieve some improvements such as torque
ripple reduction and fixed switching frequency operation. However, the complexity of the
control is considerably increased.
A different approach to improve DTC features is to employ different converter topologies
from the standard two-level VSI. Some authors have presented different implementations of
DTC for the three-level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) VSI [1015]. This work will present a
new control scheme based on DTC designed to be applied to an Induction Motor fed with a
three-level VSI. The major advantage of the three-level VSI topology when applied to DTC is
the increase in the number of voltage vectors available. This means the number of possibilities in
the vector selection process is greatly increased and may lead to a more accurate control system,
which may result in a reduction in the torque and flux ripples. This is of course achieved, at the
expense of an increase in the complexity of the vector selection process.
To understand the answer to this question we have to understand that the basic function
of a variable speed drive (VSD) is to control the flow of energy from the mains to the process.
Energy is supplied to the process through the motor shaft.
Two physical quantities describe the state of the shaft: torque and speed. To control the
flow of energy we must therefore, ultimately, control these quantities.
In practice, either one of them is controlled or we speak of torque control or speed
control. When the VSD operates in torque control mode, the speed is determined by the load.
Likewise, when operated in speed control, the torque is determined by the load.

Initially, DC motors were used as VSDs because they could easily achieve the required
speed and torque without the need for sophisticated electronics.
However, the evolution of AC variable speed drive technology has been driven partly by
the desire to emulate the excellent performance of the DC motor, such as fast torque response
and speed accuracy, while using rugged, inexpensive and maintenance free AC motors.
In this section we look at the evolution of DTC, charting the four milestones of variable speed
drives, namely:
DC Motor Drives 7
AC Drives, frequency control, PWM 9
AC Drives, flux vector control, PWM 10
AC Drives, Direct Torque Control 12
We examine each in turn, leading to a total picture that identifies the key differences between
each.

AC Drives Introduction
Small size
Robust
Simple in design
Light and compact
Low maintenance
Low cost
The evolution of AC variable speed drive technology has been
partly driven by the desire to emulate the performance of
the DC drive, such as fast torque response and speed
accuracy, while utilising the advantages offered by the
standard AC motor.

Drawbacks

Controlling variables are Voltage and Frequency

Simulation of variable AC sine wave using modulator
Flux provided with constant V/f ratio
Open-loop drive
Load dictates torque level
Unlike a DC drive, the AC drive frequency control technique uses parameters generated
outside of the motor as controlling variables, namely voltage and frequency. Both voltage and
frequency reference are fed into a modulator which simulates an AC sine wave and feeds this to
the motors stator windings. This technique is called Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and
utilizes the fact that there is a diode rectifier towards the mains and the intermediate DC voltage
is kept constant. The inverter controls the motor in the form of a PWM pulse train dictating both
the voltage and frequency. Significantly, this method does not use a feedback device which takes
speed or position measurements from the motors shaft and feeds these back into the control
loop. Such an arrangement, without a feedback device, is called an open-loop drive.

Advantages
Low cost
No feedback device required simple Because there is no feedback device, the controlling
principle offers a low cost and simple solution to controlling economical AC induction motors.
This type of drive is suitable for applications which do not require high levels of accuracy or
precision, such as pumps and fans.
Field orientation not used
Motor status ignored
Torque is not controlled
Delaying modulator used
With this technique, sometimes known as Scalar Control, field orientation of the motor is not
used. Instead, frequency and voltage are the main control variables and are applied to the stator
windings. The status of the rotor is ignored, meaning that no speed or position signal is fed back.
Therefore, torque cannot be controlled with any degree of accuracy. Furthermore, the technique
uses a modulator which basically slows down communication between the incoming voltage and
frequency signals and the need for the motor to respond to this changing signal.

Features
Field-oriented control - simulates DC drive

 Motor electrical characteristics are simulated- Motor Model

Closed-loop drive
Torque controlled INDIRECTLY
To emulate the magnetic operating conditions of a DC motor, i.e. to perform the field
orientation process, the flux-vector drive needs to know the spatial angular position of the rotor
flux inside the AC induction motor. With flux vector PWM drives, field orientation is achieved
by electronic means rather than the mechanical commentator/brush assembly of the DC motor.
Firstly, information about the rotor status is obtained by feeding back rotor speed and angular
position relative to the stator field by means of a pulse encoder. A drive that uses speed encoders
is referred to as a closed-loop drive. Also the motors electrical characteristics are
mathematically modeled with microprocessors used to process the data.
The electronic controller of a flux-vector drive creates electrical quantities such as
voltage, current and frequency, which are the controlling variables, and feeds these through a
modulator to the AC induction motor. Torque, therefore, is controlled INDIRECTLY.
Advantages
Good torque response
Accurate speed control
Full torque at zero speed
Performance approaching DC drive
Flux vector control achieves full torque at zero speed, giving it a performance very close to that
of a DC drive.

Drawbacks
Feedback is needed
Costly
Modulator needed
To achieve a high level of torque response and speed accuracy, a feedback device is required.
This can be costly and also adds complexity to the traditional simple AC induction motor.

Also, a modulator is used, which slows down communication between the incoming voltage and
frequency signals and the need for the motor to respond to this changing signal. Although the
motor is mechanically simple, the drive is electrically complex.

Controlling
Variables

With the revolutionary DTC technology developed by ABB, field orientation is achieved without
feedback using advanced motor theory to calculate the motor torque directly and without using
modulation. The controlling variables are motor magnetizing flux and motor torque.
With DTC there is no modulator and no requirement for a tachometer or position encoder to feed
back the speed or position of the motor shaft.
DTC uses the fastest digital signal processing hardware available and a more advanced
mathematical understanding of how a motor works.
The result is a drive with a torque response that is typically 10 times faster than any AC or DC
drive. The dynamic speed accuracy of DTC drives will be 8 times better than any open loop AC
drives and comparable to a DC drive that is using feedback.
DTC produces the first universal drive with the capability to perform like either an AC or DC
drive.
The remaining sections in this guide highlight the features and advantages of DTC.

