Sunteți pe pagina 1din 8

THEARTHROPODCOLLECTION

AMPHIPODS

CompiledbyArthurMacKay

Welcometo

THEARTHROPODCOLLECTION

AMPHIPODS

CompiledbyArthurMacKay
Bocabec,NB,Canada

Theseresourcesarefrommyreferencelibraryandfilecabinet...realandvirtual.Theyare
createdfromthecontentsoftheworkingreferenceandpublicationfilesofArtMacKayandare
madeavailableforreferencepurposes.Theycontaindocuments,drawings,photographsand
otherresourcesaccumulatedovera50yearperiod,includingpublicdomainmaterialsaswell
asmaterialswithcopyrightsheldbyArthurMacKayandothers.ArtMacKaycanbecontactedat
library@bayoffundy.catoclarifyavailabilityforfurtherpublication.

PublicdomainWikibooksfromWikipediaareusedwherepossible.Theyprovideexcellentbasic
information,links,andimageswhichareaddedtomyprivatecollections

MARINEAMPHIPODS

MarineAmphipodsareonesmallsubgroupofthephylumarthropoda(fromGreekarthro,joint+
podos,foot).Theyhaveanexternalskeleton,asegmentedbody,andpairedappendages.The
phylumincludestheinsects,arachnids,myriapods,andcrustaceans.Theyarecharacterizedbytheir
jointedlimbsandcuticlemadeofchitin.Thearthropodbodyplanconsistsofsegments,eachwitha
pairofappendages.Therigidcuticleinhibitsgrowth,soarthropodsreplaceitperiodicallyby
moulting.Theirversatilityhasenabledthemtobecomethemostspeciesrichphylawithovera
milliondescribedspecies,makingupmorethan80%ofalldescribedlivinganimalspecies.

ThiscollectioncoversonesmallgroupcalledAmphipods.

Youcanviewourresourcelibraryatourbox.comcloudsite.Clickhere.

Amphipoda
carries the mouthparts, but these are mostly concealed.[7]

Amphipoda is an order of malacostracan crustaceans


with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed
bodies. Amphipods range in size from 1 to 340 millimetres (0.039 to 13 in) and are mostly detritivores or
scavengers. There are more than 9,500 amphipod species
so far described. They are mostly marine animals, but
are found in almost all aquatic environments. Some 1900
species live in fresh water, and the order also includes
terrestrial animals and sandhoppers such as Talitrus saltator.

Etymology and names

Description

The thorax and abdomen are usually quite distinct and


bear dierent kinds of legs; they are typically laterally
compressed, and there is no carapace.[6] The thorax bears
eight pairs of uniramous appendages, the rst of which
are used as accessory mouthparts; the next four pairs are
directed forwards, and the last three pairs are directed
backwards.[6] Gills are present on the thoracic segments,
and there is an open circulatory system with a heart, using
haemocyanin to carry oxygen in the haemolymph to the
tissues. The uptake and excretion of salts is controlled by
special glands on the antennae.[4]

The abdomen is divided into two parts: the pleosome


which bears swimming legs; and the urosome, which
The name Amphipoda comes, via the New Latin amphi- comprises a telson and three pairs of uropods which do
poda, from the Greek roots (dierent) and not form a tail fan as they do in animals such as true
(foot), in reference to two kinds of legs that amphipods shrimp.[6]
possess. This contrasts with the related Isopoda, which
have a single kind of thoracic leg.[3] Particularly among
anglers, amphipods are known as freshwater shrimp, 2.2 Size
scuds or sideswimmers.[4][5]

2.1

Anatomy
Head

Pereon

Pleon
Pleosome Urosome

Eye

Rostrum

Antenna 2
Antenna 1

Gnathopods
(Pereopods 1 & 2)

Telson

Pereopod 6
Pleopods

Uropods

Diagram of the anatomy of the gammaridean amphipod


Leucothoe incisa

Amphipods are typically less than 10 millimetres (0.39 in) long

Amphipods are typically less than 10 millimetres (0.39


The body of an amphipod is divided into 13 segments, in) long, but the largest recorded living amphipods were
which can be grouped into a head, a thorax and an 28 centimetres (11 in) long, and were photographed at a
abdomen.[4]
depth of 5,300 metres (17,400 ft) in the Pacic Ocean.[8]
The head is fused to the thorax, and bears two pairs of Samples from the Atlantic Ocean with a reconstructed
antennae and one pair of sessile compound eyes.[6] It also length of 34 centimetres (13 in) have been assigned to
1

