Dept.

of Civil Engineering

Adama University
Chapter 1 DESIGN OF COLUMNS

Columns are the members that take axial compressive load and bending moments. The bending
effect may be due to the lateral loads, end moments, and/or due to eccentricity of the axial loads.
Reinforced concrete columns are classified in EBCS 2, as un-braced (sway) or braced (nonsway), based on how the horizontal loads are transmitted by the super structure to the foundation.
Un-braced Columns (in sway frames): An un-braced structure is one in which frame action is
used to resist horizontal loads (lateral loads due to wind or earthquake). In such structure, beam
and column members may be designed to act together as a rigid frame in transmitting the lateral
forces down to the foundations through bending action in the beams and columns. In such an
instance the columns are said to be un-braced and must be designed to carry both the vertical
(compressive) and lateral (bending) loads. Moments in the columns can substantially reduce the
vertical load carrying capacity.

The frame as a whole may exhibit significant lateral

displacement. The bending moment can increase due to second order effect.
Braced columns (in non-sway frames): If the lateral loads in a frame are transmitted to the
foundation through a system of bracing or shear walls, the column member in such a frame is
said to be braced column and consequently carry only vertical loads. In such a case, second
order effect will be negligible.

Unbraced columns in Sway type of frame

Braced columns in a non sway frame

Second order effect or P- effect: Consider a slender column subjected only to equal and
opposite end moment, M, as shown in figure. The column is bent into a single curvature with a
maximum deflection at the mid height as shown. If the axial compression is applied at the ends
of the column now, additional bending moment is caused due to the axial load acting on the
deformed shape. This additional bending moment causes additional deflection and so on, until
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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1
P

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Adama University
the final maximum deflection is reached at the stage of equilibrium under combined axial force
and bending moments. This is referred to as P- effects. It should be observed that due to P-
effects the maximum moment in the column is larger than the externally applied end moment M.
If the column is short, P- effect is negligible. If the column is slender, P- effect is to be
considered.
M

Max. Moment = M

Max. Moment = M + P

M
P

(Section 4.4.4.4 of EBCS 2) Isolated columns: Columns may be considered as isolated

columns when they are isolated compression members (such as individual isolated columns and
columns with articulations in a non-sway structure), or compression members which are integral
parts of a structure but which are considered to be isolated for design purposes (such as slender
bracing elements considered as isolated columns, and columns with restrained ends in a nonsway structure).
(Section 4.4.5 of EBCS 2) Slenderness ratio:
On the basis of the slenderness ratio columns may be classified as short or long (slender).
- For isolated columns, the slenderness ratio is defined by
L
e
i
Where Le is the effective buckling length
i is the minimum radius of gyration of the concrete section only.
(Section 4.4.6 of EBCS 2) Limits of slenderness ratio:
Generally, the slenderness ratio of concrete columns shall not exceed 140.
Second-order effects in compressive members need not be taken into account in the following
cases:
(a). For sway frames, the greater of the two
25

15

(b).For non sway frames

50 25

M1
M2

Where M1and M2 are the first-order (calculated) moments at the ends, M2 being always positive
and greater in magnitude than M1, and M1 being positive if member is bent in single curvature
and negative if bent in double curvature.

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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1

Dept. of Civil Engineering

d N sd

f cd Ac

N sd

Adama University

design axial load

Effective length of compression members

The effective height (length) of a column is the distance between the two consecutive points of
contra flexure or zero bending moments. The figure shown below may serve this purpose.

0.7L

0.5L

e 0.65L

e L

e 0.8 L

1.2L 0.8L

e 1.2 L

e 0.8 L

e 1.5 L

In accordance with EBCS-2, 1995, the effective length Le for an RC Column is given as,
a. Non-sway mode

Le m 0.4

0.7
L m 0.8

7.5 41 2 1.61 2
1.15
7.5 1 2
Le
1 0.8 m 1.15.
Or Conservatively
L
For the theoretical model shown below.
b. Sway mode

