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Volume 2 Part I
PAVING DESCRIPTION
5/1.1
This work shall consist of covering certain areas (footpaths, parking areas,
etc.) with paving blocks in accordance with the Specifications, the Drawings
and the Engineer's instructions.
5/2
PAVING BLOCKS
5/2.1
5/3
5/3.1
The materials, dimensions and tolerances, test for compressive strength, test
for water absorption and certificate of compliance for paving blocks shall
conform to the requirements of Local Order No. 44/90. Water absorption and
abrasion resistance shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements
of the particular specification.
5/4
5/4.1
The laying course shall consist of sharp black sand containing not more than
3% material finer than 75 micron by weight and not more than 10% retained
on 4 mm sieve. The sand shall be obtained from a single source, allowed to
drain before use and shall be covered with suitable sheeting to minimize
moisture changes. (Permissible sulphate (as SO3) and chloride (as CL) shall
not exceed 0.3% and 0.5% respectively) (Expressed as a percentage by
weight) when tested to BS EN 1744-1: 1998: and BS 812 Part 117 Appendix C
respectively.
5/4.2
The profile of the laying course before compaction shall be similar to that of
the finished surface. During laying the sand shall be uniform in moisture
content and shall be carefully, screened to form a smooth compacted surface
to receive the paving blocks. The maximum deviation from the design levels
shall be 5 mm.
5/4.3
The edge restraints to the paved area shall be laid in advance of the laying
course and all permanent obstacles within the area, such as manhole covers,
shall be adjusted to the correct finished levels.
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General Specifications
Volume 2 Part I
SURFACE COURSE
5/4.4
The paving blocks shall be laid on the sand laying course in such manner as
not to disturb the blocks already laid. Each block shall be placed firmly against
its neighbour so that they fit closely together. The joints between blocks shall
not exceed 3 mm. Laying of the paving blocks shall commence at right angles
to the main pavement axis starting at one end of the area. The paving blocks
shall be laid in a herringbone pattern unless otherwise shown on the drawings
or instructed by the Engineer at 45o to the main pavement axis.
5/4.5
Where blocks do not fit the edge restraints or other obstructions such as
manholes or upstands the gaps shall be filled using cut blocks.
5/4.6
5/4.7
5/4.8
After each 20 sq.m. or such area that has been agreed with the Engineer, has
been laid the blocks shall be compacted to the required levels using a plate
vibrator.
5/4.9
The plate vibrator shall have a plate area of 0.20 to 0.35 sq.m. and have a
compaction force of 12-24 Kn and a frequency of approximately 75 to 100 Hz.
5/4.10
A minimum of two passes of the plate vibrator shall be made in each direction,
i.e. at 90 degrees to each other. Vibration shall continue until no further
compaction of the sand layer is apparent. The laying course shall have a
compacted thickness of 50 mm. Fine dry sand with a particle size of 0.3mm
shall then be brushed over the paving, and further passes of the plate vibrator
made in each direction, until the sand is no longer absorbed into the joints.
5/4.11
The plate vibrator shall not pass closer than 1 m to a temporarily unrestrained
edge during laying.
5/4.12
No paving shall be left uncompacted overnight except for the 1 m strip at the
temporarily unrestrained edge.
5/4.13
5/5
KERBS DESCRIPTION
5/5.1
This work shall consist of the construction of kerbs in accordance with the
Specifications and in conformity with the lines, grades and typical sections
shown on the Drawings or established by the Engineer. These Specifications
refer to the following types of precast kerbs to be constructed: Non-Mountable
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General Specifications
Volume 2 Part I
Kerbs, Dropped Kerb, Heel Kerb, Quadrants and Flush Kerb. All Kerbs and
edgings shall be hydraulically pressed and shall comply with the requirements
of BS 7263: 2001 Part 1. They shall be uniform in colour, free from cracks,
flaws or other defects and they shall have well defined arises.
5/6
5/6.1
5/6.2
Kerbs shall be prepared with a concrete mixture containing not less than 400
Kg/m3 of Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement. The aggregate shall meet the
requirements of the General Specifications for concrete work.
5/6.3
Deleted.
5/6.4
Non-Mountable Kerb, Dropped Kerb, Flush Kerb and Heel Kerb elements shall
only be precast from concrete produced in a fully automatic batching plant.
Sampling shall be done as per BS 7263 : 2001 : Part 1 : latest edition.
5/6.5
Deleted.
5/6.6
The Consultant shall collect samples as per standard sampling method and
submit them for testing. All results shall pass before commencing this work.
5/6.7
5/6.8
5/6.9
The finished product shall be of solid appearance with clean planar faces, be
free of segregation, honeycombing, pits, broken corners or other defects and
there shall be no evidence of external rendering.
5/6.10
Bull noses and curved faces shall be of constant radius with a smooth change
from radius to plain face.
5/6.11
5/6.12
5/7
KERB LAYING
5/7.1
Elements shall be set to the lines and grades shown on the Drawings. Under
no circumstances will it be permitted for levels to be set by direct
measurement from pavement layers.
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General Specifications
Volume 2 Part I
5/7.2
Unless otherwise indicated, elements shall be laid either directly onto a wet
concrete base or on to a sand/cement (3:1) mortar bedding, two and half (2.5)
centimetres thick, on a previously laid concrete base on approved subgrade.
The dimensions of the base shall be as shown on the Drawings. The concrete
base shall be constructed of Concrete Class 25/20.
5/7.3
Unless otherwise indicated, after kerbs units have been laid a contiguous
backing of Concrete Class 25/20 shall be poured for the elements using steel
forms.
5/7.4
No pavement layers shall be laid against kerbing until such time as the
backing is complete, back filled and approved by the Engineer.
5/7.5
Joints between radius kerbs, shall have a clear width of four (4) millimetres
and be filled with a sand/cement (3:1) mortar with one fifth (1/5) part hydrated
lime and sufficient water to make the mixture plastic and easily smoothed. A
grooving tool shall be used to produce a smooth, circular section groove not
more than three (3) millimetres deep in all joints. Grouted joints shall be cured
by an approved method to the Engineer's satisfaction. Joints between straight
kerbs shall not be filled.
5/7.6
Immediately after any concrete is in place and for 7 days thereafter the kerbs,
base backing and mortared joints shall be fully cured and protected from
drying out and against the harmful effects of weather, including rain and rapid
temperature changes. The method of protection shall be subject to the
Engineer's approval. The use of coloured curing membranes will not be
permitted. Concrete not properly cured and protected will be rejected and shall
be removed from the works.
5/7.7
5/7.8
At access points the kerbs, including the bed backing shall be dropped to
show a face of 75 mm or as otherwise shown on the Drawings.
5/7.9
At the end of any kerb run, the end kerb section shall be sloped down to
ground level, if applicable, and angled away from the road at 30 degrees.
5/7.10
5/7.11
Kerbs shall be laid within a tolerance of plus or minus three (3) millimetres, at
each end of an element, to the lines and grades given on the Drawings.
5/7.12
All kerbs shall be painted unless otherwise directed by the Engineer. (Refer to
Sub-section 5/13 of paint).
5/7.13
Any excavated surface for the concrete bedding shall be watered and
compacted to a minimum of 95% maximum Dry Density (BS 1377 Part 9 :
1990 Method 2.2).
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