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Chapter 1
Introduction
In
all
electrical
machines,
magnetic
materials are used to
shape and direct the
magnetic fields that act
as a medium in the
energy
conversion
process.
Magnetic material
CHAPTER CONTENT
1.1
Magnetic Circuits
1.2
Hysteresis
1.3
Sinusoidal Excitation
1.4
Permanent Magnet
Electrical Machines Chapter1: Magnetic Circuits
CHAPTER CONTENT
1.1
Magnetic Circuits
1.2
Hysteresis
1.3
Sinusoidal Excitation
1.4
Permanent Magnet
Electrical Machines Chapter1: Magnetic Circuits
1.1.1 iH RELATION
We shall first study how the current in a
coil is related to the magnetic field intensity
(or flux) it produces.
H
Coil
1.1.1 iH RELATION
The direction of magnetic flux lines or
magnetic field intensity H can be determined
by what is known as the Thumb Rule or Right
Hand Grip Rule.
1.1.1 iH RELATION
The relationship between current and field intensity
can be obtained by using Ampres circuit law.
Which states that the line integral of the magnetic
field intensity H around a closed path is equal to the
total current linked by the contour.
Illustration of Ampres
circuit law
H dl i i1 i2 i3
H dl cos i
Prof. Adel Gastli
1.1.1 iH RELATION
For the circular path case, at each
point on this circular contour, H and
dl are in the same direction, that is,
=0.
Because of symmetry, H will be the
same at all points on this contour.
Hdl H dl i
H 2r i
H
Prof. Adel Gastli
i
2r
1.1.2 BH RELATION
The magnetic field intensity H produces a
magnetic flux density B everywhere it exists.
These quantities are functionally related by:
B H
Weber/m
B 0 r H
or Tesla
or T
Wb/m
10
1.1.2 BH RELATION
For free space or electrical conductors (such
as aluminum or copper) or insulators, the
value of r is unity.
However, for ferromagnetic materials such as
iron, cobalt, and nickel, the value of r varies
from several hundred to several thousand.
For materials used in electrical machines, r
varies in the range of 2000 to 6000.
A large value of r implies that a small current
can produce a large flux density in the
machine.
B 0 r H
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12
H dl Ni
Hl Ni
H 2r Ni F
Hl Ni
Ni
H
(At/m)
l
Prof. Adel Gastli
Ni
l
(T)
13
B dA
BA (Web)
where B is the average flux density in the core
and A is the area of cross section of the toroid.
Ni
Ni
Ni F
l
l / A R R
l
1
R
A P
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15
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDa6mW1c5kU
Prof. Adel Gastli
1:37
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B H
l
A
18
19
20
21
lc
Rc
c Ac
Rg
lg
0 Ag
22
Rc Rg
BC
Ac
Ni H c lc H g l g
Bg
Ag
23
Fringing flux.
Ag Ac
Prof. Adel Gastli
Bc Bg
Ac
Electrical Machines Chapter1: Magnetic Circuits
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25
26
27
28
29
30
10A
FIGURE E1.3
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10A
32
10A
33
34
Coil
Length l
x1 +
Magnetic field H
x2
x1
+
F Hl
Rc
x2 -
35
i2
N1i1 N 2i2
N1
1 ?
Rc
N2
N1i1
N 2i2
?
t ?
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i2
N1i1 N 2i2
N1
Rc
N2
N1i1
N 2i2
-
t
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i2
N1i1 N 2i2
N1
1 ?
Rc
N2
N1i1
N 2i2
?
t ?
Prof. Adel Gastli
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i2
N1i1 N 2i2
N1
Rc
N2
N1i1
N 2i2
+
t
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i2
N1i1 N 2i2
N1
1 ?
Rc
N2
N1i1
N 2i2
?
t ?
Prof. Adel Gastli
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i2
N1i1 N 2i2
N1
Rc
N2
N1i1
N 2i2
+
t
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i2
N1i1 N 2i2
N1
1 ?
Rc
N2
N1i1
N 2i2
?
t ?
Prof. Adel Gastli
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i2
N1i1 N 2i2
N1
Rc
N2
N1i1
N 2i2
-
t
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1.1.6 INDUCTANCE
A coil wound on a magnetic core, such as that shown
below, is frequently used in electric circuits.
This coil may be represented by an ideal electric
circuit element, called inductance, which is defined
as the flux linkage of the coil per ampere of its
current.