4 ECOLOGY

the same species, Alicella gigantea.[9] The smallest known


amphipods are less than 1 millimetre (0.04 in) long.[10]
The size of amphipods is limited by the availability of
dissolved oxygen, such that the amphipods in Lake Titicaca at an altitude of 3,800 metres (12,500 ft) can only
grow up to 22 millimetres (0.87 in), compared to lengths
of 90 millimetres (3.5 in) in Lake Baikal at 455 metres
(1,500 ft).[11]

2.3

fossil record of the order Amphipoda is meagre, comprising specimens of 12 species dating back only as far as
the Upper Eocene, where they have been found in Baltic
amber.[17][18]

4 Ecology

Reproduction and life cycle

Mature females bear a marsupium, or brood pouch, which


holds her eggs while they are fertilised,[4] and until the
young are ready to hatch.[6] As a female ages, she produces more eggs in each brood. Mortality is around 25%
50% for the eggs.[4] There are no larval stages; the eggs
hatch directly into a juvenile form, and sexual maturity
is generally reached after 6 moults.[4] Some species have
been known to eat their own exuviae after moulting[4]

Diversity and classication


Talitrus saltator is an abundant animal of sandy beaches around

Over 9,500 species of amphipods are currently Europe.


recognised.[12] Traditionally they were placed in
the four suborders Gammaridea (which contained
the majority of taxa, including all the freshwater and
terrestrial species[7] ), Caprellidea, Hyperiidea, and
Ingolellidea (the latter with only 40 species[13] ).
The classication of the Amphipoda is however being rearranged to better reect their phylogeny, the relationships within the suborder Gammaridea having suered
from the most confusion. A new classication has been
developed in the works of Lowry & Myers, where a new
large suborder Senticaudata was split o from the Gammaridea in 2013.[14][15] That taxon, which also encompasses the previous Caprellidea, now comprises over half
of the known amphipod species.[12] The classication
given below, from the rank of suborder down to super- Dorsal (top) view of a newly discovered amphipod living in a
family, however still represents the traditional division as commensal relationship with a bamboo coral
given in Martin & Davis (2001),[16] except that superfamAmphipods are found in almost all aquatic environilies are recognised here within the Gammaridea.
ments, from fresh water to water with twice the salinity
[4]
an important
Ampelisca
brevicornis
(Gammaridea: of sea water. They are almost always
[19]
often
acting as
component
of
aquatic
ecosystems,
Ampeliscidae)
mesograzers.[20] Most species in the suborder Gam Lepidepecreum
longicorne
(Gammaridea: maridea are epibenthic, although they are often collected
Lysianassidae)
in plankton samples. Members of the Hyperiidea are all
planktonic and marine.[6] Many are symbionts of gelati Pariambus typicus (Caprellidea: Caprellidae)
nous animals, including salps, medusae, siphonophores,
colonial radiolarians and ctenophores, and most hyperi Hyperia galba (Hyperiidea: Hyperiidae)
ids are associated with gelatinous animals during some
part of their life cycle.[21] Some 1,900 species, or 20% of
the total amphipod diversity, live in fresh water or other
3.1 Fossil record
non-marine waters. Notably rich endemic amphipod fauAmphipods are thought to have originated in the Lower nas are found in the ancient Lake Baikal and waters of
Carboniferous. Despite the groups age, however, the the Caspian Sea basin.[22]

3
The landhoppers of the family Talitridae (which also includes semi-terrestrial and marine animals) are terrestrial,
living in damp environments such as leaf litter.[23] Landhoppers have a wide distribution in areas that were formerly part of Gondwanaland, but have colonised parts of
Europe and North America in recent times.

satory feeding may also explain the year-round presence


of A. longimana in certain waters.[27] Because algal presence changes throughout the year in certain communities, the evolution of exible feeding techniques such as
compensatory feeding may have been benecial to survival.[27]

