Mark

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

EAG346 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN
GEOTECHNIC REPORT

by

Bil

Name

Matric no.

SITI NOORAIN BT SHAIZAN

124987

DENESH A/L GUNASEGAR

124939

SITI NABILAH BINTI ABDUL NASIR

120342

LEE KENTH ZHENG

120281

Material properties
Retaining wall
Material used in the construction of retaining wall is mainly concrete and core-mix .
The concrete is providing the primary strength for the concrete. It is a composite material
composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement which hardens over
time. Most concretes used are lime-based concretes such as Portland cement concrete or
concretes made with other hydraulic cements. However, road surfaces are also a type of
concrete, asphalt concrete, where the cement material is bitumen, and polymer concretes
are sometimes used where the cementing material is a polymer. This material can be used
as car parking structure, wall block , dam , retaining wall and many more. Aggregates is
the main materials in the concrete mixture, usually coarse aggregate or crushed stone for
example granite, or with other materials that is more fine like sand. The most common
used cement is Portland cement and also other material like fly ash and sag cement, it
will act as a binder for aggregate . Water will be added to mix it properly then it produce
a semi-liquid paste that is giving good workability for the workers to able for cast in the
correct shape. The concrete will harden and set ,it is known as hydration process. Water
reacts with cement and it create more cement characteristic by introducing chemical
admixtures, it has a lot of different characteristic on concrete for example it can lower
and rapid up the rate of hardening of concrete and many more. Concrete can be said
having high compressive strength but it is lower in tension strength, usually it is
strengthen by using steel . Concrete can damage by many process , such as water trapped
inside concrete. Nowadays mineral admixtures became more popular . The usage of
recycle material in a concrete also gain popularity because environment law is enforced
and the environment in danger. The most used recycle material is fly ash, it is produced
from coal power plant and silica vapor. The usage of materials in the concrete reduces
total source of material that is needed like ash and acts as vapor in the admixtures usage.
This changes some cement production, a expensive process and not environmental
friendly, yet reduces the total industry waste that need to dispose.
Cement
Portland cement is normally used in the normal usage. It is main material for concrete,
mortar an plaster. It consist of oxygen calcium mixture, silicone and aluminium . Portland
cement and its materials is made of chalky stone heating ( calcium source ) with clay soil
and it is called clinker with the source sulfate.
Water
Water mixed with cement material , produce adhesive cement from hydration process.
The gum hold firmly cement and aggregates together, fills void inside and make ease of
flow. The more lower water content to the ration of concrete production , the concrete
more stronger and long lasting. In other ways more water gives the concrete to flow
easily but with higher chances of damages.

Aggregates
Fine and coarse aggregate create most part of concrete mixture. Sand, natural stone and
crushed stone is used especially for this purpose. Recycled aggregates ( from
construction, deconstruction and excavation waste ) currently being used as a partial
exchange to natural aggregates, yet some aggregates quarry , include cold air blast
furnace slag and ash also permitted. The existence of aggregate will increase concrete
strength.
Asphalt
The definition tells that variety of hydrocarbon mixtures ( example tar ) frequently with
derivative non-metal. It is also known as bitumen, is a sticky, black and highly viscous
liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a
refined product; it is a substance classed as a pitch. Until the 20th century, the term
asphaltum was also used. The components of asphalt are classified into four classes of
compounds:
saturates, saturated hydrocarbons, the % saturates correlates with softening point
of the material
Naphthene aromatics, consisting of partially hydrogenated polycyclic aromatic
compounds.
Polar aromatics, consisting of high molecular weight phenols and carboxylic acids
Asphaltenes, consisting of high molecular weight phenols and heterocyclic
compounds
Core mix
This method explain procedure to get and dimension of the core that is been coring out
from the road surface to measure the thickness, bitumen layer, depth of crack from
bitumen laying and consist of capacity sub- foundation and sub- gred using Dynamic
penetrometer cone (DCP)

Innovation
In our design we have choose to make a new innovation on the retaining wall, that is add
the partially crushed core-mix and substitute with 40% of the course aggregates. The
core-mix will be act as good bonding materials and it does not possess any damages to
the structures. The main reason why we are using core-mix is because core-mix will be
thrown away after JKR have done the test , so the core-mix not useful and that material is
harmful to the environment because it has bitumen content in it and cannot be thrown
away , they need to follow correct disposal procedure to protect the environment. If we
add core-mix into concrete it will save the environment and also reduce the cost of coremix disposal . The natural aggregates also decreasing by time to time ,so we need to came
up to a new solution to make a new types of aggregates . This materials will withstand
very high compressive force .In our design we will mix a portion of 40% to a coarse
aggregates mixture to make a concrete for retaining wall and the foundation.

