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Indonesia !

Interior of the Earth

The earth consists of four concentric shells, which are separated by three discontinuities. At
these boundaries, earthquake waves changes in speed and direction. These four shells of the earth are
called the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. They differ in state or condition, in
composition, in density, and in elasticity. The degree of elasticity is factor that determines the speed of
earthquake.
The crust extends down to the Mohorovieie (M-) discontinuity (or Moho) and includes the
continents (which consist mostly of granite) and the ocean basins which consist mostly of basalt. Only
the outer part of crust is visible; deeper rocks may become exposed by uplift, erosion, or may be
brought to the surface by volcanism
The continent and ocean basins are more or less in balance with another. This tendency toward
equilibrium is termed isostasy. The continents stand higher than the ocean basins because they are
lighter. Both the heavy and the light columns of rock, however, are in balance at an unknown depth
called the level of compensation.
Below the crust is the mantle. It consists of two or three zones of rock that are under
considerable pressure, which keeps the rock from the melting at the high temperature that exists there.
The bottom of the mantle is marked by the Wiechert-Gutenberg discontinuity, 1,800 mile down.
The outer core is 1,360 mile thick. In spite of increased pressure at this depth, the temperature is
high enough to keep this zone in a molten state. The composition is believed to be largely iron, perhaps
like that of iron-nickel meteorites.
The inner core extends 790 miles to the center of the earth, where its specific gravity may be
more than 17. The enormous pressure (perhaps 3 million times that at the surface) keeps this zone solid
in spite of the high temperature.
Zoning of the earth is one of the major that must be accounted for by any acceptable hypothesis
of the origin of the earth (see Chap. 1).

Question of Comprehensin :
1. Name the four shells of the earth !
2. Where is moho discontinuety ?
3. What does the crust consist of ?
4. When does deeper rock become exposed on the surface ?
5. How is the condition of the mantle ?
6. Is the inner core in solid or molted state ?

Answer these questions!

1. The rocky part of the earth is the ( a. core

b. lithosphere

2. The molten zone within the earth is the ( a. mantle b. ocean

c. isostasy )
c. outer core )

3. The zone between the crust and the core is the

4. A discontinuity is ( a. the boundary between zones of the earths interior
isostatic balance

b. an anomaly in

c. the margin of the continents )

5. Deep rocks of the earths crust may come to the surface: true or false?
6. The continents and ocean basins are in balance because of ( a. anomalies

b. volcanism

c. isostasy )
7. The earths crust is thickest ( a. in the center of the pacific ocean
mountain ranges

c. in river deltas )

8. The Moho is the boundary ( a. between the outer and inner core
b. between the mantle and core

c. between the crust and mantle)

b. beneath

9. The crust of the earth is composed of ( a. granite and basalt b. hydrosphere and atmosphere c.
peridotite and pallasite )
10. Our knowledge of the earths interior has been gained mostly by ( a. drilling oil wells b.
studying seismic waves c. observing volcanoes )