As can be seen from Table 1, both DC Drives and DTC drives use actual motor
parameters to control torque and speed.
Thus, the dynamic performance is fast and easy. Also with DTC, for most applications,
no tachometer or encoder is needed to feed back a speed or position signal.
Comparing DTC (Figure 4) with the two other AC drive control blocks (Figures 2 & 3)
shows up several differences, the main one being that no modulator is required with DTC. With
PWM AC drives, the controlling variables are frequency and voltage which need to go through
several stages before being applied to the motor. Thus, with PWM drives control is handled
inside the electronic controller and not inside the motor.

CHAPTER 3
DOUBLY-FED INDUCTION GENERATOR
1. INTRODUCTION:
As the penetration of large scale wind turbines into electric power grids continues to
increase, electric system operators are placing greater demands on wind turbine power plants.
One of the most challenging new interconnection demands for the doubly fed induction
generator (DFIG) architecture is its ability to ride through a short-term low or zero voltage event
at the point of common coupling (PCC), resulting from a fault on the grid. During extreme
voltage sags high per unit currents and shaft torque pulsations occur unless mitigating measures
are taken.
Low voltage ride through requirements were first proposed by German electric
transmission operators E.ON and VE-T in2003 .In the U.S. FERC order 661A stipulates that the
wind turbine must remain connected to the grid and provide faultclearing current in the event
that the voltage at the high side of the step up transformer to the transmission system drops to
zero volts for a maximum of nine cycles, as the result of a three phase fault .Similar low/zero
voltage ride through requirements have evolved in most European countries, each with varying
specifications on minimum voltage level and requiring provisions of real or reactive power
during fault events While many grid codes also stipulate ride through of single and two-phase
faults, only balanced faults are considered in this paper. In a conventional DFIG wind turbine the
machine stator windings are connected to the grid PCC via collection and/or transmission
transformers and excited at the grid frequency.
The rotor windings of the DFIG are connected to an acconverter commonly referred to
as the machine side converter(MSC). The ac side of a second dcac converter, commonly
referred to as the grid side converter (GSC), is connected in parallel with the machine stator
windings and PCC.Severe voltage sags and the resulting stator flux response place significant
electrical stress on the MSC and mechanical stress on the gearbox. In the stationary frame the

stator flux is equal tothe integral of the stator voltage minus stator resistive drop. Anabrupt stator
voltage change produces a constant dc component of stator flux in proportion to the voltage drop.
This dc stator flux component appears as an oscillatory electromagnetic field(EMF) when
translated into the synchronous and rotor reference frames .Deep sags and correspondingly large
EMFin the rotor reference frame cause the MSC to go into over-modulation, resulting in loss of
rotor current regulation .The uncontrolled rotor currents can exceed the semiconductor device
ratings and result in damage the MSC. In addition, this commonly precipitates high transient
stator currents and transient torque spikes .Several options have been proposed to improve low
voltage FIG ride through. Two modification to the rotor circuit including the addition of either an
silicon controlled rectifier(SCR) rotor crowbar circuit [or a three phase rectifier and modulated
resistive load have demonstrated improvement in theDFIG ride-through capability As an
alternative, brief disconnection of the stator windings during a voltage sag via an SCR static
switch has also been shown to reduce torque and current spikes for sags to 15% of nominal.
A modified rotor current control method has been shown to protect the MSC for wind
turbine terminal voltage down to about 30% of nominal, with residual torque spikes and
oscillations .From an alternate perspective, the authors of first proposed using an inverter
connected to the Y point of the DFIG,in series with the stator windings, for the purposes of
damping synchronous frame stator flux oscillations. The presence of the converter in series with
the stator winding allows a direct handle with which to access the stator flux state variable. The
use of a series connected grid side converter was first considered for the purposes of voltage sag
ride briefly in , but it properties and limitations were not studied in depth to develop a definitive
solution. Further exploration of the series grid side converter DFIG architecture ,revealed
excellent potential for voltage sag ride through but also short comings in power processing
capability. A unified DFIG architecture in which the series grid side converter is partnered with a
parallel grid side rectifier is presented as an alternative for both DFIG wind turbine power
processing and robust voltage sag ride through.

2. Doubly-fed electric machine

Doubly-fed electric machines are electric motors or electric generators that have
windings on both stationary and rotating parts, where both windings transfer significant power
between shaft and electrical system. Doubly-fed machines are useful in applications that require
varying speed of the machine's shaft for a fixed power system frequency.

Classification
Electric machines are either Singly-Fed with one winding set that actively participates in
the energy conversion process or Doubly-Fed with two active winding sets. The wound-rotor
induction machine and the field-excited synchronous machine are singly-fed machines because
only one winding set actively participates in the energy conversion process.
Examples of doubly-fed electric machines are the wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine, the
brushless wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine, and the brushless doubly-fed induction
electric machines.

Features of doubly fed machines:

The wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine is the only electric machine that operates
with rated torque to twice synchronous speed for a given frequency of excitation (i.e., 7200 rpm
@ 60 Hz and one pole-pair versus 3600 rpm for singly-fed electric machines). Higher speed with
a given frequency of excitation gives lower cost, higher efficiency, and higher power density. In
concept, any electric machine can be converted to a wound-rotor doubly-fed electric motor or
generator by changing the rotor assembly to a multiphase wound rotor assembly of equal stator
winding set rating. If the rotor winding set can transfer power to the electrical system, the
conversion result is a wound-rotor doubly-fed electric motor or generator with twice the speed
and power as the original singly-fed electric machine. The resulting dual-ported transformer
circuit topology allows very high torque current without core saturation, all by electronically
controlling half or less of the total motor power for full variable speed control.

