QUESTION: How do I apply the T60 differential protection element to provide efficient

transformer protection?
Differential protection is the primary transformer protection, and therefore correct
configuration of the T60 Percent Differential is important.
The power system, transformer, and CTs all influence the application.
The T60 Percent Differential protection has trip/restrain characteristic composed by
setting a pick-up, two slopes and and associated breakpoints. The characteristic in the
diagram below is defined by the following settings:

Minimum PKP, pu

Slope 1 , %

Break 1, pu

Break 2, pu

Slope 2, %
Id, pu

Slope 2

Slope1
min PKP
Break 1

Break 2

Ir, pu

It is important for the user to know the meaning of the percentage settings of Slope1 and
2, and in the per unit values of the Min PKP, Break 1 and 2.
A T60 Percent Differential element per unit value refers to setting scaled to the
identified UNIT CT.
The UNIT CT is the smallest ratio of CT primary rated-, to nominal winding-currents, for
the transformer windings and their respective CTs:
For example the transformer: Dy30, 100MVA, 220kV/69kV, has CT1(500:1) on the
Delta winding, and CT2(1000:1) on Wye winding.
I nom( Delta ) = 100 MVA /( 3x 220kV ) = 262.43 Amps

I nom(Wye ) = 100 MVA /( 3 x69kV ) = 836.73 Amps

Dividing the primary current rating with nominal current:
CT 1 / I nom ( Delta) = 500 / 262.43 = 1.9 and,
CT 2 / I nom(Wye ) = 1000 / 836.73 = 1.195
CT2s calculated ratio is lower and it is therefore the unit CT value is 1000 A.

Now we can elaborate on the per unit settings:

For this example a Minimum Pickup setting of 0.1 pu is equal to 0.1x1000 = 100 A
differential current. This setting should be larger then the transformer magnetizing
current and the steady state CT errors during no load conditions.
The Break 1 setting is based on the previously defined pu value of the full load
transformer current. The information for the different MVA transformer loads, can be
obtained from the transformers nameplate.
The Break 2 setting is based on the saturation limit for each winding CT during external
faults. The Break 2 is the minimum pu current causing CT saturation, for all CTs.
Slope 1 and Slope 2 express the slope of the operating characteristic as a function of
differential current (Id) and restraint current (Ir)
v
v
Id = i1( comp) + i2 ( comp)
v
Ir = max( i1( comp) , i2 (comp ) )

Slope =

Id
*100%, pu
Ir

Slope 1 is the slope setting from pickup to Break 1, and should is based on CT errors
during normal load currents and from tap changes.
Slope 2 identifies the slope where the CT saturation are likely and maximum restraint is
required. A recommended setting is 98%, which gives provided stability if one CT is
partly saturated during an external fault. It implies that a large differential current is
required for an differential operation .

--- end of public record ---Author: Lubo Sevov

Date: June 25, 2001
Products: T60
Keywords: T60, transformer differential protection, setting calculations
Reviewed by: Mara Scutelnicu
Reviewed on: July 5, 2001
Approved by: Bogdan Kasztenny
Approved on: July 5, 2001