Ampithoe longimana has been observed to avoid certain


compounds when foraging for food.[28] In response to
this avoidance, species of seaweed such as Dictyopteris
membranacea or Dictyopteris hoytii have evolved to produce C11 sulfur compounds and C-9 oxo-acids in their
In populations found in Benthic ecosystems, am- bodies as defense mechanisms that specically deter amof deterrence to consumption by other
phipods play an essential role in controlling brown al- phipods instead
[28]
predators.
[20]
gae growth. The mesograzer behaviour of amphipods
greatly contributes to the suppression of brown algal dom- The incidence of cannibalism and intraguild predation is
inance in the absence of amphipod predators.[20] Am- relatively high in some species,[29] although adults may
phipods display a strong preference for brown algae in decrease cannibalistic behaviour directed at juveniles
Benthic ecosystems, but due to removal of mesograzers when they are likely to encounter their own ospring.[30]
by predators such as sh, brown algae is able to dominate In addition to age, the gender seems to aect cannibalistic
these communities over green and red algae species.[20]
behaviour as males cannibalised newly moulted females
less than males.[29]
Around 750 species in 160 genera and 30 families
are troglobitic, and are found in almost all suitable
habitats, but with their centres of diversity in the
Mediterranean Basin, southeastern North America and
the Caribbean.[24]

4.1

Morphology

Compared to other crustacean groups, such as the


Isopoda, Rhizocephala or Copepoda, relatively few amphipods are parasitic on other animals. The most notable example of parasitic amphipods are the whale lice
(family Cyamidae); unlike other amphipods, these are
dorso-ventrally attened, and have large, strong claws,
with which they attach themselves to baleen whales. They
are the only parasitic crustaceans which cannot swim during any part of their life cycle.[25]

4.2

Foraging behaviour

Most amphipods are detritivores or scavengers,[4] with


some being grazers of algae, omnivores or predators[6]
of small insects and crustaceans.[4] Food is grasped with
the front two pairs of legs, which are armed with large
claws.[4] More immobile species of amphipods eat higher
quantities of less nutritious food rather than actively seeking more nutritious food.[26] This is a type of compensatory feeding.[26] This behaviour may have evolved
to minimise predation risk when searching for other
foods.[26] Ampithoe longimana, for example, is more
sedentary than other species and have been observed to
remain on host plants longer.[26] In fact, when presented
with both high- and low-nutrition food options, the sedentary species Ampithoe longimana does not distinguish between the two options.[26] Other amphipod species, such
as Gammarus mucronatus and Elasmopus levis, which
have superior predator avoidance and are more mobile,
are better able to pursue dierent food sources.[26] In
species without the compensatory feeding ability, survivorship, fertility, and growth can be strongly negatively
aected in the absence of high-quality food.[26] Compen-

5 References
[1] WoRMS (2014). J. Lowry, eds. Amphipoda. World
Amphipoda database. World Register of Marine Species.
Retrieved 2014-05-23.
[2] Amphipoda. Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
[3] Amphipoda. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.).
Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription
or UK public library membership required.)
[4] Wade, Sam; Corbin, Tracy; McDowell, Linda-Marie
(2004). Class Crustacea. Critter Catalogue. A guide to
the aquatic invertebrates of South Australian inland waters
(PDF). Waterwatch South Australia. ISBN 1-876562-676.
[5] Chan, Brian. Freshwater shrimp (scuds, sideswimmers)
Class: Crustacea, Order: Amphipoda. Fly Fishers Republic. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010.
Retrieved April 7, 2010.
[6] Order Amphipoda. Guide to the marine zooplankton of
south eastern Australia. Tasmanian Aquaculture & Fisheries Institute. 2008.
[7] Holsinger, John R. What are amphipods?". Old Dominion University. Retrieved April 7, 2010.
[8] Barnard, J. Laurens; Bowers, Darl E.; Haderlie, Eugene
C. (1980). Amphipoda: The Amphipods and Allies. In
Morris, Robert H.; Morris, Robert Hugh; Abbott, Donald Putnam; Haderlie, Eugene Clinton. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford University Press. pp. 559
566. ISBN 0-8047-1045-7.

