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Statistics
Mode
Mean
x
= mean value
xi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3,
n = number of data values
(x
Median
Place data in ascending order.
If n is odd, median = central value
If n is even, median = mean of two central values
Standard Deviation
= standard deviation
xi = individual data value ( x1, x2, x3,
Range
Probability
Independent Events
P (A and B and C) = PAPBPC
Frequency
P (A or B) = PA + PB
P (A or B) = probability of either mutually exclusive
event A or B occurring in a trial
PA = probability of event A
xi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3,
n = number of data values
Conditional Probability
PLTW, Inc.
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Engineering Formulas
IED POE
DE
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
Plane Geometry
Ellipse
Rectangle
2b
Circle
Perimeter = 2a + 2b
Area = ab
2a
Triangle
Parallelogram
h
Area = bh
a = b + c 2bccosA
2
2
2
b = a + c 2accosB
2
2
2
c = a + b 2abcosC
A
b
Regular Polygons
Right Triangle
2
Area = bh
c =a +b
n = number of sides
a
h
Trapezoid
Area = (a + b)h
h
h
b
h
Solid Geometry
Cube
Sphere
Volume = s
2
Surface Area = 6s
Volume =
r
Surface Area = 4
Rectangular Prism
Cylinder
h
Volume = wdh
Surface Area = 2(wd + wh + dh)
Volume = r h
Surface Area = 2
r h+2
Irregular Prism
r
Volume = Ah
A = area of base
Pyramid
h
A = area of base
PLTW, Inc.
Constants
2
Engineering Formulas
IED POE
DE
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
Conversions
Mass
Area
Force
2
1 acre = 4047 m
2
= 43,560 ft
2
= 0.00156 mi
1 kg
= 2.205 lbm
1 slug = 32.2 lbm
1 ton = 2000 lbm
1N
1 kip
Energy
= 0.225 lbf
= 1,000 lbf
1J
= 0.239 cal
-4
= 9.48 x 10 Btu
= 0.7376 ftlbf
1kW h = 3,600,000 J
Pressure
Length
Volume
1m
1 km
1 in.
1 mi
1 yd
= 3.28 ft
= 0.621 mi
= 2.54 cm
= 5280 ft
= 3 ft
1L
1mL
1 atm
= 0.264 gal
3
= 0.0353 ft
= 33.8 fl oz
3
= 1 cm = 1 cc
1psi
Temperature Unit
Equivalents
Time
1d
1h
1 min
1 yr
1K
= 24 h
= 60 min
= 60 s
= 365 d
= 1 C
= 1.8 F
= 1.8 R
= 1.01325 bar
= 33.9 ft H2O
= 29.92 in. Hg
= 760 mm Hg
= 101,325 Pa
= 14.7 psi
= 2.31 ft of H2O
Defined Units
1J
1N
1 Pa
1V
1W
1W
1 Hz
1F
1H
Power
1W
= 3.412 Btu/h
= 0.00134 hp
= 14.34 cal/min
= 0.7376 ftlbf/s
= 1 Nm
= 1 kgm / s2
= 1 N / m2
=1W/A
=1J/s
=1V/A
= 1 s-1
= 1 As / V
= 1 Vs / V
SI Prefixes
Numbers Less Than One
Power of 10
Prefix
Abbreviation
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18
10-21
10-24
decicentimillimicronanopicofemtoattozeptoyocto-
Equations
Mass and Weight
d
c
m
n
p
f
a
z
y
Temperature
TK = TC + 273
M = VDm
TR = TF + 460
W = mg
TF =
PLTW, Inc.
da
h
k
M
G
T
P
E
Z
Y
Force
F = ma
F = force
m = mass
a = acceleration
Tc + 32
W = VDw
V = volume
Dm = mass density
m = mass
Dw = weight density
g = acceleration due to gravity
decahectokiloMegaGigaTeraPetaExaZettaYotta-
Engineering Formulas
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
MP = 0
IED POE
DE
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
Equations (Continued)
Energy: Work
Electricity
Ohms Law
Fluid Mechanics
V = IR
P = IV
W = work
F = force parallel to direction of
displacement
d = displacement
Power
Efficiency
y
Pout = useful power output
Pin = total power input
(Gay-L
p1V1 = p2V2
P = power
E = energy
W = work
t = time
= torque
rpm = revolutions per minute
RT (series) = R1 + R2+ + Rn
B y L
Q = Av
IT = I1 + I2 + + In
or
A1v1 = A2v2
VT = V1 + V2 + + Vn
or
absolute pressure = gauge pressure
+ atmospheric pressure
p = absolute pressure
F = Force
A = Area
V = volume
T = absolute temperature
Q = flow rate
v = flow velocity
V = voltage
VT = total voltage
I = current
IT = total current
R = resistance
RT = total resistance
P = power
Thermodynamics
Mechanics
Energy: Potential
g
U = potential energy
m =mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height
Energy: Kinetic
L
A1v1 = A2v2
g
v = v0 + at
d = d0 + v0t + at
2
v = v0 + 2a(d d0)
K = kinetic energy
m = mass
v = velocity
Energy: Thermal
Q = thermal energy
m = mass
c = specific heat
T = change in temperature
PLTW, Inc.
= dFsin
g
y
v = velocity
a = acceleration
X = range
t = time
d = change in displacement
d = distance
g = acceleration due to gravity
= angle
= torque
F = force
Engineering Formulas
-8
e = emissivity constant
L = thickness
T1, T2 = temperature at time 1, time 2
v = flow velocity
POE 4 DE 4
Section Properties
Moment of Inertia
Rectangle Centroid
h
x
xx
and y
and y
and y
Semi-circle Centroid
x x
y y
xi = x distance to centroid of shape i
yi = y distance to centroid of shape i
Ai = Area of shape i
x x
y y
Structural Analysis
Material Properties
Beam Formulas
Reaction
Stress (axial)
B
L
Moment
Deflection
= stress
F = axial force
A = cross-sectional area
B
L
Moment
Reaction
= strain
L0 = original length
= change in length
Moment
Deflection
PLTW, Inc.
and
Deformation: Axial
= deformation
F = axial force
L0 = original length
A = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity
Engineering Formulas
) (at center)
Deflection
(at
E = modulus of elasticity
= stress
= strain
A = cross-sectional area
F = axial force
= deformation
( L L
Moment
(at center)
Reaction
Modulus of Elasticity
(at center)
Deflection
Reaction
Strain (axial)
Truss Analysis
2J = M + R
J = number of joints
M =number of members
R = number of reaction forces
POE 5 AE 4 CEA 4
Simple Machines
Inclined Plane
Mechanical Advantage (MA)
y (
)
Wedge
Lever
Screw
1st
Class
IMA =
Pitch =
2nd
Class
C = Circumference
r = radius
Pitch = distance between
threads
TPI = Threads Per Inch
3rd
Class
Compound Machines
MATOTAL = (MA1) (MA2) (MA3) . . .
Effort at Axle
(
Compound Gears
B
GRTOTAL = ( ) (
Effort at Wheel
Pulley Systems
IMA = Total number of strands of a single string
supporting the resistance
IMA =
PLTW, Inc.
GR = Gear Ratio
in = Angular Velocity - driver
out = Angular Velocity - driven
Nin = Number of Teeth - driver
Nout = Number of Teeth - driven
din = Diameter - driver
dout = Diameter - driven
in = Torque - driver
out = Torque - driven
Engineering Formulas
POE 6