In practice, the classical wound-rotor doubly-fed "induction" electric motor or generator

system has known issues of instability, high maintenance and inefficiency of an integral
multiphase slip-ring assembly, and discontinuity about synchronous speed where induction
ceases to exist. A practical wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine system that does not rely
exclusively on asynchronous (i.e., induction) principles while symmetrically motoring or
generating over its entire speed range has never materialized from the electric machine
establishment, despite years of research to find an evolutionary brushless, synchronous, and
stable control technology. Consequently, the wound-rotor doubly-fed induction electric machine
has been forced into antiquity, except in large installations where efficiency and cost are critical
over a limited speed range, such as wind turbines. This may change with recent Brushless
Wound-Rotor Doubly-Fed Electric Machine technology development.
As do all electromagnetic electric machines, doubly fed machines need torque current to
produce the torque. Because there are no permanent magnets in the doubly fed machine,
magnetizing current is also needed to produce magnetic flux. Magnetizing current and torque
current are orthogonal vectors and do not add directly. Since the magnetizing current is much
smaller than the torque current, it is only significant in the efficiency of the machine at very low
torque. Like wound rotor synchronous machines, the magnetic flux can be produced by the stator
current, rotor current or by the combination of the both. For example, if all magnetizing current
is supplied by the rotor windings, the stator will only have torque current and so unity power
factor. At synchronous speed the rotor current has to be DC, as in ordinary synchronous
machines. If the shaft speed is above or below synchronous speed, the rotor current must be AC
at the slip frequency. Reactive power is used in the rotor winding when it is used to magnetize
the machine in non-synchronous operation.
Rotor current is also needed to produce torque in addition to magnetization. Thus active
power is present in the rotor in addition to reactive power.
The frequency and the magnitude of the rotor voltage is proportional to the difference
between the speed of the machine and the synchronous speed (the slip). At standstill, the
frequency will be the same as the frequency in the stator; the voltage is determined by the ratio
of the stator and rotor winding turns. Thus if the number of turns is equal, the rotor has the same

voltage as the stator. The doubly-fed machine is a transformer at standstill. The transformer-like
characteristics are also present when it is rotating, manifesting itself especially during transients
in the grid.
Due to the voltage and current behavior described above the rotor will either require, or
generate, active power depending on the speed and torque. If the machine is producing torque
and operating as a motor, the rotor will generate power if the speed is below synchronous speed
(sub synchronous operation). At standstill all power fed in the stator (excluding losses) is
returned via the rotor. The magnitude of the active power depends on the torque of the motor.
Thus if the motor has rated torque, rated power is circulating through the stator and rotor. Like
all electric machines, the efficiency of the machine is not very good at low speeds because
current is required to produce torque but little or no mechanical power is produced.
If the machine is operating as a motor at speeds over the synchronous speed (super
synchronous operation), the mechanical power is fed in both through the stator and rotor. As a
consequence the efficiency is now better than with singly fed motors. For example, at maximum
speed the doubly-fed electric machine with equal stator and rotor turns produces same torque at
double speed (and thus twice the power) as a singly-fed electric machine. The losses, being
roughly proportional to the torque, are quite the same. Thus efficiency, which is the power taken
divided by the produced power, is better than singly-fed electric machines. Naturally one has to
take into account the loss of the power electronic control equipment. However, the frequency
converter of the doubly fed machine has to control only 50% or less of the power of the machine,
and thus has about half of the loss of the singly-fed machines' frequency converter that has to
pass through 100 % of the power.
Since efficiency is the ratio between the output power (i.e., input power minus the loss) to
the input power, the magnetic core efficiency of a wound rotor doubly fed machine, which has
just two winding sets (i.e., dual armature winding sets) of loss but shows twice the power for a
given frequency and voltage of operation, is comparable to the magnetic core efficiency of
permanent magnet machines with just one winding set (i.e., single armature winding set) of loss
but without magnetizing current. Coupled with the low power electronic controller, the wound-

rotor doubly-fed electric machine system would be more efficient than permanent magnet
machine systems without magnetizing current.
For operation as a generator a similar situation exists. At sub synchronous speeds the stator is
generating the power but part of it has to be fed back to rotor. At super synchronous speeds both
the rotor and stator are producing power to the grid.
Thus the current rating of the rotor converter is defined by the maximum active current
required by the torque production and the maximum reactive current required to magnetize the
machine. Changing of the direction of the rotation requires the swap of two stator phases near
zero speed if symmetrical speed range in both directions is required.Further note, it is common to
dimension the doubly fed machine to operate only at a narrow speed range around synchronous
speed and thus further decrease the power rating (and cost) of the frequency converter in the
rotor circuit.
Typical applications of doubly fed machines have been high power pumps and fans,
hydro and wind generators, shaft generators for ships etc. where operating speed range has been
quite narrow, less than 30 % of the synchronous speed and only small power is required in the
sub synchronous range.
Due to the high rotor to stator winding turn ratio and the high voltage thus induced in the
rotor at standstill, the starting of this kind of restricted operating speed range motor drive is
usually done with rotor resistors in induction motor mode. When speed is in the operating speed
range, the resistors are disconnected and the frequency converter is connected to the rotor. It is
also possible to short circuit the stator and use the frequency converter in the induction motor
control mode to accelerate the motor to the operating speed range. Generators, naturally, don't
usually need any additional starting means because wind or water is used to accelerate the
machine to the operating speed range.

Double fed induction generator:

DFIG is an abbreviation for Double Fed Induction Generator, a generating principle
widely used in wind turbines. It is based on an induction generator with a multiphase wound
rotor and a multiphase slip ring assembly with brushes for access to the rotor windings. It is
possible to avoid the multiphase slip ring assembly (see brushless doubly-fed electric machines),
but there are problems with efficiency, cost and size. A better alternative is a brushless woundrotor doubly-fed electric machine.