K1 K c
K 11 K 12

K2 Kc
K 21 K 22

2
m 1
2

Le

Lc2

Ic2

Ib22

Ib21
Lc

Ic

Ib12
Lc1

Ib11
Ic1

where K1 and K2 are column stiffness coefficients (EI/L) for the lower and the upper column
respectively. Kc is the stiffness coefficient (EI/L) of the column being designed.
Kij is the effective beam stiffness coefficient (EI/L)
= 1.0 (EI/L) for opposite end elastically or rigidly restrained.
= 0.5 (EI/L) for opposite end free to rotate.
= 0.0 (EI/L) for a cantilever beam.
N sd
0.1
N cr
Where: Nsd the design value of the total vertical load.
Ncr critical vertical load for failure in a sway mode given as
2 EI e
N cr
L2e

For a non sway frame

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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1

Dept. of Civil Engineering

EIe= 0.2EcIc + EsIs

Ec

1100 f cd

Adama University
(or EIe =

Curvature

M bal
0.4 E c I c )
1 rbal

rbal

5 10 3
d

I c= Moment of inertia of the concrete sections

Is = Moment of inertia of reinforcement sections

of the substitute column w.r.to centre

of the conc. section

A frame may be classified as braced if its sway resistance is supplied by a bracing system which
is sufficiently stiff to assume that all horizontal loads are resisted by the bracing system. (Not
more than 10% of the horizontal loads are attracted by the frame)
Reinforcement arrangement & Minimum Code Requirements.
Functions of Lateral Reinforcement.
- they hold the longitudinal bars in position in the forms while the concrete is being
placed
- they prevent the slender longitudinal bars from buckling out ward by bursting the
thin concrete cover.
Rules for the arrangement:
- Diameter of ties, t

t 6mm or 4

12 ml (min imum diameter of longitudinal bars)

- C/C spacing

b least lateral dim ension

300 mm

- Pitch of spiral 100mm

-

Ties shall be arranged such that every bar or group of bars placed in a corner and
alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie
with an included angle of not more than 135o and no bar shall be farther than
150mm clear on each side along the tie from such a laterally supported bar.
Equal or less
than 150mm

At center
0

135
At center

15t 300mm

May be greater than 150mm

No intermediate tie is required

l = longitudinal bars
t = main ties
15t 300mm

Main or Longitudinal reinforcement

- Area of longitudinal reinforcement, As.

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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Adama University

0.008Ac As 0.08Ac or 0.008

As
0.08
Ac

4 in rec tan gular arrangement

Min. # of bars
6 in Circular arrangement.

- The diameter of longitudinal bars, l 12mm.

- The minimum lateral dimension of a column shall be at least 150mm and
the minimum diameter of a spiral column is 200mm.
- The Min. cover to reinforcement should never be less than
(a) or n ( 40mm), or
(b) 5mm Or n 5mm if d g 32mm.

n = n 55 mm , n = no. of bars having the same diameter

dg the largest nominal maximum aggregate size.
Example 4.1. (Classification of columns).
The frame shown in figure below is composed of members with rectangular cross sections. All
members are constructed of the same strength concrete (E is the same for both beams and
columns). Considering bending in the plane of the frame only, classify column EF as long or
short if the frame is braced. All girders are 300 x 600 mm.

600
C

300

350

300

3.80 m

300 x 400
A

9m

M1 = 30 KNm

M2 = 45 KNm

E
400

3.80 m

300 x 350

600
B

525 KN

7.5 m

Solution:
Moments of inertia
3

300 x 600
54 x108 mm 4
12
300 x 400 3
16 x10 8 mm 4
Columns: I DE
12
300 x350 3
I EF
10.71875 x10 8 mm 4 .
12

Girders: I g

Stiffness Coefficients:

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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Girders : K g

EI g
Lg

K BE KcF

Adama University

E 54x108 6x105 E.

9000

E 54 x108
5
K EH K FI 7500 7.2 x10 E.

K DE

E 16 x108

4.21 x105 E

K EF

E 10.71875 108

2.82 x105 E

EIc

Columns: K c
Lc

3.8 x103

3.8x103

The column being considered is column EF.

Rotational stiffnesses at joints E and F.

