2016FA MAE3310 Chapter 3

Thermodynamics I
Chapter three
Properties of pure substances
MAE 3310 001
MAE 3310 001
Pure Substance
Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA
A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout

Air is a mixture of several gases, but considered to be a pure substance
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
Phases of a Pure substance
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
(a) molecules are at relatively fixed positions in a solid phase

(b) groups of molecules move about each other in the liquid phase
(c) molecules move about at random in the gas phase
MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
Phase-change Processes
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE

Compressed liquid: a substance that it is not about to vaporize

Saturated liquid: a liquid that is about to vaporize
Saturated mixture: the state at which the liquid and vapor phases
coexist in equilibrium
Saturated vapor: a vapor that is about to condense
Superheated vapor: a vapor that is not about to condense
MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
Saturation Temperature and Pressure

Saturation temperature, : the temperature at which a pure

substance changes phase at a given pressure
Saturation pressure, : the pressure at which a pure substance
changes phase at a given temperature
MAE 3310 001
Property Diagrams

Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
T-v diagram of a pure substance
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
P-v diagram of a pure substance
Critical point: The point at which the saturated

liquid and saturated vapor states are identical
MAE 3310 001

Property Diagrams
Extending the Diagrams to Include the Solid Phase
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
P-v diagram of a substance that contracts on freezing
P-v diagram of a substance that expands on freezing

(such as water).
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
At triple-point pressure and

temperature, a substance exists in
three phases in equilibrium
For water,
Ttp = 0.01C
Ptp = 0.6117 kPa
P-T diagram of pure substances
MAE 3310 001
Property Diagrams

Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
P-v-T surface of a substance that

contracts on freezing
P-v-T surface of a substance that

expands on freezing (like water)
MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES

Property Tables
Enthalpy a combination property
= +
= +
The combination u+Pv is frequently

encountered in thermodynamic analysis
Saturated liquid and saturated vapor states
Table A-4: saturation properties of water under temperature

Table A-5: saturation properties of water under pressure
A partial list of Table A4
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
Enthalpy of vaporization, hfg

(Latent heat of vaporization):
The amount of energy needed
to vaporize a unit mass of
saturated liquid at a given
temperature or pressure
MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
Saturated liquid-vapor mixture
Quality, x: the ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass of the mixture
Between 0 and 1 0: saturated liquid & 1: saturated vapor
= +
= +
= +
y
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE

Property Tables
, = + = +
3
v, u, or h
MAE 3310 001

Property Tables
Superheated vapor
Superheated vapor is characterized by:
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
Compressed liquid
Compressed liquid is characterized by:
The compressed liquid properties depend on

temperature much more strongly than they do
on pressure
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
A compressed liquid may be

approximated as a saturated
liquid at the given temperature.
MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
Property Tables

MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
Property Tables

MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
Property Tables

MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
Property Tables

MAE 3310 001
Problems

Complete this table for H2O:
26
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
One kilogram of water fills a 150-L rigid container at an initial pressure of 2

MPa. The container is then cooled to 40C. Determine the initial
temperature and the final pressure of the water.
(3-32)
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
Tem kilograms of R-134a fill a 1.595-m3 weighted piston-cylinder device at

a temperature of -26.4C. The container is now heated until the
temperature is 100C. Determine the final volume of the R-134a.
(3-39)
MAE 3310 001
Problems
(3-26)
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE

MAE 3310 001
Problems
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE

MAE 3310 001
Problems
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE

MAE 3310 001
Problems
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE

MAE 3310 001
Problems

(3-32)
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE

MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
Problems


MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
Problems


MAE 3310 001
Problems
Ten kilograms of R-134a fill a 1.595-m3 weighted piston-cylinder device at a

temperature of -26.4C. The container is now heated until the temperature
is 100C. Determine the final volume of the R-134a.
(3-39)
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE

MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
Problems

Ten kilograms of R-134a fill a 1.595-m3 weighted piston-cylinder device at a

temperature of -26.4C. The container is now heated until the temperature
is 100C. Determine the final volume of the R-134a.
MAE 3310 001
Problems