Principle of a Double Fed Induction Generator connected to a wind turbine:

The principle of the DFIG is that rotor windings are connected to the grid via slip rings
and back-to-back voltage source converter that controls both the rotor and the grid currents. Thus
rotor frequency can freely differ from the grid frequency (50 or 60 Hz). By using the converter to
control the rotor currents, it is possible to adjust the active and reactive power fed to the grid
from the stator independently of the generator's turning speed. The control principle used is
either the two-axis current vector control or direct torque control (DTC) [1]. DTC has turned out
to have better stability than current vector control especially when high reactive currents are
required from the generator.

The doubly-fed generator rotors are typically wound with 2 to 3 times the number of
turns of the stator. This means that the rotor voltages will be higher and currents respectively
lower. Thus in the typical 30 % operational speed range around the synchronous speed, the
rated current of the converter is accordingly lower which leads to a lower cost of the converter.
The drawback is that controlled operation outside the operational speed range is impossible
because of the higher than rated rotor voltage. Further, the voltage transients due to the grid
disturbances (three- and two-phase voltage dips, especially) will also be magnified. In order to
prevent high rotor voltages - and high currents resulting from these voltages - from destroying
the IGBTs and diodes of the converter, a protection circuit (called crowbar) is used.
The crowbar will short-circuit the rotor windings through a small resistance when
excessive currents or voltages are detected. In order to be able to continue the operation as
quickly as possible an active crowbar has to be used. The active crowbar can remove the rotor
short in a controlled way and thus the rotor side converter can be started only after 20-60 ms
from the start of the grid disturbance. Thus it is possible to generate reactive current to the grid
during the rest of the voltage dip and in this way help the grid to recover from the fault.
A doubly fed induction machine is a wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine and has
several advantages over a conventional induction machine in wind power applications. First, as
the rotor circuit is controlled by a power electronics converter, the induction generator is able to
both import and export reactive power. This has important consequences for power system
stability and allows the machine to support the grid during severe voltage disturbances (low
voltage ride through, LVRT). Second, the control of the rotor voltages and currents enables the

induction machine to remain synchronized with the grid while the wind turbine speed varies. A
variable speed wind turbine utilizes the available wind resource more efficiently than a fixed
speed wind turbine, especially during light wind conditions. Third, the cost of the converter is
low when compared with other variable speed solutions because only a fraction of the
mechanical power, typically 25-30 %, is fed to the grid through the converter, the rest being fed
to grid directly from the stator. The efficiency of the DFIG is very good for the same reason.

System Model:
The electrical model for the system is developed using dynamic phasors or complex
space vectors in the anachronously rotating reference frame [18]. An illustration of the axes
conventions The default convention assumed here aligns the -axis with the positive real axis and
the -axis with the negative imaginary axis, and the complex vector. In certain instances it is
convenient to locate the real and imaginary axes aligned with a particular complex vector, for
instance , in which case the axes are designated and respectively, and the real and (negative)
imaginary components with respect to the reference are designated and , a respectively. The
following simplifying assumptions are made in the development of the model.
1) The iron losses, mechanical and power converter losses are negligible.
2) The magnetic circuit of the machine can be represented bya linear model.
3) The entire mechanical system can be modeled using a lumped inertia parameter referred to the
electrical angle and speed of the induction generator.
4) The power converters can be modeled using state-space averaged representation to represent
their low frequency dynamics.
5) The wind farm collection network to PCC is electrically stiff. The conventional DFIG circuit
is transformed into an equivalent circuit
The system equivalent circuit model under these assumptions The complete set of nonlinearstate
equations are

The complex vector dynamic state equations are used form the evaluation of steady state
properties and the development of control laws. The dynamic states of the system include the
stator flux, , rotor current , rectifier current , dc link voltage, , and rotor speed, . Controllable
inputs to the system include the complex voltage vectors for the MSC and SGSC, and
respectively. Since the PGSR is a passive network, its conduction state is determined by the state
of the diode which conducts when the voltage is greater than . The mechanical power generated
at the wind turbine shaft is proportional to the coefficient of performance and the cube of the
wind speed. The mechanical torque production due to wind energy capture can be throttled via
the blade pitch actuators.

DFIG CONTROL:
When the DFIG is connected to an network, connection must be done in three steps
which are presented below The first step is the regulation of the statoric voltages with the
network voltages as reference The second step is the stator connection to this network. As the
voltages of the two devices are synchronized, this connection can be done without problem.
Once this connection is achieved, the third step, which constitutes the topic of this paper, is the
power regulation between the stator and the network.

First step

Third step

Types of double fed induction generator:

Brushless doubly-fed induction electric generator:
Brushless doubly-fed induction electric generator (i.e., electric motors or electric
generators) are constructed by adjacently placing two multiphase winding sets with unlike polepairs on the stator body. With unlike pole-pairs between the two winding sets, low frequency
magnetic induction is assured over the speed range. One of the stator winding sets (power

winding) is connected to the grid and the other winding set (control winding) is supplied from a
frequency converter. The shaft speed is adjusted by varying the frequency of the control winding.
As a doubly-fed electric machine, the rating of the frequency converter need only be fraction of
the machine rating.
The brushless doubly-fed induction generator does not utilize core real-estate efficiently
and the dual winding set stator assembly is physically larger than other electric machines of
comparable power rating. In addition, a specially designed rotor assembly tries to focus most of
the mutual magnetic field to follow an indirect path across the air-gap and through the rotor
assembly for inductive coupling (i.e., brushless) between the two adjacent winding sets. As a
result, the adjacent winding sets are excited independently and actively participate in the electromechanical energy conversion process, which is a criterion of doubly-fed electric machines.
The type of rotor assembly determines if the machine is a reluctance or induction doublyfed electric machine. The constant torque speed range is always less than 1800 rpm @ 60 Hz
because the effective pole count is the average of the unlike pole-pairs of the two active winding
sets. Brushless doubly-fed electric machines incorporate a poor electromagnetic design that
compromises physical size, cost, and electrical efficiency, to chiefly avoid a multiphase slip ring
assembly. Although brushless doubly-fed electric machines have not seen commercial success
since their conception in the early 1970s, the promise of a low cost, highly efficient electronic
controller keeps the concept under perpetual study, research, and development.