Joint E:
Joint F:

EI col / L
I col / L

f EI g / Leff f I g / Leff
4.21x105 2.82 x105
0.53
6 x105 7.2 x105
2.82 x105
F
0.21
6 x105 7.2 x105

E F 0.53 0.21

0.37
2
2
For a braced column (Non sway structure ) for design
Le m 0.4 0.37 0.4

0.66 0.7
L m 0.8 0.37 0.8
Le= (0.7) (3.8) = 2.66m = 2660mm
m

The slenderness ratio:

Le

Le
I A

26.327.

2660

10.71875 x 10 300 x 350

8

30
50 25
66.66 ok!
45
The colum is short .

Axial compression
The ultimate capacity of an axially loaded short column can be determined by
Pdu = fcd(Ag - As) + fyd Ast , = fcdAg (1 ) + Ag fyd
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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Where, =

Adama University
Ast
Ag

or Ast = Ag

Pdu = Ag [ fcd (1 ) + fyd]

Ag = Gross concrete area; Ast = Area of main reinforcement
A column may be classified as long when the slenderness factor is defined as
Le
12; where Le = Effective height; b = least lateral dimension
b
For such columns a load reduction factor Cr is introduced in such a way that the concrete
concentric design axial load capacity can be given by
Pduc = Cr Pdu
Where Cr = 1.25 Le/48b
Eg: A column resting on an independent footing supports a flat slab. The super imposed
factored load transferred from the slab is 1000 kN. Design the column assuming a gross steel
ratio of (a) 0.01 (b) 0.02. Use concrete C30, steel S300 and class I works. Assume column
height h = 4 m.
Solution:

fcd = 13.6 MPa;

fyd = 260.87 MPa

Pdu = Ag [ fcd (1 ) + fyd]

(a) For = 0.01 and Pd = 1000 kN,
Ag

Pd
[ f cd (1 ) f yd ]

S2 =

1000 * 103
13.6(1 0.01) 0.01( 260.87)

S = 249 mm

Use 250 mm 250 mm cross section

Ast = Ag = 0.01 (250)2 = 625 mm2
Use 4 numbers of 16 mm dia rods;

Ast provided = 804 mm2

Ties: d 6 mm (or)
Dia of main bar/4 = 16/4 = 4 mm

S 12* dia of main bar = 192 mm

Least lateral dimension = 250 mm
300 mm
Therefore, use 6 mm dia rods at 190 mm center to center
(b) For = 0.02 and Pd = 1000 kN,
Ag

Pd
[ f cd (1 ) f yd ]

S2 =

1000 * 103
13.6(1 0.02) 0.02(260.87)

S = 232 mm

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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Use 240 mm 240 mm cross section

Adama University

Ast = Ag = 0.02 (240)2 = 1125 mm2

Use 4 numbers of 20 mm dia rods;

Ast provided = 1256 mm2

Ties: d 6 mm (or)
Dia of main bar/4 = 20/4 = 5 mm

S 12* dia of main bar = 240 mm

Least lateral dimension = 240 mm
300 mm
Therefore, use 6 mm dia rods at 240 mm center to center
Columns with moments
Interaction diagram: It is a plot of axial load capacity of a column against the bending moment
it sustains. To illustrate conceptually the interaction between axial load and moment in a column,
an idealized, homogeneous and linearly elastic column with compressive strength fcu equal to its
tensile strength ftu is considered. This type of column fails in compression when
max = fcu.
P My

f cu ;
A
I

But Pmax = fcu A

P
My

1
f cu A f cu I

or

&

Mmax =
P

-------------------------(1)

f cu I
y

1;
Equation (1) becomes, P M
max
max

This equation is called interaction equation.

It shows the interaction of (or) relationship between P and M at failure.

Reinforced concrete is not elastic, and it has ft << fc. Tensile strength, of course, is developed by
rebars, on the tensile zone of the member. Therefore, calculation of interaction in concrete
member is complicated. However the general shape of the diagram resembles the figure given
below.