=N
44
1.1.6 INDUCTANCE
Flux linkage N
Inductance L
=N
(Henri, Flux
linkage per
ampere)
N N ( BA) N ( H ) A
NHA
L
i
i
i
( Hl / N )
Ni Hl
2
N
N
L
l / A R
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46
47
N 250
rinner 20 cm
i 2 .5 A
Prof. Adel Gastli
router 25 cm
Electrical Machines Chapter1: Magnetic Circuits
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Mean Radius
Core
Radius
Inner Radius
Core
cross
Area A
Outer Radius
50
N2
L
Rcore
Rcore
N2
250 2
L
0.2404 H 204.4 mH
2
Rcore 2599.64 10
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CHAPTER CONTENT
1.1
Magnetic Circuits
1.2
Hysteresis
1.3
Sinusoidal Excitation
1.4
Permanent Magnet
Electrical Machines Chapter1: Magnetic Circuits
52
1.2 HYSTERESIS
Consider the following coil
core assembly.
Assume that the core is initially
unmagnetized.
If the magnetic intensity H is
now increased by slowly
increasing the current i, the flux
density will change according
to the curve 0a.
The point a corresponds to a
particular value of the
magnetic intensity, say H1
(corresponding current is i1).
53
1.2 HYSTERESIS
If the magnetic intensity
is now slowly decreased,
the BH curve will follow
a different path, such as
abc.
When H is made zero, the
core has retained flux
density Br, known as the
residual flux density.
If H is now reversed (by reversing the current i),
the flux in the core will decrease, and for a
particular value of H, such as Hc, the residual
flux will be removed.
Prof. Adel Gastli
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1.2 HYSTERESIS
This value of the magnetic field
intensity (Hc) is known as the
coercivity or coercive force of
the magnetic core.
If H is further increased in the
reverse direction, the flux
density will increase in the
reverse direction.
For current i1, the flux density will correspond to point e.
If H is now decreased to zero and then increased to the
value H1, the BH curve will follow the path efga. The loop
does not close.
If H is varied for another cycle, the final operating point is a.
Prof. Adel Gastli
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1.2 HYSTERESIS
The operating points a and a are
closer together than points a and a.
After a few cycles of magnetization,
the loop almost closes, and it is
called the hysteresis loop.
The loop shows that the relationship
between B and H is nonlinear and
multivalued.
56
1.2 HYSTERESIS
Smaller hysteresis loops are
obtained by decreasing the
amplitude of variation of the
magnetic intensity.
The locus of the tip of the
hysteresis loop (shown dashed) is
called the magnetization curve.
If the iron is magnetized from an initial unmagnetized
condition, the flux density will follow the magnetization
curve.
In some magnetic cores, the hysteresis loop is very narrow.
If the hysteresis effect is neglected for such cores, the BH
characteristic is represented by the magnetization curve.
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58
59
d
eN
dt
t2
t2
t1
t1
t1
W pdt eidt
2
d
N
idt Nid
1
dt
60
Hl
i
N
B2
B1
B2
Hl
N
AdB lA HdB
B1
N
B2
W Vcore HdB
B1
W
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cycle
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The power loss in the core due to the hysteresis effect is:
Ph VcoreWh f
Frequency of variation
of the current i.
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Ph VcoreWh f
Ph K h B
n
max
Higher f
higher Ph
63
d
e
dt
Faradays law
64
65
Pe K e B
2
max
66
Pc Ph Pe
Core Loss
67
68
HdB
Dynamic
Loop
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CHAPTER CONTENT
1.1
Magnetic Circuits
1.2
Hysteresis
1.3
Sinusoidal Excitation
1.4
Permanent Magnet
Electrical Machines Chapter1: Magnetic Circuits
70
71
(t ) max sin t
90o
Prof. Adel Gastli
d
e(t ) N
dt
N max cos t
Emax cos t
Electrical Machines Chapter1: Magnetic Circuits
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Erms
Emax N max 2
Nf max
2
2
2
73
74
H max
Bmax
r 0
75
76
Solution
100V
e
E=100V
+max
1/60
t
-100V -max
d
eN
dt
N d e dt
N E t
N
2 fN
100
max
0.833 10 3 Wb
2 60 500 2
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78
Without Hysteresis
Prof. Adel Gastli
With Hysteresis
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4
3
4
3
2
3
2
5
13
6
7
12
7 1 , 13
9 11
12
10
12
9
11
11
9
10
10
FIGURE 1.18 Exciting current for no hysteresis: i characteristic and exciting current.
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FIGURE 1.18 Exciting current for no hysteresis. (a) i characteristic and exciting
current. (b) Equivalent circuit. (c) Phasor diagram.
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FIGURE 1.18 Exciting current with hysteresis loop. (a) i loop and exciting
current. (b) Phasor diagram. (c) Equivalent circuit..
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CHAPTER CONTENT
1.1
Magnetic Circuits
1.2
Hysteresis
1.3
Sinusoidal Excitation
1.4
Permanent Magnet
Electrical Machines Chapter1: Magnetic Circuits
84
85
86
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDa6mW1c5kU
Prof. Adel Gastli
1:37
87
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfmZvdwAils
Prof. Adel Gastli
5:50
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