Occurrence of oil dan gas

Four conditions or requirements are necessary in order for large

accumulations of of oil dan gas to form

Source rock a shale must contain organic material which has not been oxidized
and which is converted to petroleum by burial pressure and temperature.
Reservoir rock a place that oil migrates to and is held underground. A
sandstone normally has high porosity in which oil and gas can be trapped. That
is why sandstone is one of the common reservoir rocks. However, more than
50% of the worlds major hydrocarbon reserves are found whitin carbonates.
Limestone and dolostones, some of which are skeletal remains of ancient coral
reefs, are other examples of reservoir rocks
Seal rock ( trap rock ) unlike a reservoir rock, which acts like a sponge, trap
rocks act like walls and ceillings, and will not allow fluids to move through. The
most common trap rock is shale, which, when compared to many sandstones,
has very low permeability. Salt is also a good seal
A Trap a set of conditions to hold the petroleum in a reservoir and prevent its
escape by migration
Some definitions concerning the trap nomenklatur : - crest ( or culmination ) is
the highest point of the trap
-spill point is the lowest point at which hydrocarbons may be contained in the
trap. This lies on horizontal contour, the spill plane
-closure of the trap is a vertical distance crest to spill plane
A trap may contain oil, gas, or both. The oil-water contact (commonly referred to
as OWC ) is the deepest level of producible oil. Similarly, the gas-oil contact
( GOC ), is the lower limit of producible gas. Also it is important to gas overlies
the oil as the gas has a lower density and water will take the lowest position
( the highest density of them )

Any arrangement of strata that permits the accumulations of hydrocarbons

commercial quantities is a trap. A trap therefor has two functions : it receives the
hydrocarbons and it prevens their escape.
If we think in terms of oil and gas being determine migratory, a trap is something
that interrupts the migration and prevents it from continuing. Arrangement of
strata capable this can have a great variety of forms, but all have a single
feature in common : a porous rock at least partialy and close in rock that are

relatively impervious. relatively impervious simply means that the permeability

of the in closing rock must be too low for pressure in temperature conditions of
the areal the oil and gas in the trap to take advantage of it.

Water an important agent in directing the oil and gas into the trap, most traps
are originally water-wet. The production histories of thousands of oil and gas
fields show that water also normally displaces the oil and gas in their traps
during deplesion by production. In addition to receiving oil and gas, a trap must
be able to expel water at depth and later re-admit it traps are not passive
receivers of fluid into otherwise empty space ; they are focal points of active
fluid exchange.
The rock surrounding the trap can under the reservoirs pressure conditions be
impermeable not only to oil and gas but also to water. If this is the case, the
water original in the trap must be displaced downwards by the accumulating oil
and gas; the pool will contain bottom water. If must be water-saturaterd, and the
pool will be bounded laterally by edge water

Structural traps are traps whose geometry was formed by post depositional
tectonic modification ( folding, faulting, and mobility processes )
Combination traps are where two or more trapping mechanism come together to
create trap. In real life many successful oil traps are combination traps.
Stratigraphic traps accumulate oil due to changes in lithology character rather
than faulting or folding of the rock. Such changes may be caused by the original
deposition of the rock, as with a reef or channel. Alternatively, the change in
lithology may be postdepositional, as with truncation or diagenetic traps
Hydrodynamic traps occur as part of other trap types. They show the
accumulations of oil and gas without any apparent seal. In this case the
hydrodynamic movement of water prevent the upward movement of the fluids.

Structural traps
Structural traps are traps whose geometry was formed by tectonic processes
after deposition of beds involved
They are divided into three main groups :
1. anticline traps are produced by compressional folding, by uplift, and by drape
over older tectonically created features
2. fault traps ( traps produced by faulting )

3. traps formed by deformation of the overburden by mobile material, such as

salt, ( salt dome trap ) or shale
Sometimes it is possible to find a trap where a single tectonic process took
place, but frequently two or more of the named processes ( folding, faulting, and
mobility processes ) are involved with equal importance in the creation of a trap.
Structural traps do not occur at random. The types and distribution of them are
closely relatred to the regional tectonic conditions and history of the region in
which they are found

Anticline traps
The anticline trap is a classical trap type in petroleum geology. An anticline is an
example of rock which were previously flat, but have been bent into an arch,
where it may be trapped
The anticline, or fold, traps may be subdivided into two classes : compactional
anticlines and compressional anticlines
Compactional anticlines are formed by crustal tension. Where crustal tension
causes a sedimentary basin to form, the floor is commonly split into a mosaic of
basement horsts and grabens. The initial phase of deposition infills this irregular
topography. Throughout the history of the basin, the initial structural architecture
usually persists, controlling subsequent sedimentary. Thus anticlines may occur
in the sediment cover above deep-seated horsts.
Anticline traps caused by compression are most likely to be found in, or adjacent
to, subductive troughs, where there is a net shortening of the earths crust. Thus
fields in such traps are found within, and adjacent to. Mountain chains in many
part of the world. One of the best known oil provincecs with production from
compressional anticline occurs in iran. The main producing horizon Is the asmari
limestone ( lower Miocene ), a reservoir with extensive fracture porosity; the seal
rock is provided by evaporates of the lower fars group ( Miocene )

FAULT TRAPS
Fault traps are formed by movement of rock along a fault line. In some cases, the
reservoir rock has move opposite a layer of impermeable rock. The impermeable
rock thus prevents the oil from escaping. In other cases, the fault itself can be a
very effective trap. Although many fields are trapped by a combination of
faulting, pure fault teaps are rare. That is why fault plays an indirect but
essential role in the entrapment of many fields
Bailey and stoneley (1981) have shown that there are eight theretorical
configurations of petroleum traps associated with faulting. These configurations
are dawn on the assumption that oil can move across, but not up, the fault plane
when permeable sands are juxtaposed.

Diapiric traps
Diapiric traps are produced by the upward movement of sediments that are
less dense than those overlung them ( selley, 1998 ) in this situation the
sediments tend to move upward diapirically, ang, many form diverse