Design parameter & assumption / soil profile

Design Parameter (Assumptions)

For Borehole 1
BH1
Very Stiff
Medium Dense
For Borehole 2
BH2
Medium dense
Firm
Stiff
Medium dense
Very Stiff
Very Dense

For Borehole 3

TYPE
Silt
Sand
TYPE
Sand
Silt
Silt
Sand
Sand
Sand

(change some value)

SPT
20
23

FRICTION ANGLE
4.97
5.81

COHESION
84.20
97.40

SPT
10
5
8
17
43
>50

FRICTION ANGLE
2.08
0.60
1.49
4.11
11.17

COHESION
40.20
18.20
31.40
71.00
185.40

BH3
Firm
Stiff
Firm
Stiff
Medium Dense
Dense
Very Dense
For Borehole 4
BH4
Loose
Medium Dense
Firm
Stiff
Very Stiff
Stiff
Medium Dense
Very Dense
For Borehole 5
BH3
Firm
Stiff
Firm
Stiff
Firm
Stiff
Very Dense

TYPE
Silt
Silt
Silt
Silt
Sand
Sand
Sand

SPT
6
13
6
10
27
40
>50

FRICTION ANGLE
0.90
2.96
0.90
2.08
6.92
10.40

COHESION
22.60
53.40
22.60
40.20
115.00
172.20

TYPE
Sand
Sand
Silt
Silt
SILT
Silt
Sand
Sand

SPT
6
12
6
13
19
8
26
>50

FRICTION ANGLE
0.90
2.67
0.90
2.96
4.68
1.49
6.64

COHESION
22.60
49.00
22.60
53.40
79.80
31.40
110.60

TYPE

SPT

FRICTION ANGLE

COHESION

Silt
Silt
Silt
Silt
Silt
Silt
Sand

6
12
9
12
9
13
>50

0.90
2.67
1.79
2.67
1.79
2.96

22.60
49.00
35.80
49.00
35.80
53.40

The value calculated by using formula below due to the similarity

between both results.

Properties
SPT value
Bulk Unit
Weight
kN/M3

Sand and Well

Compacted Fill
Material
19

Calculation
Friction Angle, '

o = overburden pressure

Very soft to
soft clay/silt
0-4
16

Firm to
Medium
stiff clay/silt
4-8
17

Stiff
clay/silt
8-15
18

Very
Stiff
clay/silt
15-30
19

Hard
clay/silt
>30
19

= 95.6 kN/m2
Pa= atmospheric pressure
= 100 kN/m2
CN = 1.017

For Borehole 4 UD 2
SPT = N60 = 8
(N1)60 = (1.017)(8)
= 8.136
'
= 29.5
Correction Factor = ' Lab test value
= 29.5 1.3
= 28.2
Corrected Friction Angle = ' Correction factor
= 29.5 - 28.2
= 1.3

Cohesion

Cu

= 4.4(8)
= 35.2 kN/m2
Correction Factor = Cu Lab test value
= 35.2 23
= 12.2
Corrected Cu = Cu Correction factor
= 35.2 12.2
= 23 kN/m2

Slope Analysis
Materials:
Loose Sand
Model: Mohr-Coulomb
Unit Weight: 16 kN/m
Cohesion': 22.6 kPa
Phi': 0.9
Phi-B: 0
Constant Unit Wt. Above Water Table: 16 kN/m
Pore Water Pressure
Piezometric Line: 1
Medium Dense Sand
Model: Mohr-Coulomb
Unit Weight: 18.5 kN/m
Cohesion': 49 kPa
Phi': 2.67
Phi-B: 0
Constant Unit Wt. Above Water Table: 18.5 kN/m
Pore Water Pressure
Piezometric Line: 1
Firm Silt
Model: Mohr-Coulomb
Unit Weight: 17 kN/m
Cohesion': 22.6 kPa
Phi': 0.9
Phi-B: 0
Constant Unit Wt. Above Water Table: 17 kN/m
Pore Water Pressure
Piezometric Line: 1
Stiff Silt
Model: Mohr-Coulomb
Unit Weight: 18 kN/m
Cohesion': 53.4 kPa
Phi': 2.96
Phi-B: 0
Constant Unit Wt. Above Water Table: 18 kN/m
Pore Water Pressure
Piezometric Line: 1
Medium Dense Sand 2
Model: Mohr-Coulomb
Unit Weight: 18.5 kN/m
Cohesion': 110.6 kPa
Phi': 6.64

Phi-B: 0
Constant Unit Wt. Above Water Table: 18.5 kN/m
Pore Water Pressure
Piezometric Line: 1
Very Dense Sand
Model: Mohr-Coulomb
Unit Weight: 21.5 kN/m
Cohesion': 200 kPa
Phi': 42
Phi-B: 0
Constant Unit Wt. Above Water Table: 21.5 kN/m
Pore Water Pressure
Piezometric Line: 1
Gravel
Model: High Strength
Unit Weight: 22 kN/m
Pore Water Pressure
Piezometric Line: 1
Slip Surface Limits
Left Coordinate: (0, 14) m
Right Coordinate: (78.4, 21.8) m
Number of Slices: 30
F of S Tolerance: 0.001
Minimum Slip Surface Depth: 0.1 m
Search Method: Root Finder
Tolerable difference between starting and converged F of S: 3
Maximum iterations to calculate converged lambda: 20
Max Absolute Lambda: 2

Current Slip Surface

a-a

Slip Surface
F of S
Volume
Weight
Resisting Moment
Activating Moment
Resisting Force
Activating Force
F of S Rank (Analysis)
F of S Rank (Query)
Exit
Entry
Radius
Center
m

: 123
: 9.588
: 66.315605 m
: 1,137.9022 kN
: 13,547.832 kN-m
: 1,412.9669 kN-m
: 864.55753 kN
: 90.168036 kN
: 1 of 125 slip surfaces
: 1 of 125 slip surfaces
: (8.290012, 11.668434) m
: (29.512409, 13.762336) m
: 14.182145 m
: (17.983063, 22.021115)

Slice 1 - Morgenstern-Price Method

1.2386

2.0555

0.044458

5.3087

2.0615
6.2002

Slice 1 - Morgenstern-Price Method

Factor of Safety
Phi Angle
C (Strength)
Pore Water Pressure
Pore Water Force
Pore Air Pressure
Pore Air Force
Phi B Angle
Slice Width
Mid-Height
Base Length
Base Angle
Anisotropic Strength Mod. 1
Applied Lambda
Weight (incl. Vert. Seismic)
Base Normal Force
Base Normal Stress
Base Shear Res. Force
Base Shear Res. Stress
Base Shear Mob. Force
Base Shear Mob. Stress
Left Side Normal Force
Left Side Shear Force
Right Side Normal Force
Right Side Shear Force
Horizontal Seismic Force
Point Load
Reinforcement Load Used
Reinf. Shear Load Used
Surcharge Load
Polygon Closure
Top Left Coordinate
Top Right Coordinate
11.484217 m
Bottom Left Coordinate
11.668434 m
Bottom Right Coordinate

9.588
0.9
22.6 kPa
3.744 kPa
3.2668 kN
0 kPa
0 kN
0
0.65499 m
0.19614 m
0.87256 m
-41.352
0.086507
2.0555 kN
6.2002 kN
7.1058 kPa
19.766 kN
22.653 kPa
2.0615 kN
2.3626 kPa
--- kN
--- kN
5.3087 kN
0.044458 kN
0 kN
0 kN
0 kN
0 kN
1.2386 kN
0.093003 kN
8.290012, 11.668434 m
8.945006,
8.290012,
8.945006, 11.091945 m

b-b
0.880

30

Elevation

20

10

10

20

30

40

50

Distance

Current Slip Surface

Slip Surface: 23
F of S: 0.880
Volume: 354.35467 m
Weight: 6,051.2903 kN
Resisting Moment: 43,102.873 kN-m
Activating Moment: 48,975.906 kN-m
Resisting Force: 1,054.1131 kN
Activating Force: 1,197.8059 kN
F of S Rank (Analysis): 1 of 125 slip surfaces
F of S Rank (Query): 1 of 5 slip surfaces
Exit: (19.15931, 12.7926) m
Entry: (67.6618, 24.852282) m
Radius: 36.84821 m
Center: (36.876401, 45.101968) m

