Topic 3 - Trigonometry

YEAR 11
THE UNIT TOPIC: TOPIC 3: TRIGONOMETRY

This unit is designed to cover
Unit objectives:
P1 Demonstrates confidence in using mathematics to obtain realistic solutions to

problems.
P3 Performs routine arithmetic and algebraic manipulation involving surds, simple
rational expressions and trigonometric identities.
P4 Chooses and applies appropriate arithmetic, algebraic, graphical, trigonometric
and geometric techniques.
PE1,2,6
Assumed prior knowledge: Familiarity with trigonometric ratios for right angled
triangle, bearings, and angles of elevation and depression
Text: Margaret Grove, 2010, Extension Mathematics Mathematics: Preliminary
Course, McGraw Hill. Chapter 6
Number of lessons: 3 weeks of 15 lessons
Lesson
number
Lesson Topic
Page
ref
Exercises
Review of the trigonometric ratios, using the unit circle.

1.1
1.2
Angles of any magnitude should

be illustrated with reference to the
circle 2 + 2 = 1.
The sine and cosine ratios should
be defined for any angle and the
other four ratios expressed in
terms of these.
Graphs should be drawn showing
these ratios as functions of the
angular measure in degrees.
Syllabus ref 5.1

6.1
6.2-6.4
Bearings and angles of elevation.

2.1
2.2
Angles of elevation and

depression should both be
defined, and their use illustrated.
The compass bearing, measured
clockwise from the North and
given in standard three-figure
notation.
Common descriptions such as
due East, SouthWest, etc.
,
The ratios of , 90 , 180
, 360 in terms of the ratios of
Trigonometric ratios of , ,
3.1
Resources*
Syllabus ref 5.4.

6.5
6.5
Syllabus ref 5.2. / 5.3
Mr Marrable
Lesson
number
3.2
Yr 11 Extension 1 Mathematics
Lesson Topic
Arden Anglican School
Page
ref
Ratios for 0, 30, 45, 60, 90

should be known as exact values.
Boundary Ratios
Exercises
Resources*
6.6
6.7
3.3
Graphs
Trig Identities
3.1
The relation
sin2 + cos 2
derived from it
6.9
1, and those
Sine and cosine rules for a triangle. Area of a triangle, given two sides and the included
angle.
Syllabus ref 5.5.
5.1
The formula
sin
sin
6.10
should be proved for any

triangle.
The formula
2 = 2 + 2 2 cos should
be proved for any triangle.
The expression for the area,
, should be proved for
any triangle.
Applications for these formulae
involving simple two-dimensional
problems.
Attention must be given to
interpreting calculator output
where obtuse angles are required.
sin
5.2
5.3
5.4
6.11
6.13
6.12
Three dimensional geometry (Extension)
Syllabus ref E5.6
Solving three D problems
6.14
Ratios of Sums and Differences of angles (Extension)
Syllabus ref E5.7
Sums and differences
6.15
Ratios of Double angles
6.15
Expressions for , and in terms of tan . (Extension)
Syllabus ref E5.8
T-results
6.16
Auxiliary angles
6.16
Simple trigonometric identities and equations.

The general solution of trigonometric equations. (Extension)
General Solutions
Syllabus ref E5.9

6.17
Mr Marrable
NEW UNIT: TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

LESSON 1.1: TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS FOR A RIGHT ANGLE TRIANGLE
The six trig ratios
Recall for a RAT the trigonometric ratios given the angle
Hypotenuse
90
Opposite
Adjacent
sine = sin =
cosecant = cosec =
cosine = cos =
secant = sec =
tangent = tan =
cotangent = cot =
Complementary ratio results

sin =
cosec =
cos =
sec =
tan =
cot =
Reciprocal Ratios
cosec =
sec =
cot =
3
Mr Marrable
Work through the following RAT problems
41
i) sin = cos 55
ii) cot = tan 1545
40
iii)
Text Exercises
Exercise 6.1 Do odd questions
csc 50
sec 40
Mr Marrable
LESSON 1.2: REVISION: TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND THE

CALCULATOR
The units of angles are in degrees, minutes and seconds.
60 =
60 =
Perform the following Calulator operations
i) 342312"
ii) 561531"
Find the unknown value in each diagram
30
55
23
450
1.2
3.6
2434
75
5
240
Mr Marrable
Text Exercises
Ex 6.2 Do ace of each question
Ex 6.3 Do q1 adgjmps and then odd questions
Ex 6.4 Do q1 adgjmps and then even questions
Mr Marrable
LESSON 2 - BEARINGS AND ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION

2.1 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Angle of depression measured down from
the horizontal
Angle of elevation measured up

from the horizontal
The angle of elevation from a sailor in a ship at sea to the top of a

92m high lighthouse was 5o. How far was the ship from the base of
the lighthouse?
Solution: Always draw a diagram and be
careful in your labelling
From the top of a 22m high tower the angle of depression to a hole
in the ground is 8o. How far is the hole in the ground from the base
of the tower?
Solution:
Mr Marrable
2.1 Bearings
There are several ways we specify a direction based on a compass.
Compass bearing, eg 50 or 75
True bearings 085, 258 315
We use true bearings measure clockwise from North
N
Labelling
A commercial fishing boat left Harbour H and sailed at a bearing of
135 for 50 M (Nautical miles) to a good fishing reef.
a)
How far is the reef East of H
b)
How far is the reef South of H
Solution: Always draw a diagram first.
Mr Marrable
A army patrol hikes 15km due W then 12km due N from their base
to their campsite.
a)
Their radios have a 20km range, will they be able to contact the
base?
b)
What bearing will Chinooks need to take from the base to the
campsite to airdrop supplies and equipment?
Text Exercises
6.5 Do q1 adgj, q2ace and then odd questions
Mr Marrable
LESSON 3 - ANGLES IN ANY QUADRANT

2
3.1 Definitions
By convention
1. We measure the angle to OP
from the x axis
2. CW is the negative angular
direction.
3. CCW is the positive angular
direction
Quadrant
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
1 (, )
1
Sign
10
+
-
1
4
Ratio
sin =
cos =
tan =
sin(180 ) =
cos(180 ) =
tan(180 ) =
sin(180 + ) =
cos(180 + ) =
tan(180 + ) =
sin(360 ) =
cos(360 ) =
tan(360 ) =
Mr Marrable
Which of the following are

positive or negative?
Find the value of the

following ratios and find an
equivalent angle for the
negative angles.
Find the possible values of

for 0 360
11
Mr Marrable
LESSON 3:2 EXACT AND BOUNDARY RATIOS

Two RAT triangles of particular importance that are frequently encountered
have 45 and 30/60 angles and we need to know the exact trigonometric
ratios of these (that is, surd or fraction form).
3.2.1 Exact Ratios
For
sin 45 =
30
cos 45 =
45
sin 30 =
sin 60 =
cos 30 =
cos 60 =
tan 30 =
tan 60 =
60
tan 45 =
Find the exact value of
Find the exact value of

a) sin 510
b) tan 480
12
Mr Marrable
Solve the following

3
a) Given sin = tan < 0
4
tan and cos .
b)
find the exact
values
for
If cos = 90 < < 180 find the exact values for

7
sin and tan .
Text Exercises
6.6 Do q1 adgjmps and then odd questions
13
Mr Marrable
3.2.2 Boundary Ratios

Find the following
1 (, )
sin 0 =
sin 90 =
cos0 =
cos90 =
tan0 =
tan90 =
sin 180 =
sin 270 =
cos180 =
cos270 =
tan180 =
tan270 =
1
O
Evaluate the following
14
Mr Marrable
Find the values of in the domain 0 360 for
Text Exercises
6.7 Do q1 adgj, 3, 5, 7adgj, 8 adgj, 9 adgj 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20aceg
15
Mr Marrable
LESSON 3.3 GRAPHS OF , AND

We have looked at the trigonometric results for all angles . What then
will the graphs of the following functions look like?
Homework
Graph all the trigonometric ratios as a function of
Notice by convention we are using and not and remember ASTC
()
() = sin
() = cos
() = tan
1
+
O
For () =
sin
30
45
60
90
120
135
150
180
sin
210
225
240
270
300
315
330
360
390
sin
-30
-45
-60
-90
-120
-135
-150
-180
180
270
360 270 180
90
90
16
360
Mr Marrable
For () =
0
cos
30
45
60
90
120
135
150
180
390
cos
210
225
240
270
300
315
330
360
cos
-30
-45
-60
-90
-120
-135
-150
-180
17
Mr Marrable
For () =
0
30
tan
45
60
90
120
135
150
180
390
tan
210
225
240
270
300
315
330
360
tan
-30
-45
-60
-90
-120
-135
-150
-180
18
Mr Marrable
For () =
0
30
cosec
45
60
90
120
135
150
180
390
cosec
210
225
240
270
300
315
330
360
cosec
-30
-45
-60
-90
-120
-135
-150
-180
19
Mr Marrable
For () =
0
30
sec
45
60
90
120
135
150
180
390
sec
210
225
240
270
300
315
330
360
sec
-30
-45
-60
-90
-120
-135
-150
-180
20
Mr Marrable
For () =
0
30
cot
45
60
90
120
135
150
180
390
cot
210
225
240
270
300
315
330
360
cot
-30
-45
-60
-90
-120
-135
-150
-180
21
Mr Marrable
LESSON 4:
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS AND PYTHAGOREAN

IDENTITIES
4.1 Trigonometric Equations

Find the exact solution for
Show using exact ratios that

a)
b)
cos 30
sin 30
= cot 30
csc 60 cot 30 tan 60 = 2 sec 60 cos 30
Solve sin = for 0 360

2
Solve 2 cos 2 1 = 0 0 360
22
Mr Marrable
Solve tan = 0.5 for 180 180 to the nearest second.
Solve cot 2 3 3 = 0 for 0 360.
Text Exercises
6.8 Do q1 adgj, q2 adgj,and then odd questions
23
Mr Marrable
4.2 Trigonometric Identities

Again using the unit circle we can derive other relationships between sin,
cos, tan, cot, cosec and sec
Recall
sin =
cos =
1 (, )
tan =
+
Using Pythagoras
O
2 + 2 = 1
Substituting in the above
Now divide through by cos 2
Do the same with sin2
Show that (sin + cos )(sin cos ) = 2 sin2 1
Show that cot 2 cos 2 = cos 2 cot 2
Prove that tan + cot = sec cosec
24
Mr Marrable
Simplify 1 + tan2 (90 )
If sin = , express
1cos2
sec2
in terms of .
Simplify 2 + 2 where = tan and 0 90.
Prove the identity
1+cot
csc
sec
tan +cot
Text Exercises
6.9 Do q1 ad, 2 adgjl, 3 adgjl, 4 and 5
25
= cos
Mr Marrable
LESSON 5.1: SINE RULE

Can we use trigonometry for non right ? YES.
By turning any non-RAT into 2 RATS
We can also show in the same way that

The Sine Rule
=
=

can be used in any
Finding a side
Need to know two angles and one side. (AAS)
Find the length of the side
marked to 3 sig. Figs.
Find the length of the side

marked to 3 sig.figs
2815
60
7445
26
Mr Marrable
Finding an angle
To make life easier, we flip the sine rule so the angles are on top.
The Sine Rule
Find the angle marked to the nearest minute

38
52
60
Hugh the Hero of the seas chartered a boat leaving Port Stephens on
a bearing of 070 travelling at 8 knots for 4 hours. Then he changed
course travelling at a bearing of 150 and at some point started to
take on water. He sent a distress signal locating the boat 40M from
PS.
a)
How far had Hugh travelled up until he changed course?
b)
Find the angle
c)
Calculate their bearing from their current location back to PS.
d)
What bearing does search and rescue need to take to reach the
vessel?
150
070
40M
Text Exercises
6:10 Do q1ad, 2ad, 3 adgjl, then even
27
Mr Marrable
LESSON 5.2: COSINE RULE

The sine rule only enables us to find a side or that corresponds to a side or
that we know. What if we want to know the third side? We could use Sine
rule twice or use the Cosine rule which looks a lot like a rule youve seen before,
in fact it is an extension of it.
Proof
A
Finding a side
In any , 2 = 2 + 2 2 cos
We can also write this swapping the letters
around. Notice that the side you are trying to
find needs to be opposite the given angle.
Find the length of the side marked in the diagram to 1 dp.
7.5
56
8.2
28
Mr Marrable
Find to 3 sig. figs.

3.4
56
5.2
Finding an angle
We can rearrange the cosine rule in
terms of for finding an angle.
This is a powerful rule as it is the only rule to find an angle only given side
lengths.
Find the marked angle to the nearest minute.
7.5
8.5
8.2
Text Exercises
6:11 1ace, 2ace, then odd
29
Mr Marrable
LESSON 5.3: AREA OF A USING TRIGONOMETRY

Often it is not practical to accurately measure the height of a given its base.
How can we use the side lengths and angles to give us an easier solution.
Note: we use the included angle of the two sides.