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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Adama University

Pure compression

Interaction curve

Axial load

Balanced failure point

Pb
Mb

Moment

Any combination of loading with in the curve is a safe loading

Any combination of loading outside the curve represents a failure combination
All combinations of Pu and Mu between points A and C will cause the concrete to fail in
compression before the tension rebars yield.
All combinations of Pu and Mu between points C and F will result in tensile yielding of
As before the concrete fails in compression.

When a member is subjected to combined axial load and bending moment it is more convenient
to replace the axial load and moment with an equivalent load applied at an eccentricity e.
Pd

Md

Pd

Pd
e

Design specifications from EBCS 2, 1995

Section 4.4.10: Design of isolated columns
Total eccentricity
etot = ee + ea + e2
Where ee =equivalent constant first-order eccentricity of the design axial load.
ee = eo, for eo equal at both ends of a column
___________________________________________________________________________
Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Adama University
For first order moments varying linearly along the length, the equivalent eccentricity is the higher
of the following two values.
ee = 0.6 eo2 + 0.4eo1
ee = 0.4 eo2
eo1 and eo2 are first order eccentricities at the ends with eo2 being positive and greater in
magnitude than eo1.
For different eccentricities at the ends, the critical end section shall be checked for first order
moments.
etot = e02 + ea
ea = additional eccentricity in account of geometric imperfections.
ea=

Le
20mm
300

e2 = Second-order eccentricity .
For non sway frames,
K1

20
K1 1.0

e2 =

K 1 L2e 1 r
10

0.75 for 15 35
for 35.

Curvature at the critical sec tion

5 3
10
d

K2

Where d = the Column dimension in the buckling plane less the cover to the center of the
longitudinal reinforcement.
K2 =

Md

M bal

Md = design moment at the critical section including second-order effects.

Mbal = balanced moment capacity of the column.
Design of columns for uni-axial bending
A column is said to be bending uniaxially if it is loaded with a bending moment only in one
direction, in addition to axial force. For the design of such a column
interaction charts are prepared using non-dimensional parameters, and ,
M sd
N sd
in which,
and
f cd bh
f cd bh 2
A chart showing the interaction diagrams is shown in the next page. The charts are prepared (and
compiled in EBCS 2 - part 2) for different values of d' and h as given in the sample chart. As can
be calculated by the formula,
Ac f cd
As
f yd
In using these charts for design, the following procedure may be adopted.
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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Adama University
Given: axial load and bending moment, (BM = axial load total eccentricity)
* Assume the cross section dimensions b and h.
* Assume d' and evaluate d'/h to choose appropriate chart number
* Calculate and ,
* The coordinate (, ) gives the value of
* Determine As

Ac f cd
f yd

Example 1
Design a slender braced (non-sway) column subjected to uniaxail bending.
Given: - factored load=1650KN
-factored 1st order equivalent constant
Moment=130KNM
-Geometric length: l=7m and le=0.7l
-Material data; C-30, S-460 class I work
Required: - quantity of reinforcement.
Solution
Assume Column size
b = 400mm;

h = 400mm; cover = 20mm; long = 20mm and lat. = 10mm

d'
40

= 0.1 and d = 400-40 = 360mm

h
400

ea >=
ea >=

d'
40

& d = 400-40 = 360mm

h
400

Le
0.7 * 7000
=
= 16.33 or
300
300

20mm

Therefore; ea=20mm
Check for second order effect

- =
-

max

4900

Le
I =
A

400 2 = 42.4
12

M1
= 50-25( M ) ; here first order moment is constant through out the column.
2

Therefore; max= 50-25=25

As > max, second order effect has to be considered
Msd = first order moment + moment due to ea
= 130+ (1650*0.02) =163kNm
For C-30 concrete; fck= 24; fcd=

fyd =

f yk
rs

0.85 f ck
0.85 * 24
=
= 13.6MPa
rs
1.5

460
= 400MPa
1.15

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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1