100-kg of R-134a at 200 kPa are contained in a piston-cylinder device

whose volume is 12.322m3. The piston is now moved until the volume is
one-half its original size. This is done such hat the pressure of the R-134a
dose not change. Determine the final temperature and the change in the
total internal energy of the R-134a.
(3-43)
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
A person cooks a meal in a 30-cm-diameter pot that is covered with a wellfitting lid and lets the food cool to the room temperature of 20. The total
mass of the food and the pot is 8 kg. Now the person tries to pen the pan
by lifting the lid up. Assuming no air has leaked into the pan during cooking,
determine if the lid will open or the pan will move up together with the lid.
(3-46)
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
100 grams of R-134a initially fill a weighted piston-cylinder device at 60 kPa

and -20. The device is then heated until the temperature is 100.
Determine the change in the devices volume as a result of the heating.
(3-64)
MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
The Ideal-gas Equation of State
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
Equation of state: any equation that relates the pressure, temperature,

and specific volume of a substance
=
=
1 1
1
2 2
2
An ideal gas is a theoretical gas

composed of a set of randomly-moving,
non-interacting point particles
Real gases behave as an ideal gas

at low densities
(i.e., low pressure, high temperature)
Is water vapor an ideal gas?
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE

MAE 3310 001
Problems

A rigid tank contains an idea gas at 1227 and 200 kPA gage. The gas is
cooled until the gage pressure reads 50 kPa. If the atmospheric pressure is
100kPa, determine the final temperature of the gas.
(3-80)
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
Argon in the amount of 0.6 kg fills a 0.05 m3 piston-cylinder device at 550

kPa. The piston is now moved by changing the weights until the volume is
twice its original size. During this process, argons temperature is
maintained constant. Determine the final pressure in the device.
(3-82)
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE

Compressibility Factor
A factor that accounts for the deviation of real gases from ideal-gas
behavior at a given temperature and pressure
= , = , =
= , = , =
/
MAE 3310 001
Problems

Determine the specific volume of superheated water vapor at 15 Mpa and

350 , using (a) the ideal-gas equation, (b) the generalized compressibility
chart, and the steam tables. Also determine the error involved in the first
two cases.
(3-87)
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
Determine the specific volume of nitrogen gas at 10 Mpa and 150 K based
on (a) the ideal-gas equation and (b) the generalized compressibility chart.
Compare these results with the experimental value of 0.002388 m3/kg, and
determine the error involved in each case.
(3-98)
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
Problems


two cases.
MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
Problems


two cases.
MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
Problems


two cases.
MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
Problems

Determine the specific volume of nitrogen gas at 10 MPa and 150 K based
MAE 3310 001
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE
Problems

Determine the specific volume of nitrogen gas at 10 MPa and 150 K based
MAE 3310 001
Other Equations of State
Van der Waals equation of state
Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state
Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state
Virial equation of state
Chapter 3
PURE SUBSTANCE
PHASES OF A PURE
SUBSTANCE
PHASE-CHANGE
PROCESSES
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS
PROPERTY TABLES
THE IDEAL-GAS
EQUATION OF STATE
COMPRESSIBILITY
FACTOR
OTHER EQUATIONS OF
STATE


2016FA MAE3310 Chapter 3

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Thermodynamics I

MAE 3310 001

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout

Phases of a Pure substance

(a) molecules are at relatively fixed positions in a solid phase

MAE 3310 001

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

Compressed liquid: a substance that it is not about to vaporize

MAE 3310 001

Saturation Temperature and Pressure

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

Saturation temperature, : the temperature at which a pure

MAE 3310 001

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

T-v diagram of a pure substance

Critical point: The point at which the saturated

MAE 3310 001

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

Extending the Diagrams to Include the Solid Phase

P-v diagram of a substance that contracts on freezing

P-v diagram of a substance that expands on freezing

At triple-point pressure and

MAE 3310 001

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

P-v-T surface of a substance that

P-v-T surface of a substance that

MAE 3310 001

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

The combination u+Pv is frequently

Table A-4: saturation properties of water under temperature

A partial list of Table A4

Enthalpy of vaporization, hfg

MAE 3310 001

Saturated liquid-vapor mixture

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

MAE 3310 001

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

Superheated vapor is characterized by:

Compressed liquid is characterized by:

The compressed liquid properties depend on

A compressed liquid may be

MAE 3310 001

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

MAE 3310 001

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

MAE 3310 001

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

MAE 3310 001

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

MAE 3310 001

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

Complete this table for H2O:

One kilogram of water fills a 150-L rigid container at an initial pressure of 2

Tem kilograms of R-134a fill a 1.595-m3 weighted piston-cylinder device at

MAE 3310 001

Complete this table for H2O:

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

MAE 3310 001

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

MAE 3310 001

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

MAE 3310 001

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics: