THEORY ASSESSMENT PAPER

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1. If an exposure time of 2 minutes were necessary using a 3 meter source to film distance for
particular exposure, what time would be necessary if a 6 meter source to film distance is used and all
other variables remain the same?
a) 12 minutes.
SOLUTION :
Intensity
1
and
Exposure Intensity
b) 4 minutes.
Distance2
c) 8 minutes.
I1 = D22
so,
E2 = D22
E2 = 6 2
E2 = 8 minutes
d) 6 minutes.
2
2
2
I2 D 1

E1 D 1

2. The characteristic curve of a fast film superimposed on a graph containing a characteristic curve of a
slow film:
a) will be superimposed on top of the curve for the slow film but the gradient will be different.
b) will be superimposed on top of the curve for the slow film but the length of the curve will be
different.
c) will lie to the right of the curve for the fast film.
d) will lie to the left of the curve of the slow film.
3. If we start with 50 curie of Co-60, what will the activity be at the end of 15.9 years?
a) 12.5 curies.
SOLUTION :
AO = AI Exponent (-0.693 x t / T1/2)
where,
T1/2 Co-60 = 5.3 years
b) 6.25 curies.
AO = 50 Exponent (-0.693 x 15.9 / 5.3)
c) 3.125 curies.
AO = 50 Exponent (-2.079)
d) 1.6625 curies.
AO = 50 x 0.125
AO = 6.252 curies

4. Which EN Standard is entitled Non-destructive testing image quality of radiograph?

a) EN 462.
b) EN 2910.
c) EN 3971.
d) EN 2900.
5. What are gamma rays?
a) They are the disintegrations of radio nuclide.
b) They are the form of excess energy emitted because of certain disintegrations of a radioisotope.
c) They are the sub-atomic particles which are emitted when a radioisotope disintegrates.
d) Gamma rays are the form of electromagnetic radiation emitted from all isotopes.
6. Which of the following type crack is the most common type encountered, associated with welds on
C/C-Mn steels?
a) Sulphur induced center line cracks.
b) Lamellar tearing.
c) Liquation cracks.
d) Hydrogen related cracks.
7. The number 60 in cobalt 60 is:
a) the number of neutrons added to the number of protons in each cobalt 60 atom.
b) the number of neutrons in each cobalt 60 atom.
c) the number of protons in each cobalt 60 atom.
d) the total number of atoms in a cobalt 60 molecules.

THEORY ASSESSMENT PAPER

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8. What is the appearance of a radiograph with dichroic if it is placed on a radiographic viewer?

a) Green / Yellow.
b) Dark gray or black.
c) Mottled.
d) Pink.
9. The projected (effective) focal spot size of an x-ray tube is determine by:
a) f.f.d. and o.f.d.
b) the total area of the tungsten insert in the anode.
c) angle of the tungsten target and the size of the electron beam.
d) the distance between anode and specimen.
10. An interaction with an orbital electron in which a photon of electromagnetic energy is consumed in
breaking the bond between the orbital electron an its atom is known as:
a) The photoelectric effect.
b) Compton scattering.
c) Pair production.
d) Rayleigh scattering.
11. The rad has been replace by which unit?
a) The sievert.
b) The roentgen.
c) The gray.
d) The bacquerel.
12. The absorption of radiation by a material varies:
a) directly with the square of the distance from the source.
b) directly with the thickness of the material.
c) inversely with the amount of scattering in the material.
d) in an approximately exponential manner with the thickness of the material.
13. Ytterbium 169 is a gamma source which:
a) produces relatively good quality radiographs at the correct exposure when compared to
radiographs produced by Ir-192 or Co-60.
b) produces very short wavelength radiation which may be used to produced radiographs on
specimens up to 200 mm thick.
c) always requires the used of fluorometallic screens.
d) all of the above are false.
14. A trace on a graph which shows the relationship between the logarithms of the exposure applied to
a photographic density is called:
a) a bar chart.
b) an exposure chart.
c) a logarithmic chart.
d) a characteristic curve.

THEORY ASSESSMENT PAPER

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15. In order to decrease penumbra:

a) the object could made artificial thicker.
b) radiation should proceed from as large as focal spot as other considerations will allow.
c) the film should be as far as possible from the object being radiograph.
d) the distance from the radiation source to the film should be as long as practicable.
16. From an exposure chart for an f.f.d. of 1 meter, an exposure time of 12 minutes is indicated. What
will the new exposure time be at 600 mm?
a) 2.3 minutes.
b) 4.3 minutes.
c) 8.0 minutes.
d) 23 minutes.
17. Which of the following is the reason for fixation?
a) To remove the undeveloped silver halides in the emulsion.
b) To dissolve silver halide crystals which have an excessive photographic density.
c) To reduce the surface tension of the solution.
d) All of the above.
18. A large source size can be compensated for by:
a) increasing the source to specimen distance.
b) addition of lead screens.
c) increasing the specimen to the film distance.
d) increasing penumbra.
19. What is the relationship between gigabacquerel and curies?
a) 3.7x1010 GBq = 1 curie.
b) 2.7x1010 GBq = 1 curie.
c) 37 GBq = 1 curie.
d) 109 GBq = 1 curie.
20. Lead screens are used in radiography:
a) to improve the quality of the radiograph by preferentially reducing the effect of scatter.
b) to reduce the exposure time.
c) Both (a) and (b) are reasons for using lead screens.
d) Neither (a) or (b) are reasons for using lead screens.
21. The steeper the gradient of the straight line portion of a specific films characteristic curve:
a) the wider the film latitude.
b) the higher the film definition.
c) the higher the film contrast.
d) the lower the film contrast.
22. Which of the following has no effect on the film contrast?
a) Wavelength of radiation used.
b) Film density.
c) Film type.
d) All of the above effect film contrast.

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23. A constant potential circuit of x-ray equipment is also known as:

a) a half-wave rectified circuit.
b) a villard type circuit.
c) an unrectified circuit.
d) a greinacher circuit.
24. The atomic number of an atom is known as its:
a) A number.
b) Atomic mass number.
c) Z number.
d) X number.
25. Which of the following isotope has the longest half-life?
a) Cesium 137.
b) Thulium 170.
c) Cobalt 60.
d) Iridium 192.
26. When producing radiographs with x-ray equipment, if the kilovoltage is increased:
a) the radiographic contrast decrease.
b) The subject contrast increase.
c) The film contrast increase.
d) The film contrast decrease.
27. Movement, geometry and screen contact are factor that affect radiographic:
a) contrast.
b) unsharpness.
c) reticulation.
d) density.
28. What would be the result if a film is placed in a developer solution and allowed to develop without
any agitation and tapping?
a) The radiograph will exhibit dichroic fog.
b) It will be impossible to fix the radiograph permanently.
c) Yellow fog will appear over the entire radiograph.
d) Bromide streaking and white spots may result.
29. X-rays and gamma rays are type of:
a) Electromagnetic and ionising radiation.
b) Corpuscular and ionising radiation.
c) Electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation.
d) Beta radiation.
30. Inherent unsharpness is:
a) another term for penumbra.
b) improve film sensitivity.
c) to some degree, always present in a radiographic image.
d) all of the above are true.