Brushless wound-rotor doubly-fed electric generator:

The brushless wound-rotor doubly-fed electric generator (i.e., electric motor or electric
generator) incorporates the electromagnetic structure of the wound-rotor doubly-fed electric
machine, but replaces the traditional multiphase slip ring assembly with a brushless means to
independently power the rotor winding set (i.e., doubly-fed) with multiphase AC power. The
torque of the wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine is dependent on both slip and position,
which is a classic condition for instability.

]For stable operation, the frequency and phase of the multiphase AC power must be
synchronized and fixed instantaneously to the speed and position of the shaft, which is not trivial
at any speed and particularly difficult about synchronous speed where induction no longer exists.
If these conditions are met, all the attractive attributes of the wound-rotor doubly-fed electric
machine, such as high power density, low cost, ultra-high efficiency, and ultra-high torque
potential, are realized without the traditional slip-ring assembly and instability problems. One
company has patented and is selling a brushless, fully stable, synchronous wound-rotor doublyfed electric machine with symmetric quality of motoring or generating. Another brushless
wound-rotor construction invented by Lars Gertmar has been described in the patent application.

Wound-rotor doubly-fed electric generator

Construction
Two multiphase winding sets with similar pole-pairs are placed on the rotor and stator
bodies, respectively. The wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine is the only electric machine
with two independent active winding sets, the rotor and stator winding sets, occupying the same
core volume as other electric machines. Since the rotor winding set actively participates in the
energy conversion process with the stator winding set, utilization of the magnetic core real estate
is optimized.
The doubly fed generator operation at unity stator power factor requires higher flux in the
air-gap of the machine than when the machine is used as wound rotor induction machine. It is
quite common that wound rotor machines not designed to doubly fed operation saturate heavily
if doubly fed operation at rated stator voltage is attempted. Thus a special design for doubly fed
operation is necessary.
A multiphase slip ring assembly (i.e., sliding electrical contacts) is traditionally used to
transfer power to the rotating (moving) winding set and to allow independent control of the rotor
winding set. The slip ring assembly requires maintenance and compromises system reliability,
cost and efficiency. Attempts to avoid the slip ring assembly are constantly being researched with
limited success (see Brushless doubly-fed induction electric machines).

Electronic control:
The electronic controller, a frequency converter, conditions bi-directional (i.e., four
quadrant), speed synchronized, and multiphase electrical power to at least one of the winding
sets (generally, the rotor winding set). Using four quadrant control, which must be continuously
stable throughout the speed range, a wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine with two poles
(i.e., one pole-pair) has a constant torque speed range of 7200 rpm when operating at 60 Hz.
However, in high power applications two or three pole-pair machines with respectively lower
maximum speeds are common.
The electronic controller is smaller, less expensive, more efficient, and more compact
than electronic controllers of singly-fed electric machine because in the simplest configuration,
only the power of the rotating (or moving) active winding set is controlled, which is less than
half the total power output of the electric machine.
Due to the lack of damper windings used in synchronous machines, the doubly fed
electric machines are susceptible to instability without stabilizing control. Like any synchronous
machine, losing synchronism will result in alternating torque pulsation and other related
consequences.
Doubly-fed electric machines require electronic control for practical operation and should
be considered an electric machine system or more appropriately, an adjustable-speed drive.

Efficiency:
Neglecting the slip ring assembly, the theoretical electrical loss of the wound-rotor
doubly-fed machine in super synchronous operation is comparable to the most efficient electric
machine systems available (i.e., the synchronous electric machine with permanent magnet
assembly) with similar operating metrics because the total current is split between the rotor and
stator winding sets while the electrical loss of the winding set is proportional to the square
product of the current flowing through the winding set. Further considering the electronic
controller conditions less than 50% of the power of the machine, the wound-rotor doubly-fed
electric motor or generator (without brushes and with stable control at any speed) theoretically

shows nearly half the electrical loss (i.e., winding set loss) of other electric motor or generator
systems of similar rating.

Power density
Neglecting the slip ring assembly and considering similar air-gap flux density, the
physical size of the magnetic core of the wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine is smaller than
other electric machines because the two active winding sets are individually placed on the rotor
and stator bodies, respectively, with virtually no real-estate penalty. In all other electric
machines, the rotor assembly is passive real estate that does not actively contribute to power
production. The potential of higher speed for a given frequency of excitation, alone, is an
indication of higher power density potential. The constant-torque speed range is up to 7200 rpm
@ 60 Hz with 2 poles compared to 3600 rpm @ 60 Hz with 2 poles for other electric machines.
In theory, the core volume is nearly half the physical size (i.e., winding set loss) of other electric
motor or generator systems of similar rating.

Cost
Neglecting the slip ring assembly, the theoretical system cost is nearly 50% less than
other machines of similar rating because the power rating of the electronic controller, which is
the significant cost of any electric machine system, is 50% (or less) than other electric motor or
generator systems of similar rating.,

By a proper adjustment of the voltage applied to the rotor circuits of the doubly-fed
induction generator, the speed and consequently the active power can be controlled. Similarly, by
adjusting the phase of the rotor voltages, the reactive power injected by the generator can be
controlled. In order to understand these aspects, a steady state machine representation is going to
be derived from a fifth-order model.