Calculate the area to 3 sig. figs
50
130
35
Text Exercises
6:13 1ace, then odd
30
Mr Marrable
MULTI-TRIANGLE PROBLEMS
We want to know the height of a mountain using the two and the
distance between them.
20
5km
A roof truss has the following dimensions. What is the pitch of the
roof?
25
3.2
3
1.4
2.4
From a point the bearings of two points and are found to be

333T and 013T respectively. From a point , 5 km due north of ,
the bearings are 301T and 021T respectively. By considering the
triangle , show that if the distance between and is km,
then
Text Exercises
6:12 evens
31
Mr Marrable
LESSON 6.1: SOLVING THREE DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS (EXTENSION)

We will need to be able to apply trigonometry to solving three dimensional
problems.
Definitions
Normal to a plane
A straight line is perpendicular to a plane
if it is perpendicular to every straight line
in that plane that passes through its foot.
The angle between a line and a plane
If is a straight line meeting in and
is normal to the plane then
(i) N is the projection of the point on
the plane
(ii) is called the projection of line
on the plane
(iii) The angle is defined to be the

The angle between two planes dihedral angle
The angle between two planes is
measured by the angle between two lines
drawn from any point in the line of
intersection at right angles to it, one in
each plane.
Tips to solving problems
1. Draw a careful sketch of the situation
2.
Note carefully all the triangles in the figure
3.
Mark all right angles in these triangles
4.
State which triangle you are working with
32
Mr Marrable
The diagram shows a box in the shape of a rectangular prism.

a)
Find, correct to the nearest minute,

the angle that the diagonal plane
makes with the face
b)
Find the length of the diagonal of

the box, correct to the nearest
millimetre.
c)
Find, correct to the nearest minute,

the angle that the diagonal makes
with the base
6 cm
4 cm
5 cm
A helicopter is hovering 100 above the level ground below. Two

observers and on the ground are 156 and 172 respectively
from . The helicopter is due north of , while is due east of .
a) Find the angles of elevation of
the helicopter from and ,
correct to the nearest minute,

b)
Find the distance between the

two observers and , correct
to the nearest metre.
100
156
33
172
Mr Marrable
The prism in the diagram has a square base of side 4 and its
height is 2. is a diagonal plane of the prism. Let be the
acute angle between the diagonal plane and the base of the prism.
a) Show that = 22
b)
Hence find , correct to the nearest minute.
Text Exercises
6:14 evens
34
Mr Marrable
The angle of elevation to the top of a hill at a place due East of it

is 48, and at a place due South of the elevation is 30. If the
distance from to is 500 metres, find the height of the hill.
Challenge Cambridge p73 Q20
35
Mr Marrable
LESSON 7.1 - RATIOS OF SUMS AND DIFFERENCES OF ANGLES

(EXTENSION)
Other useful relationship can be derived. For instance any angle can be
expressed as sums or differences of other angles. This is useful for dealing
with expressions that are too hard to simplify or solve.
Using the unit circle, = cos = sin we have:
(, )
1
(, )
Students need to be able to derive the following formulae

cos( ) = cos cos + sin sin
cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin
sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin
sin( ) = sin cos cos sin
tan + tan
1 tan tan
tan tan
tan( ) =
1 + tan tan
tan( + ) =
36
Mr Marrable
Simplify cos 3 cos + sin 3 sin
Without using a calculator find the exact value of sin 75
Show sin 75 = cos15
Find the exact value for
tan 20+tan 25
1tan 20 tan 25
13
If sin = and sin =

a)
sin( + )
b)
cos( )
find the exact values for:
37
Mr Marrable
Prove sin(45 + )
1
2
(cos + sin )
In any triangle , write a relationship between the angle and the

sum of the angles, . Thus prove that in
sin = sin cos + cos sin
Using the formula for the area of a triangle, = 12 sin and referring
to the diagram
a) Express the area in terms of , and the angle ( + )
X
Write similar area formula for PQM and PRM using
respectively the angle , .
b)
c)
From the right angle triangle and express in terms

of and respectively.
d)
By using the relationship between the areas of the three

triangles prove that
sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin
38
Mr Marrable
Ratios of Double Angles

sin 2 =
cos 2 =
tan 2 =
Find the exact values for

3
a) sin 2 sin = 0 < < 90
5
b)
cos 2 cos =
c)
tan 2 tan =
12
13
3
4
0 < < 90
0 < < 90
39
Mr Marrable
Find exact values for

a)
2 sin 15 cos 15
b)
2 cos 2 2212 1
c)
2 sin 75 cos 75
cos2 75sin2 75
Prove sin 3 = 3 sin 4 sin3
Prove cos 3 = 4 cos 3 3 cos
Simplify
tan 7tan 5
1+tan 7 tan 5
40
Mr Marrable
Prove cos 4 sin4 cos 2
Prove
sin 2
1+cos 2
tan
Text Exercises
6:15 Each question if in parts do acfj
41
Mr Marrable
LESSON 7.2: RESULTS (EXTENSION)

