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8.

What is a project? And classification of projects?

Explain the characteristics of projects?
What are the steps involved in a projects?
What do you mean by project formulation?
Explain the several aspect of project formulation?
What are the different steps of project formulation?
Explain how do you identify the project and state the methods of scouting for project ideas?
What is SWOT analysis? And explain in details
The acronym SWOT stands for strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats.
Any entity has its own strengths and weakness and it is surrounded by an environment
which provide opportunities and wield threats.
An organization must take stock of its strengths and weakness and also of the
opportunities and threats offered / posed by the environment and analyze how best it
can negotiate with the environment gives its strengths and weakness and the latters
opportunities and threats. Such analysis is called SWOT analysis.

Strengths:
The strengths of the projects and the sponsors must be threadbare known.
The strengths of the individual projects / sponsors differ.
Generally the strengths may include
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)

Research and Development infrastructure

Enough resources to spend on market promotion
Brand equity built through years of brand building
Management team culture that is adaptive to changing needs of the environs.
Clout over political bosses in most countries
Ability to tide over troughs and droughts in profits
Significant market stakes
Presence in different markets across the globe
Strong project leadership
Ability to taken on competition head on by innate skills

Weaknesses:
The weakness of the projects and the sponsors may include
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

Inability to reach deep into downstream markets

Inability to play local cards and sentiments when the project is seen in an alien prism,
mostly suffered by MNC projects, infrastructure projects
High labour and administration cost
High degree of risk and uncertainty in availability of various inputs
Dangers of environmental infidelity of the projects

Opportunities:
The opportunities of the projects include
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Expanding global trade

Enhanced global investment
Liberalization drive by many governments

(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)

Privatization drive by many governments

Globalization drive by many governments
Welcome patronage by consumers worldwide
Emerging unified business, finance investment and labour laws
Protection underTRIPS, TRIMS etc under WTO and other multilateral bodies
Widespread reception for global capital flows
Widespread opportunities for mergers, acquisitions, strategic alliance and joint ventures

Threats:
The threats include
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)

Agitations by non governemtn organization against the designs of big companies

Agitations by communist and labours across the globe
Local sentiments expressed by influential personalities in each region
Consumers outcry against exploitations by big companies
Terrorism specifically targeting assets of big business
Discriminative businesslaws in certain countries
Not so feel good feeling that generally prevails in third world countries about
business leaders
Competition among business and hostile takeovers

Sponsors of the projects must make a thorough SWOT analysis of their projects.
This will help aligning the projects well with the social, political, competitive and other environment
segments very effectively.
The strengths must be multiplied and opportunities added on and aggregated. The weakness must
be subtracted and threats must be divided.
This simple mathematics of SWOT will immensely help project administrators to have strategic
advantages.

9.

What are the steps in project identification?

The project identification may be broadly divided into four stages,
A. Conceptual stage
where project ideas are generated?
B. Screening stage
at which unviable ideas are eliminated?
C. Preliminary choice stage
at which viable projects are selected?
D. Pre feasibility stage
at which pre feasibility studies are taken up?
Conceptual stage:
A number of project ideas are generated either by the officials or non- officials in
business and governments and by entrepreneurs individually or collectively who are
conversant with the area.
In this context, one has to examine the potentialities of the projects, development and
other associated problems, needs and aspirations of the people of the concerned area.

Screening stage:
In the second stage project ideas generated above are screened in a preliminary
exercise to weed out the unviable ideas.
All project ideas would not pass the screening test.
Some project ideas may be imaginary to warrant any serious consideration
Preliminary choice stage:
The third stage is the preliminary choice stage. Here the project idea is confirmed to be
worthy of serious consideration.
Pre feasibility stage:
Pre feasibility stage involves project idea being almost selected for detailed feasibility
analysis, prefeasibility study is an intermediate stage between an investment
opportunity study and a detailed feasibility study and these can be differentiated mainly
on the basis of information required for respective stages.
10. Describe the content of project report?
11. State the concept and significance of project report
12. What are the needs for feasibility report and components of feasibility reports