60

70

80

90

Soil profile
Record of boring
BH1

BH2

BH3

BH4

BH5

Record of layers

Excavation and filling work

For the planning of design and construction of a building, the existing condition
of the site must first consider. Usually the site is not level and must be modified before
any construction can begin to achieved desired land topography. Therefore, cut and fill
process is typically one of the first construction processes to take place on site. Figure
below are the cut and fill diagram for cut sections provided.
Section A-A

Section B-B

Once the section areas have been found, we must account for the additional length of the
site (the land between section cut) to be able to estimate the volume of the land cut or
filled. The main objective of cut and fill is product an area which is safety to build for the
project and have sufficient of area to conduct the project.

Calculation of Cut and Fill:

A)
Fill Section

Volume A

= 238 x (3.2)2 x x2 = 2437.12 m3

Volume B

= 238 x (3.2)2 x 5

Volume C

= 163 x (3.2)2 x x 2 = 1669.12 m3

Volume D

= 163 x (3.2)2 x 3

Volume E

= 276 x (3.2)2 x x 2 = 2826.24 m3

Volume F

= 276 x (3.2)2 x

= 2826.24 m3

Volume G

= 233 x (3.2)2 x

= 1193 m3

Volume X

= 106 x (3.2)2 x

= 1085.5m3

Volume Y

= 106 x (3.2)2 x 7

= 7598 m3

= 12185.6 m3

= 5007.36 m3

TOTAL VOLUME = (238+163+276+233+106) x (3.2)2 x 8 = 83230.7 m3

Volume of fill = 83230.72 36828.2 = 46402.52m3

B)

Cut Section:

Volume A

= 60 x (3.2)2 x

= 614.4 m3

Volume B

= 60 x (3.2)2 x 13

= 7987.2 m3

Volume C

= 95 x (3.2)2 x

= 972.8 m3

Volume D

= 95 x (3.2)2 x 11

= 10701 m3

Volume E

= 90 x (3.2)2 x

= 921.6 m3

Volume F

= 90 x (3.2)2 x 9

= 8294.4 m3

Volume G

= 90 x (3.2)2 x

= 921.6 m3

Volume H

= 90 x (3.2)2 x 7

= 6451.2 m3

Volume I

= 100 x (3.2)2 x

= 1024 m3

Volume J

= 100 x (3.2)2 x 5

= 5120 m3

Volume K

= 87 x (3.2)2 x

= 890.9 m3

Volume L

= 87 x (3.2)2 x 3

= 2673 m3

Volume M

= 122 x (3.2)2 x

= 1249.3 m3

Volume N

= 122 x (3.2)2 x 1

= 1249.3 m3

Volume O

= 106 x (3.2)2 x

= 542.72 m3

Volume X

= 82 x (3.2)2 x

= 1679.4 m3

Volume Y

= 82 x (3.2)2 x 15

= 12595.2 m3

TOTAL VOLUME OF CUT = 63888.00 m3

TOTAL VOLUME OF FILL = 46402.52 m3
NET VOLUME = 17485.48 m3
Net volume indicate that there is excess volume of cut and it is sufficient to cover the
volume of fill at platform level of 21 m. Excess volume is needed because there might
happen errors in calculation where this calculation is just estimation for the cut and fill
and it does not consider the actual variation in slope. Besides, there might have happen
loss of soil volume during the actual excavation and filling work. Excess volume of soil
can be fill to downslope of retaining wall to increase FOS of retaining wall or
construction of downslope. In this case, there is river stream at the downslope which
might need the excess volume of soil cut.

After retaining wall

Slope B B

Current Slip Surface

Slip Surface: 14
F of S: 5.360
Volume: 294.59907 m
Weight: 4,930.6164 kN
Resisting Moment: 32,568.636 kN-m
Activating Moment: 6,076.6778 kN-m
Resisting Force: 1,241.8886 kN
Activating Force: 231.71832 kN
F of S Rank (Analysis): 1 of 25 slip surfaces
F of S Rank (Query): 1 of 25 slip surfaces
Exit: (23.6879, 20.526704) m
Entry: (61.44562, 24.20864) m
Radius: 20.657514 m
Center: (41.772736, 30.510269) m