A. Fifth-order model
Consider the following fifth-order differential-algebraic model of an induction machine.

where Tm is obtained dividing Equation (4) by

and

, where Tb is the machine torque base [5]

. These equations are per-unitized and were obtained by assuming

balanced operation and by using a synchronously rotating reference frame in which the q-axis
leads the d-axis by 90oelectrical degrees. Generator convention is used, i.e., stator currents are
going out of the stator-circuits and rotor currents are entering the rotor-circuits (see Figure 1).
Equations (5)-(6) represent the stator-electrical dynamics, Equations (7)-(8) represent the rotorelectrical dynamics and Equation (9) models the mechanical motion of the machine shaft
typically known as swing equation. The constant is obtained by representing the turbine, gearbox
and machine shaft as a whole mass. Equations (10)-(13) are the machine flux-linkage equations.
Note that

and

where

and

are the stator- and rotor-

leakage reactance, respectively. If torsional-torque analysis is required, the swing equation can be
replaced by a coupled multi-mass model, i.e., turbine, gearbox and induction-machine shaft are
independently characterized by their mass [6]. Additionally, in general, the stator electrical
dynamics are faster compared to the rotor ones. Thus, a third-order dynamic model can be
obtained by considering that stator variables can change instantaneously at any time [7,8], i.e.,
assuming an infinitely fast transient for the stator variables.
B. Steady-state equivalent model
Define the slip as

. When a synchronously rotating reference frame is used, all

variables become constant at steady-state. Therefore, the machine steady state equivalent circuit
is obtained by setting the differential terms equal to zero. Substituting Equations (10)-(13) into
Equations (5)-(8), the following steady state equations are obtained.

Remember that the relation between the variables in the synchronously rotating reference frame
and the variables in phasor representation is given by,

Thus, using Equations (14)-(21), the following equations are obtained.

Equations (22) and (23) define the steady model of the doubly-fed induction machine (see Fig 3).
C. Steady-state torque equation
By considering generator convention, the electromagnetic torque is defined as

Where

is imaginary part. By superposition theorem,

independently considering the contribution of

and

. Then,

and

and

can be calculated by

(see Figure 4). Thus,

Therefore, the torque expression becomes,

The first term on the right-hand side is the same expression for the torque of an induction
machine with short-circuited rotor windings [4]. The second term is the torque component
related to the rotor voltages.
D. Alternative way to calculate the electrical torque from the equivalent circuit
Consider the voltage polarity and current directions defined in Figure 3. Then, the active
power that crosses the airgap is the power injected by the source
resistor

minus the losses in the

Where

is real part. On the other hand, physically, the power that crosses the airgap is the

mechanical power from the shaft plus the power injected to the slip rings minus the rotor losses
[9]. Thus,

Comparing equations (30) and (31), the following expression for the mechanical power is
obtained.

Where

. A modified equivalent circuit is presented in Figure 5 to represent the

mechanical power and the power injected by the rotor-side converter. Note that by energy
conservation

Figure 3. Steady-state equivalent circuit of the doubly fed

induction machine.

Figure 4. Superposition theorem applied to the

equivalent circuit of the doubly-fed induction machine.

Figure 5. Modified equivalent circuit of the doubly-fed

induction machine

Using Equation (32), the electrical torque is defined by

The efficiency (

) of the doubly-fed induction machine depends on whether the machine is

acting as a generator or as a motor. As a generator

. As a motor,

. Neglecting mechanical and stator losses, the efficiency in generator mode is

For the particular case when the rotor circuit is short circuited, i.e.

, as an induction

machine,

When the doubly-fed induction machine is acting as a motor, the efficiency is

CHAPTER 4
GENERATOR SYSTEMS FOR
WIND TURBINES
The energy conversion of most modern WT can be divided into two main concepts, fixed
speed machines with one or two speeds and variable speed machines. If the number of machines
designs in a given category can be taken as a guide, the preferred concepts are the variable speed
and the two speed machines, see figure 3.1.
3.1 Fixed Speed wind turbines
In fixed speed machines the generator is directly connected to the mains supply grid. The
frequency of the grid determines the rotational speed of the generator and thus of the rotor. The
low rotational speed of the turbine rotor n rotor is translated into the generator rotational speed n
generator by a gear box with the transmission ratio r. The generator speed depends on the number
of pole pairs p and the frequency of the grid grid.

The details on fixed speed machines are depicted in the figure 3.2. The greatest
advantages of WT with induction generators are the simple and cheap construction. In addition
no synchronization device is required. With the exception of bearings there are no wearing parts.
The disadvantages of induction generators are high starting currents, which usually are smoothed
by a thyristor controller, and their demand for reactive power.

3.2 Variable Speed Wind Turbines

In variable speed machines the generator is connected to the grid by an electronic inverter
system. For synchronous generators and for induction generators without slip rings this inverter
system is connected between the stator of the generator and the grid like fig. 3.3, where the total
power production.

must be fed through the inverter. For induction generators with slip rings the stator of the
generator is connected to the grid directly. Only the rotor of the generator is connected to the grid
by an electronic inverter, see fig. 3.4. This gives the advantage that only a part of the power
production is fed through the inverter. That means the nominal power of the inverter system can
be less than the nominal power of the WT. In general the nominal power of the inverter is the
half of the power of the WT, enabling a rotor speed variation in the range of half the nominal
speed. By the control of active power of the inverter, it is possible to vary the rotational speed of
the generator and thus of the rotor of the WT.

CHAPTER 5
ANALYTICAL STUDY
When a voltage dip occurs, the stator flux evolution of the machine is imposed by the stator
voltage equation

In general, since very high stator currents are not allowed, the stator flux evolution can be
approximated by the addition of a sinusoidal and an exponential term [1] (neglecting Rs )

Sinusoidal currents exchange with the grid will be always preferred by the application during the
fault. It means that the stator and rotor currents should be sinusoidal. However, by checking the
expressions that relate the stator and rotor currents as a function of the fluxes

It is appreciated that it is very hard to achieve sinusoidal currents exchange, since only the rotor
flux amplitude is controlled by a DTC technique. Consequently, as proposed in next section, a
solution that reasonably cancels the exponential terms from (3), is to generate equal oscillation in
the rotor flux amplitude and in the stator flux amplitude. Finally, as it will be later shown that the
quality of the currents is substantially improved with this oscillatory rotor flux, rather than with
constant flux.