Some particular problems prove difficult to solve. Using = tan 2 and
expressing sin , cos , tan in terms of this enables us to solve these types of
problems, e.g. sin + cos =
Proving the
tan
sin
cos
Write the following as one term

a)
b)
2tan15
1tan2 15
1tan2 75
1+tan2 75
42
Mr Marrable
Find an expression for cosec in terms of tan 2.
Find an expression for each of the following in terms of

a) 1 sin
b)
cos + sin
c)
1+cos
1cos
Prove cot
12(cot 2tan2)
Prove that 2, 1 2 , 1 + 2 are the sides of a RAT
43
Mr Marrable
Solve the following equations for 0 360 where = tan 2. Give

answer to the nearest minute.
a)
( 1) = 0
b)
3 2 + 4 4 = 0
44
Mr Marrable
LESSON 7.3: SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS (EXTENSION)

Solve 2 cos + 1 = 0, 0 360
Solve 6 cos 2 cos 1 = 0 0 360
Solve 6 sin2 cos 4 = 0 0 360
45
Mr Marrable
Solve sin 2 = cos 0 360
Solve sec 2 + 5 tan = 5 0 360
Equations of the form + = (using t-results)

Solve 8 cos sin = 4 0 360
Solve 3 sin + cos = 1 0 360
46
Mr Marrable
Equations of the form + = using ( + )

Here > 0 and is a subsidiary angle in the range 0 360
By letting sin + cos sin( + )
Solve sin + 2 cos = 5 0 360
47
Mr Marrable
Solve 4 sin 3 cos = 2 0 360
Solve 3 cos sin = 2 0 360
Text Exercises
48
Mr Marrable
LESSON 7.4: GENERAL SOLUTIONS TO TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS

(EXTENSION)
Up until now we have been solving equations for the domain 0 360.
How would we specify the solutions for for an unlimited domain given a
specific angle ?
=
49
Mr Marrable
Solve the following for the domain 0 360

a)
sin = cos
b)
3 cos 5 sin + 2 = 0
50
Mr Marrable
Find the general solutions to

1
a)
sin =
b)
2 cos 2 = 1
c)
sin 2 = cos
d)
tan 4 = tan 30
e)
sin2 + sin = 0
Text Exercises
TY 7 (or Ch6)
End of unit
51

Topic 3 - Trigonometry

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YEAR 11

THE UNIT TOPIC: TOPIC 3: TRIGONOMETRY

P1 Demonstrates confidence in using mathematics to obtain realistic solutions to

Review of the trigonometric ratios, using the unit circle.

Angles of any magnitude should

Syllabus ref 5.1

Bearings and angles of elevation.

Angles of elevation and

Syllabus ref 5.4.

Syllabus ref 5.2. / 5.3

Arden Anglican School

Ratios for 0, 30, 45, 60, 90

should be proved for any

Three dimensional geometry (Extension)

Syllabus ref E5.6

Solving three D problems

Ratios of Sums and Differences of angles (Extension)

Syllabus ref E5.7

Sums and differences

Ratios of Double angles

Expressions for , and in terms of tan . (Extension)

Syllabus ref E5.8

Simple trigonometric identities and equations.

Syllabus ref E5.9

Arden Anglican School

NEW UNIT: TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Complementary ratio results

Arden Anglican School

Work through the following RAT problems

ii) cot = tan 1545

Arden Anglican School

LESSON 1.2: REVISION: TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND THE

Find the unknown value in each diagram

Arden Anglican School

Arden Anglican School

LESSON 2 - BEARINGS AND ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION

Angle of elevation measured up

The angle of elevation from a sailor in a ship at sea to the top of a

Arden Anglican School

How far is the reef East of H

How far is the reef South of H

Solution: Always draw a diagram first.

Arden Anglican School

Arden Anglican School

LESSON 3 - ANGLES IN ANY QUADRANT

Which of the following are

Find the value of the

Find the possible values of

Arden Anglican School

Arden Anglican School

LESSON 3:2 EXACT AND BOUNDARY RATIOS

Find the exact value of

Find the exact value of

Solve the following

Arden Anglican School

find the exact

If cos = 90 < < 180 find the exact values for

Arden Anglican School

3.2.2 Boundary Ratios

Evaluate the following

Arden Anglican School

Find the values of in the domain 0 360 for

Arden Anglican School

LESSON 3.3 GRAPHS OF , AND