Dept. of Civil Engineering

sd =

Adama University

N sd
1650 * 10 3
=
= 0.76
Ac f cd
400 2 * 13.6

sd

M sd
163 *10 6
=
=0.187
Ac f cd h 400 2 * 13.6 * 400

Using chart no- 2; for sd = 0.76 and sd = 0.187; = 0.32; bal = 0.25
K2 =

sd
0.187
=
= 0.75,
bal
0.25

1
5
5
* 10 3 = 10.42*10-6
= K2 ( ) 103 = 0.75(
r
d
360

K 2 Le 2 1
( ) here K1 = 1 for > 35
e2 =
r
10
2
= 1(4900) (10.42 *10 6 ) = 25mm

10

e tot = ee + ea+e2 =
Msd = 1650*

130 * 10 3
20 25 123.8mm
1650

123.8
= 204.3kNm
1000

204.3 *10 3
400 3 * 13.6

= 0.23 implies =0.45

Recalculating k2, bal=0.3

k2=

0.23
= 0.77 ,
0.3

1
5
= 0.77(
) * 10 3 = 10.69*10-6 = 26mm
r
360

etot = 124.3
Msd = 1650* 124.3 = 205.09 kNm ,

sd

1000

6
M sd
= 205.1 * 10
= 0.236
Ac f cd h 400 2 *13.6 * 400

= 0.45
Interaction can be stopped.
Ast

0.45 * 400 2 * 13.6

= 2448mm2
400

Use 8 number o f 20mm diameter rods.

As provided = 2512, compare the result with minimum and maximum code requirements
>0.008*4002=1280
<0.08*4002=12800
Lateral ties: 6 or 20/4=5
S 12

Hence ok
Hence use 6 bar

=240

400- Least lateral dimension

300
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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Use 10mm diameter bar @240mm c/c.

Adama University

Example 2
A uniaxial column is to be constructed from a materials C-30, S-400 class I works. If the
diagram for 1st order end moment and axial force are as shown, determine the area of
reinforcement assuming non-sway frame system.(use b/h =300/400 and Le=0.75L)

Soln: Assume d= 40mm;

d'
h

40
= 0.1
400

use uniaxail chart no-2

ee 0.6eo2+0.4eo1 or 0.4eo2
155
* 1000 =121.1mm
1280
82
* 1000 =-64.1mm
eo1=
1280

eo2=

ee 0.6*121.1+0.4*-64.1=47.02mm 0r 0.4*121.1=48.44; therefore ee=48.44mm

le
0.75 * 7500
=
=18.75mm or 20mm; use ea =20mm
300
300
0.75 * 7500
82
Check for e2; = 400 2 * 300 =48.7 ; max=50-25(
)=63.2
155
12

ea

< max; therefore; neglect second order eccentricity

etot=eo2 +ea =121.1+20=141.1mm
141.1
=180.6kNm;
fcd= 13.6
; fyd=347.8
1000
180.61 * 10 6
1280 * 10 3
=
=0.78 and =
=0.28 implis =0.6
13.6 * 300 * 400
13.6 * 300 * 400 2
* Ac * f cd 0.6 * 400 * 300 * 13.6
As=
=
= 2815.4mm; use 822mm bar
f yd
347.8

Msd= 1280*

Aspov= 8*

22 2 *
=3041mm2
4

< Asmax= 0.08*Ag=9600mm2

>Asmin=0.008Ag=960mm2
Lateral reinforcement
6 or 22/4
S 22* 22 =264 or 300
Use 6mm ties at 260mm spacing.
Exercise
Design a column to sustain Pd=1100KNand Msd=160KNm, which include all effects.
Use C-30, S-460 class I works and b=0.6h.

Design of columns for biaxial bending

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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Adama University
A column may receive moments from beams and grade framing to it, in addition to the axial
loads. This situation of a biaxial loaded rectangular section is shown below with the
corresponding interaction curves.

Uniaxial loading about y-y.

Uniaxil loading about X-X

Biaxial loading about a diagonal axis x-x where: r=arc tan

edx
Mdy
=arc tan
M dx
edy

Three-dimensional interaction diagram Interaction surface

An combination of Pdn, Mdx,and Mdy ling inside the surface can be applied safety.

Any point lying outside the surface would represent failure.

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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Adama University

Due to the mathematical complication arising from the construction of interaction surface,

in practice a simpler approximation methods are used of which the one developed by
Bresler is satisfactory.
It is given as reciprocal load equation.
1
1
1
1

Pdn
Pdnx
Pdny
Pdo , which simplifies to

Pdn

Pdo Pdnx Pdny

Pdo ( Pdnx Pdny ) Pdnx Pdny

Where:

Pdn is the desing axial load capacity when applid at edx and edy
simultaneously.(biaxial bending ).
Pdnx and Pdny- design axial load capacity when edx and edy are only actoing ( case of
uniaxal loading).
Pdo Design axial force capacity for concentric load case.

However, interaction charts prepared for this purpose can be easly used for actual design where
the following procdures need be followed.
Given : Pd; Mb and Mh

Assume a cross section and evaluate b ,

h'
h

Calculate b , h, and

Nd
Mb
Mh
, b
and h
f cd Ac
f cd Ac b
f cd Ac b

Select suitable chart, which nearly satisfy the calculated b ,

h ' and
h

Enter the chart for suitable value of ( 0.0,0.2,0.41.4)

Note:

- > 1.4 shows very small concrete cross section

For tntermideate value of ,use interpolation

Select corresponding to , b , h

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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Adama University

Compute As,tot= bhf cd

f yd

Ckech minimum and maximum requirements.

Example 1
Design a column to sustain a factored design axial load of 900KN and biaxial moments of
Mdx=270KNM and Mdy=180KNm including all other effects. Use C-30, S-300 class I works.
Soln:

fck= 24MPa ;fcd=13.6MPa; fyd=260.87MPa

Assume b*h = 400*600mm and

b' h'
=
=0.1,
b
h

Nsd= 900kN

Mh=Mdx=270kNm
Mb=Mdy=180kNm
=

900 * 10 3
=0.28(between0.2 and0.4)
13.6 * 400 * 600

Mb
Mh
180 *10 6
270 * 10 6
h
=
=0.14
and
=
=0.14
f cd Ac b 13.6 * 600 * 400 2
f cd Ac b 13.6 * 400 * 600 2
Using biaxial chart no- 9 and for =0.2; h =0.14 , b =0.14; =0.4
And for =0.4; h =0.14, b =0.14;
=0.4
By interpolation for =0.28;
=0.4

* Ac * f cd 0.4 * 400 * 600 * 13.6

=
=5005mm2
f yd
260.87
< Asmax= 0.08*Ag=19200mm2
>Asmin=0.008Ag=1920mm2
use 830mm bar
Lateral reinforcement
6 or 30/4
S 22* 30 =360 or 300 or400

As=

Use 8mm ties at 300mm spacing.

Example 2
Given: squer column b/h=450/450, Pd=100KN,Mx=98KN,My=87KN(1st order constant
moment), e2=0.1ee(in both direction)eax= eay=20mm. Use C-25, S-300 class I works.
Required: to design this column using: Biaxial chart no.1 or 2
Soln:
Let

b' h'
=
=0.1,
b
h

fck= 25MPa; fcd=11.33MPa; fyd=260.87MPa

Etot=ee+ea+e2; here e2=0.1ee

Therefore etot=1.1ee+ea
Mdx=1.1*98+0.02*100=127.8kNm
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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Mdy=1.1*87+0.02*1000=115.7kNm
=

Adama University

1000 * 10 3
=0.44(between 0.4and 0.6)
11 .33 * 450 * 450

Mb
115 .7 * 10 6
=
=0.11
f cd Ac b 11.33 * 450 3

Mh
127.8 * 10 6
=
=0.12
f cd Ac b 11.33 * 450 3

for =0.4; h =0.11 , b =0.12; =0.2

for =0.6; h =0.11 , b =0.12; =0.22
by interpolation 0.204
As=

* Ac * f cd 0.204 * 450 2 * 11.33

=
=1794mm2
f yd
261

< Asmax= 0.08*Ag=16280mm2

>Asmin=0.008Ag=1628mm2
Use 424mm bar; Aspor.=1808mm2
Lateral reinforcement
6 or 30/4
S 22* 30 =360 or 300 or400
Use 6mm ties at 280mm spacing.

___________________________________________________________________________ 17
Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1