ROTOR FLUX REFERENCE GENERATION STRATEGY

As depicted in Fig. 3, the proposed rotor flux amplitude reference generation strategy, adds a
term (|_r |) to the required reference rotor flux amplitude according to the following
expression:

Fig. 3. Rotor flux reference generation strategy.

With |_ s|, the estimated stator flux amplitude and |_vs | voltage of the grid (not affected
by the dip). This voltage can be calculated by several methods, for instance, using a simple small
bandwidth low-pass filter, as illustrated in Fig. 3. It must be highlighted that constants K1K5
from (2) are not needed in the rotor flux reference generation reducing its complexity. Note that
at steady state without dips presence, the term|_r | will be zero. However, when a dip occurs,
the added term to the rotor flux reference will be approximately equal to the oscillations
provoked by the dip in the stator flux amplitude. For simpler understanding, the voltage drop in
the stator resistance has been neglected.

CHAPTER 6
MATLAB

Matlab is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates

computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and
solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include Math and
computation Algorithm development Data acquisition Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
Data analysis, exploration, and visualization Scientific and engineering graphics Application
development, including graphical user interface building.

Matlab is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require
dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those
with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in
a scalar no interactive language such as C or Fortran.

The name matlab stands for matrix laboratory. Matlab was originally written to provide
easy access to matrix software developed by the linpack and eispack projects. Today, matlab
engines incorporate the lapack and blas libraries, embedding the state of the art in software for
matrix computation.

Matlab has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university
environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in
mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, matlab is the tool of choice for highproductivity research, development, and analysis.
Matlab features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very
important to most users of matlab, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized
technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of matlab functions (M-files) that extend

the matlab environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are
available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets,
simulation, and many others.

The matlab system consists of five main parts:

Development Environment. This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use matlab
functions and files. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the matlab
desktop and Command Window, a command history, an editor and debugger, and browsers for
viewing help, the workspace, files, and the search path.

The matlab Mathematical Function Library. This is a vast collection of computational

algorithms ranging from elementary functions, like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to
more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast
Fourier transforms.

The matlab Language.

This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow

statements, functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It

allows both "programming in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs,
and "programming in the large" to create large and complex application programs.

Matlab has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as well as
annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for two-dimensional and
three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It

also includes low-level functions that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics as
well as to build complete graphical user interfaces on your matlab applications.

The matlab Application Program Interface (API).

This is a library that allows you to

write C and Fortran programs that interact with matlab. It includes facilities for calling routines
from matlab (dynamic linking), calling matlab as a computational engine, and for reading and
writing MAT-files.

4.2 SIMULINK:
4.2.1 Introduction:

Simulink is a software add-on to matlab which is a mathematical tool developed by The

Math works,(http://www.mathworks.com) a company based in Natick. Matlab is powered by
extensive numerical analysis capability. Simulink is a tool used to visually program a dynamic
system (those governed by Differential equations) and look at results. Any logic circuit, or
control system for a dynamic system can be built by using standard building blocks available in
Simulink Libraries. Various toolboxes for different techniques, such as Fuzzy Logic, Neural
Networks, dsp, Statistics etc. are available with Simulink, which enhance the processing power
of the tool. The main advantage is the availability of templates / building blocks, which avoid the
necessity of typing code for small mathematical processes.

Concept of signal and logic flow:

In Simulink, data/information from various blocks are sent to another block by lines
connecting the relevant blocks. Signals can be generated and fed into blocks dynamic /
static).Data can be fed into functions. Data can then be dumped into sinks, which could be

scopes, displays or could be saved to a file. Data can be connected from one block to another,
can be branched, multiplexed etc. In simulation, data is processed and transferred only at
Discrete times, since all computers are discrete systems. Thus, a simulation time step (otherwise
called an integration time step) is essential, and the selection of that step is determined by the
fastest dynamics in the simulated system.

Fig 4.1 Simulink library browser

Connecting blocks:

fig 4.2 Connectung blocks

To connect blocks, left-click and drag the mouse from the output of one block to the input
of another block.

Sources and sinks:

The sources library contains the sources of data/signals that one would use in a dynamic
system simulation. One may want to use a constant input, a sinusoidal wave, a step, a repeating
sequence such as a pulse train, a ramp etc. One may want to test disturbance effects, and can use
the random signal generator to simulate noise. The clock may be used to create a time index for
plotting purposes. The ground could be used to connect to any unused port, to avoid warning
messages indicating unconnected ports.

The sinks are blocks where signals are terminated or ultimately used. In most cases, we
would want to store the resulting data in a file, or a matrix of variables. The data could be
displayed or even stored to a file. the stop block could be used to stop the simulation if the input
to that block (the signal being sunk) is non-zero. Figure 3 shows the available blocks in the
sources and sinks libraries. Unused signals must be terminated, to prevent warnings about
unconnected signals.

fig 4.3 Sources and sinks

Continuous and discrete systems:

All dynamic systems can be analyzed as continuous or discrete time systems. Simulink
allows you to represent these systems using transfer functions, integration blocks, delay blocks
etc.

fig 4.4 continous and descrete systems

Non-linear operators:

A main advantage of using tools such as Simulink is the ability to simulate non-linear
systems and arrive at results without having to solve analytically. It is very difficult to arrive at
an analytical solution for a system having non-linearities such as saturation, signup function,
limited slew rates etc. In Simulation, since systems are analyzed using iterations, non-linearities
are not a hindrance. One such could be a saturation block, to indicate a physical limitation on a
parameter, such as a voltage signal to a motor etc. Manual switches are useful when trying
simulations with different cases. Switches are the logical equivalent of if-then statements in
programming.

fig 4.5 simulink blocks

Mathematical operations:
Mathematical operators such as products, sum, logical operations such as and, or, etc.
.can be programmed along with the signal flow. Matrix multiplication becomes easy with the
matrix gain block. Trigonometric functions such as sin or tan inverse (at an) are also available.
Relational operators such as equal to, greater than etc. can also be used in logic circuits

fig 4.6 Simulink math blocks

4.6.2 SIGNALS & DATA TRANSFER:

In complicated block diagrams, there may arise the need to transfer data from one portion
to another portion of the block. They may be in different subsystems. That signal could be
dumped into a goto block, which is used to send signals from one subsystem to another.
Multiplexing helps us remove clutter due to excessive connectors, and makes
matrix(column/row) visualization easier.

fig 4.7 signals and systems

4.6.3 Making subsystems

Drag a subsystem from the Simulink Library Browser and place it in the parent block
where you would like to hide the code. The type of subsystem depends on the purpose of the
block. In general one will use the standard subsystem but other subsystems can be chosen. For
instance, the subsystem can be a triggered block, which is enabled only when a trigger signal is
received.