Slice 14 - Morgenstern-Price Method

228.9

60.46

1,083.2
1,116.8

57.05
8.5394

234.57

Factor of Safety
Phi Angle
C (Strength)
Pore Water Pressure
Pore Water Force
Pore Air Pressure
Pore Air Force
Phi B Angle
Slice Width
Mid-Height
Base Length
Base Angle
Anisotropic Strength Mod.
Applied Lambda
Weight (incl. Vert. Seismic)
Base Normal Force

5.360
1.49
31.4 kPa
38.867 kPa
50.733 kN
0 kPa
0 kN
0
1.2978 m
10.546 m
1.3053 m
-6.1325
1
0.055191
228.9 kN
234.57 kN

Base Normal Stress

Base Shear Res. Force
Base Shear Res. Stress
Base Shear Mob. Force
Base Shear Mob. Stress
Left Side Normal Force
Left Side Shear Force
Right Side Normal Force
Right Side Shear Force
Horizontal Seismic Force
Point Load
Reinforcement Load Used
Reinf. Shear Load Used
Surcharge Load
Polygon Closure
Top Left Coordinate
Top Right Coordinate
Bottom Left Coordinate
Bottom Right Coordinate

179.71 kPa
45.767 kN
35.063 kPa
8.5394 kN
6.5422 kPa
1,083.2 kN
57.05 kN
1,116.8 kN
60.46 kN
0 kN
0 kN
0 kN
0 kN
0 kN
1.6586 kN
38.918118, 20.527484 m
40.215926, 20.52755 m
38.918118, 10.050943 m
40.215926, 9.9115015 m

Additional Preventive Methods for Slope Failure

Generally, there are several preventive methods for slope failure
Vegetation cover
There are some cuts behind our designed retaining wall and in between the
houses. We choose Grassing over method to strengthen the surface strength of the soil
so that there has forces pulling eat other that come from the root of the grasses. This can
prevent erosion and the failure percentage will be decreased.
Hydroseeding is the application of grass seed mixed with fertilizer and nutrient in
aqueous solution by spraying method. The grass seed will grow eventually and the root of
the grass will act as an organic reinforcing fiber and hold the surface soil.
Turfing which is direct application of grass with developed roots onto the slope
surface. The relatively matured grass will grow easier and extend its root into the soil to
strengthen the overall surface.

By covering over a slope with either sand or grass, we immediately reduce the
amount of water which can infiltrate it.
Rigid surface protection
Rigid surface such as Chunam plastering, shotcrete and stone pitching are
commonly used to reduce rainwater infiltration and to prevent erosion of the slope
forming materials.
Drainage Method
Drainage structure, such as surface channels, catch pits, sand traps, weep
holes and much more. The drainage system must be capable to discharge all the storm
water within the rain water catchment area affecting the slope. Drainage is best used as a
short-term stabilizing method, due to the fact that, in the long term, the drains need much
maintenance and repair, which often difficult to perform, and expensive.
In this project, at first during the construction, some temporary drainages is built
so that the hydrology system in our site wont be disturbed and to ensure our project area
wont be flooded. Besides that, vertical concrete drainage is used because it doesnt
require vast area and it is easy to build where we can use pre-cast or build in-situ. There
are many advantages using concrete drainage such as easy to repair, can last longer,
decrease the time for construction and etc. Using reinforce concrete drainage is more
suitable for this housing project.

Soil Properties
After the analysis of borehole log data, mostly the soil is composed of silt
composition. In high elevation ground, almost all are silt. Silt is cohesion characteristic
type of soil which have low strength and worse when there is water around. Besides, the
water table is quite high and thus deteriorate particle arrangement of silt. Sand is
cohesionless type of soil where the piling must be introduced if there will be a structure
build on top of it. This is due to sand can provide high stability strength by end pile
bearing and shear stress.

Conclusion

Analysis the cross section of the steep slope using Morgenstern and Price method
in SLOPE/W program, FOS value obtained was below 1.5 for the factor of safety with
respect to strength. This indicate slope failure may occur. Thus, retaining wall and the cut
and fill section was proposed to make sure the slope failure will not occur. In other to
against the load of road in front of house a retaining wall with uniformly or difference
height designed to build to prevent slope failing. Retaining walls can provide permanent
lateral support to vertical or near vertical slopes of soil.
After the implementation of retaining wall. The Factor Of Safety we obtain is
quite satisfactory. These confirm that the slopes that we going to constructed on site are
stable and indicate no slope failure will happen.