[9] Barnard, J. Laurens; Ingram, Camilla L. (1986). The


supergiant amphipod Alicella gigantea Chevreux from the
North Pacic Gyre. Journal of Crustacean Biology. 6
(4): 825839. doi:10.2307/1548395. JSTOR 1548395.
[10] Wol, T. (1969). The fauna of Rennell and Bellona, Solomon Islands. Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 255 (800): 321343. doi:10.1098/rstb.1969.0014.
JSTOR 2416857.
[11] Peck, L. S.; Chapelle, G. (2003).
Reduced
oxygen at high altitude limits maximum size.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 270: S166S167.
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0054.
[12] Introduction World Amphipoda Database (read 15 February 2014)
[13] Vonk, R.; Schram, F. R. (2003). Ingolellidea (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Amphipoda): a phylogenetic and
biogeographic analysis. Contributions to Zoology. 72 (1):
3972.
[14] Lowry, J. K.; Myers, A. A. (2013). A phylogeny and
classication of the Senticaudata subord. nov. (Crustacea: Amphipoda)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3610 (1): 180.
doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3610.1.1.
[15] WoRMS (2013). J. Lowry, eds. Senticaudata. World
Amphipoda database. World Register of Marine Species.
Retrieved October 1, 2013.
[16] Martin, Joel W.; Davis, George E. (2001). An Updated
Classication of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. p. 132.
[17] Bouseld, E. L.; Poinar, G. O., Jr. (1994). A new terrestrial amphipod from tertiary amber deposits of Chiapas
province, Southern Mexico. Historical Biology. 7 (2):
105114. doi:10.1080/10292389409380448.
[18] The species Rosagammarus minichiellus from the considerably older Late Triassic Luning Formation of Nevada
was originally described as an amphipod, but subsequently
reinterpreted as the right half of a decapod tail (Starr,
Hegna & McMenamin 2015, The Geological Society of
America North-Central Section 49th Annual Meeting )
[19] Lowry, J. K.; Springthorpe, R. T. Introduction. Amphipoda: Families. Australian Museum. Retrieved April
5, 2010.
[20] Duy, J. E.; Hay, Mark E. (2000).
Strong
impacts of grazing amphipods on the organization of a benthic community.
Ecological
doi:10.1890/0012Monographs.
70: 237263.
9615(2000)070[0237:SIOGAO]2.0.CO;2.
[21] Harbison, G. R.; Biggs, D. C.; Madin, L. P. (1977). The
associations of Amphipoda Hyperiidea with gelatinous
zooplankton. II. Associations with Cnidaria, Cteuophora
and Radiolaria. Deep-Sea Research. 24 (5): 465488.
doi:10.1016/0146-6291(77)90484-2.

EXTERNAL LINKS

[22] Vinl, R.; Witt, J. D. S.; Grabowski, M.; Bradbury,


J. H.; Jazdzewski, K.; Sket, B. (2008). Global diversity of amphipods (Amphipoda, Crustacea) in freshwater (PDF). Hydrobiologia.
595 (1): 241255.
doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9020-6.
[23] Minor, M. A.; Robertson, A. W. (March 5, 2010).
Amphipoda. Guide to New Zealand Soil Invertebrates.
Massey University. Archived from the original on 10 May
2010. Retrieved April 7, 2010.
[24] Hobbs, Horton H., III (2003). Crustacea. In Gunn,
John. Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science (PDF).
Routledge. pp. 254257. ISBN 978-1-57958-399-6.
[25] Goater, Tim (May 4, 1996). Parasitic Amphipoda. Interactive Parasitology. Vancouver Island University. Retrieved April 7, 2010.
[26] Cruz-Rivera, Edwin; Hay, Mark E. (2000). Can
quantity replace quality?
Food choice, compensatory feeding, and tness of marine mesograzers. Ecology. 81: 201219. doi:10.1890/00129658(2000)081[0201:CQRQFC]2.0.CO;2.
[27] Cruz-Rivera, Edwin; Hay, Mark E. (2001). Macroalgal
traits and the feeding and tness of an herbivorous amphipod: the roles of selectivity, mixing, and compensation. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 218: 249266.
doi:10.3354/meps218249.
[28] Schnitzler, Iris; Pohnert, Georg; Hay, Mark; Boland,
Wilhelm (2001). Chemical defense of brown algae
(Dictyopteris spp.) against the herbivorous amphipod
Ampithoe longimana". Oecologia. 126 (4): 515521.
doi:10.1007/s004420000546.
[29] Dick, Jaimie T. A. (1995). The cannibalistic behaviour of two Gammarus species (Crustacea: Amphipoda)". Journal of Zoology. 236 (4): 697706.
doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb02740.x.
[30] Lewis, Susan E.; Dick, Jaimie T. A.; Lagerstrom, Erin K.;
Clarke, Hazel C. (2010). Avoidance of lial cannibalism
in the amphipod Gammarus pulex". Ethology. 116 (2):
138146. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01726.x.

6 External links
Media related to Amphipoda at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Amphipoda at Wikispecies

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1

Text

Amphipoda Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphipoda?oldid=734382790 Contributors: Shyamal, Dori, Ronz, Kils, Phil Boswell,
RedWolf, Seglea, Lady Tenar, DocWatson42, Mark.murphy, Tagishsimon, JoJan, Vic Fontaine, Bender235, DS1953, Arcadian, Jumbuck, TheParanoidOne, Kazvorpal, Stemonitis, Woohookitty, Rjwilmsi, Mahlum~enwiki, SchuminWeb, Eubot, Sharkface217, Gdrbot, Dj
Capricorn, YurikBot, RobotE, Dysmorodrepanis~enwiki, Snek01, Obey, Epipelagic, Igin, Lycaon, Tom Lougheed, Eskimbot, Hibernian,
Droll, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Nataraja87, Abyssal, Richard001, Rory096, Iancrose, MTSbot~enwiki, Kaarel, OS2Warp,
Cooljeanius, AndrewHowse, Reywas92, PKT, JamesAM, Qwyrxian, Headbomb, Rosarinagazo, AntiVandalBot, Liquid-aim-bot, Aledubr~enwiki, Baristarim, Atarr, Anaxial, CommonsDelinker, J.delanoy, Deor, VolkovBot, Crustaceanguy, Broadbot, GoTeamVenture,
Xecoli, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, Uhhhhhhh, Rlendog, VVVBot, Yerpo, Wombatcat, ClueBot, Trfasulo, Vikte, Jotterbot, Sushilover2000,
Esoxid, Fastily, Joeyballer, Addbot, Some jerk on the Internet, Ola, LaaknorBot, Bwrs, , Miotu2, Zorrobot, Laikayiu, Luckas-bot,
AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Kasmeister, Citation bot, Pwnagee, ArthurBot, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, Scud Lover, Mo5b, Circulationsys, Citation
bot 1, Pinethicket, Tsinfandel, Trappist the monk, Mikhail Daneliya, Dinamik-bot, RjwilmsiBot, DASHBot, EmausBot, Chermundy, RenamedUser01302013, Komododragonfan16, ZroBot, Damirgrati, ClueBot NG, Cwmhiraeth, Biopics, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot,
ElphiBot, Blocky1OOO, ChrisGualtieri, Aymankamelwiki, 069952497a, Ttjew, W.lin17, Lysdal1234, Darrend1967, KasparBot, R-NH2,
BabyPug49, Anon2831, Random6251 and Anonymous: 65

7.2

Images

File:Amphipodredkils_(flipped).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Amphipodredkils_%28flipped%


29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amphipodredkils.jpg Original artist: Uwe kils
File:Charybdis_japonica.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Charybdis_japonica.jpg License: CCBY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: self
File:Expl1152_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Expl1152_-_
Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: NOAA Photo Library: expl1152 Original artist: Image courtesy
of Brooke et al, NOAA-OE, HBOI.
File:Hyperia_(flipped).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Hyperia_%28flipped%29.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hyperia.jpg Original artist: Uwe Kils
File:Scheme_amphipod_anatomy-en.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Scheme_amphipod_
anatomy-en.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hans Hillewaert
File:Talitrus_saltator_2c.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Talitrus_saltator_2c.jpg License: CC BYSA 2.0 de Contributors: Own work Original artist: Arnold Paul / edited by Waugsberg and Buchling

7.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

S-ar putea să vă placă și