Open (double click) the subsystem and create input / output PORTS, which transfer
signals into and out of the subsystem. The input and output ports are created by dragging them
from the Sources and Sinks directories respectively. When ports are created in the subsystem,
they automatically create ports on the external (parent) block. This allows for connecting the
appropriate signals from the parent block to the subsystem.

4.6.4 Setting simulation parameters:

Running a simulation in the computer always requires a numerical technique to solve a

differential equation. The system can be simulated as a continuous system or a discrete system
based on the blocks inside. The simulation start and stop time can be specified. In case of
variable step size, the smallest and largest step size can be specified. A Fixed step size is
recommended and it allows for indexing time to a precise number of points, thus controlling the
size of the data vector. Simulation step size must be decided based on the dynamics of the
system. A thermal process may warrant a step size of a few seconds, but a DC motor in the
system may be quite fast and may require a step size of a few milliseconds.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:
In Fig. 1, the wind turbine generation system together with the proposed control block diagram is
illustrated. The DFIM is supplied by a back-to-back converter through the rotor, while the stator
is directly connected to the grid. This letter only considers the control strategy corresponding to
the rotor side converter. The grid-side converter is in charge to keep controlled the dc bus voltage
of the back-to-back converter and the reactive power is exchanged through the grid by this. As
can be noticed from Fig. 1, the DFIM control is divided into two different control blocks. A DTC
that controls the machines torque (Tem ) and the rotor flux amplitude (|_r |) with high dynamic
capacity, and a second block that generates the rotor flux amplitude reference, in order to handle
with the voltage dips.

Fig. 1. Wind energy generation system based on the DFIM.

When the wind turbine is affected by a voltage dip, it will need to address three main problems:
1) from the control strategy point of view, the dip produces control difficulties, since it is a
perturbation in the winding of the machine that is not being directly controlled (the stator); 2) the
dip generates a disturbance in the stator flux, making necessary higher rotor voltage to maintain
control on the machine currents; and 3) if not special improvements are adopted, the power
delivered through the rotor by the back-to-back converter, will be increased due to the increase of
voltage and currents [2] in the rotor of the machine, provoking finally, an increase of the dc bus
voltage [3]. Taking into account this, depending on the dip depth and asymmetry, together with
the machine operation conditions at the moment of the dip (speed, torque, mechanical power,
etc.), implies that the necessity of the crowbar protection is inevitable in many faulty situations.
However, in this letter, a control strategy that eliminates the necessity of the crowbar activation
in some low depth voltage dips is proposed.

Fig. 2. Simulation comparison of DFIM behavior, without and with proposed reference generation. (a)
Stator voltage. (b) Torque. (c) Stator and rotor
fluxes(d) Rotor currents (e) Stator currents (f) DC bus voltage (g) Torque (h) Stator and rotor fluxes. (i)
Rotor currents (j) Stator currents

SIMULATION RESULTS
The simulated wind turbine is a 2 MW, 690 V, Ns /Nr = 1/3 and two pair of poles DFIM.
The main objective of this simulation validation is to show the DFIM behavior when a low depth
[in this case 30%, as illustrated in Fig. 2(a)] symmetric voltage dip occurs with and without the
proposed flux reference generation strategy and at nearly constant speed. The simulations are
performed in MATLAB/Simulink. During the dip, it is desired to maintain the torque controlled
to the required value (20%), allowing to eliminate mechanical stresses to the wind turbine. This
issue is achieved, as shown in Fig. 2(b) and (g), only if the oscillatory rotor flux is generated. For
this purpose, the rotor flux is generated according to the block diagram of Fig. 3, generating an
equivalent oscillation to the stator flux amplitude [see Fig. 2(h)]. It must be pointed out that DTC
during faults, is a well-suited control strategy to reach quick flux control dynamics, as well as to
dominate the situation, eliminating torque perturbations and avoiding mechanical stresses.
Consequently, the proposed control schema maintains the stator and rotor currents under their
safety limits, avoiding high over currents, as shown in Fig. 2(i) and (j), either in the voltage fall
or rise.
However, as predicted in theory, it is hard to avoid a deterioration of the quality of these
currents. Nevertheless, if the rotor flux is maintained constant, the currents will go further till
their limit values, as shown in Fig. 2(d) and (e), provoking in a real case, a disconnection of the
wind turbine or an activation of the crowbar protection. Moreover, by mitigating the over
currents of the rotor, the back-to-back converter is less affected by this perturbation, producing
short dc bus voltage oscillations, as illustrated in Fig. 2(f). Finally, it can be said that the
proposed control is useful at any operating point of the wind turbine, as well as at any type of
faults (one phase, two phases, etc.). The performance will be limited only, when the rotor voltage
required is higher than the available at a given dc bus voltage.

CONCLUSION
Simulation results have shown that the proposed control strategy mitigates the necessity
of the crowbar protection during low depth voltage dips. In fact, the dc bus voltage available in
the back-to-back converter, determines the voltage dips depth that can be kept under control. For
future work, it would be interesting to explore the possibility to generate a modified reference of
rotor flux and torque, in order to be able to address deeper voltage dips without crowbar
protection.