BSCI

443 MICROBIAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Lecture 7
Glucose Metabolism

 Nutrient uptake
UDlizaDon of polysaccharides
Types of enzymes
Terms for polysaccharides
Role of membranes
Impediments

Carriers and Channels

Transport
Energy requirements
Facilitated diusion
Porins

Primary transport
ABC transporter
Group translocaDon

Secondary transport
Sym & anDport

Hybrid systems

Last Time

Heliobacter
pyroli

Comparison of Cell Types

Channels
= Medium

= Medium

pH<1.4

Allows proteases to
funcDon

1-3 mM

60 g/mol

Urea-
specic

NeutralizaDon of
acid

Assembly of
funcDonal urease

Sensing the acid

condiDon

Growing and Dividing Cells

The cell
The microbiota
Genomics

Basic physiology

Quest for food

Sensing the
environment
Protein secreDon

Movement
Mechanisms
Chemotaxis

U,liza,on of food
AcquisiDon
Solute transport
Common types

Metabolism
Energy
Building blocks

The community
Cross talk
Biolms
Fight for food

Growth
Synthesis of
macromolecules
Cell structures
Cell division
Stress

Energy Metabolism
Polysaccharide

Glucose 6-phosphate

Aerobic

CO2

Pyruvate

Anaerobic

Waste Organic

Making Glucose 6 Phosphate

DEGRADATIVE ENZYMES

Vb separate
protein

SecB
SecA

TAT

Making Glucose 6 Phosphate

DEGRADATIVE ENZYMES
Glc 6P

Import of Sugars via PTS

PTS
Glc 6P

Import of Sugars via Direct Uptake

ATP
Hexokinase
Glucokinase
ADP

Import of Other Sugars

ATP
Hexokinase
Glucokinase
ADP

Interconversions

Release of free sugar

H20

hydrolysis
Pi
-1P
phosphorolysis

EliminaDon

Import of Oligomeric Sugars

hydrolysis
phosphorolysis

ATP
Glc1P

Hexokinase
Glucokinase
ADP

StarDng at the top

Glc 6P
Energy(1)
P-C6 Sugar-P
C3 Sugar

PPP

CO2
Energy

Precursors

G6P
F6P

Precursors

R5P
E4P

Precursors

T3P
PGA
PEP
PYR

Precursor

AcetylCoA

Precursors

KG
Suc
OAA

C3 Sugar
Energy (10)

C3
Energy (6)
CO2
C2
Energy (24)

CO2

Glucose 6-phosphate metabolism

per glucose 6-P

EMP Pathway
2 Pyr
3 ATP
2 NADH + H+

PP Pathway

ED Pathway

3 CO2 + 1 Pyr
6 NADPH + H+
2 ATP
1 NADH + H+

2 Pyr
1NADPH + H+
2 ATP
1 NADH + H+

PK Pathway
Pyr, Acet-P, CO2
2NADPH + H+
2 ATP
1 NADH + H+

Embden Meyerho Parnas

Energy(1)
(EMP) Pathway

C6 Sugar

P-C6 Sugar-P

C3 Sugar

C3 Sugar
Energy (4)

C3
Energy (6)
CO2
C2
Energy (24)

CO2

Substrate level PhosphorylaDon

StarDng at the top

Glc 6P
Energy(1)
P-C6 Sugar-P
C3 Sugar

PPP

CO2
Energy

Precursors

G6P
F6P

Precursors

R5P
E4P

Precursors

T3P
PGA
PEP
PYR

Precursor

AcetylCoA

Precursors

KG
Suc
OAA

C3 Sugar
Energy (10)

C3
Energy (6)
CO2
C2
Energy (24)

CO2

Methylglyoxal Bypass:
a parDal soluDon to low
phosphate

Pi
TOXIC
Methylglyoxal

D-Lactate

No ADP + Pi

Glucose 6-phosphate metabolism

per glucose 6-P

EMP Pathway
2 Pyr
3 ATP
2 NADH + H+

PP Pathway

ED Pathway

3 CO2 + 1 Pyr
6 NADPH + H+
2 ATP
1 NADH + H+

2 Pyr
1NADPH + H+
2 ATP
1 NADH + H+

PK Pathway
Pyr, Acet-P, CO2
2NADPH + H+
2 ATP
1 NADH + H+

Pentose Phosphate Pathway:

OxidaDve Phase

G6P

G6P

G6P

NADPH2

NADPH2

NADPH2

CO2

NADPH2
Ri5P

6PG

6PG

6PG

CO2

NADPH2
Ri5P

CO2

NADPH2
Ri5P

G6P

G6P

G6P

NADPH2

NADPH2

NADPH2

CO2

NADPH2
Ri5P

6PG

6PG

6PG

CO2

NADPH2
Ri5P

CO2

NADPH2
Ri5P

Pentose Phosphate Pathway:

Interconversions

G6P

G6P

G6P

NADPH2

NADPH2

NADPH2

CO2

NADPH2

TK

CO2

NADPH2
Ri5P

Ri5P

Xy5P

S7P

G3P

F6P

CO2

NADPH2

Ri5P

R5P

6PG

6PG

6PG

TA

E4P

F6P

TK

Xy5P
G3P

Pentose Phosphate Pathway:

Role of EMP

G6P

G6P

G6P

NADPH2

NADPH2

NADPH2

CO2

NADPH2

TK

CO2

NADPH2
Ri5P

Ri5P

Xy5P

S7P

G3P

F6P

CO2

NADPH2

Ri5P

R5P

6PG

6PG

6PG

TA

E4P

F6P

TK

Xy5P

Pyr

G3P

EMP

Pentose Phosphate Pathway:

Energy recovery

G6P

G6P

G6P

NADPH2

NADPH2

NADPH2

CO2

NADPH2

TK

CO2

NADPH2
Ri5P

Ri5P

Xy5P

S7P

G3P

F6P

CO2

NADPH2

Ri5P

R5P

6PG

6PG

6PG

TA

E4P

F6P

TK

Xy5P

Pyr

G3P

EMP

Pentose Phosphate Pathway:

The cycle

CO2

NADPH2

TK

CO2

NADPH2
Ri5P

Ri5P

Xy5P

S7P

G3P

F6P

CO2

NADPH2

Ri5P

R5P

6PG

6PG

6PG

G6P

NADPH2

NADPH2

NADPH2

G6P

G6P

G6P

G6P

TA

E4P

F6P

TK

Xy5P

Pyr

G3P

EMP

Glucose 6-phosphate metabolism

EMP Pathway
2 Pyr
3 ATP
2 NADH + H+

PP Pathway

ED Pathway

3 CO2 + 1 Pyr
6 NADPH + H+
2 ATP
1 NADH + H+

2 Pyr
1NADPH + H+
2 ATP
1 NADH + H+

PK Pathway
Pyr, Acet-P, CO2
2NADPH + H+
2 ATP
1 NADH + H+

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
DeleDon of fructose bisphosphate aldolase
gene
Cant make
Grows just ne
What does this mean?

NADPH2

NADPH2

NADPH2

6PG

G6P

G6P

G6P

6PG

6PG

Entner Doudoro
Pathway

G6P

NADPH2

6PG
H20

2-keto-3-deoxy-
phosphogluconate

KDPG

Pyr

6PG dehydratase


KDPG aldolase

G3P

Entner Doudoro
Pathway

G6P

NADPH2

6PG
H20

2-keto-3-deoxy-
phosphogluconate

KDPG

Pyr

G3P

EMP

Pyr

Entner Doudoro
Pathway

G6P

NADPH2

6PG
H20

2-keto-3-deoxy-
phosphogluconate

KDPG

Pyr

G3P

EMP

Pyr

Glucose 6-phosphate metabolism

per glucose 6-P

EMP Pathway
2 Pyr
3 ATP
2 NADH + H+

PP Pathway

ED Pathway

3 CO2 + 1 Pyr
6 NADPH + H+
2 ATP
1 NADH + H+

2 Pyr
1NADPH + H+
2 ATP
1 NADH + H+

PK Pathway
Pyr, Acet-P, CO2
2NADPH + H+
2 ATP
1 NADH + H+

Phosphoketolase
Pathway

G6P
NADPH2

6PG
CO2

NADPH2
Ri5P

Xy5P

Acetyl P

Pi

Phosphoketolase

G3P
EMP
Pyr

G6P

PK
NADPH2

6PG
CO2

NADPH2
Ri5P

Xy5P

Acetyl P

Pi

Phosphoketolase

G3P
EMP
Pyr

Glucose 6-phosphate metabolism

per glucose 6-P

EMP Pathway
2 Pyr
3 ATP
2 NADH + H+

PP Pathway

ED Pathway

3 CO2 + 1 Pyr
6 NADPH + H+
2 ATP
1 NADH + H+

2 Pyr
1NADPH + H+
2 ATP
1 NADH + H+

PK Pathway
Pyr, Acet-P, CO2
2 NADPH + H+
2 ATP
1 NADH + H+

Summary of pathway properDes

EMP

PPP

ED

PK

ATP yield

NADH + H+ yield

NADPH + H+ yield

PEP

6P-gluconate

Xylulose 5P

CO2 formed

FBP Aldolase

Transketolase

KDPG Aldolase

Phosphoketolase

DisDnguishing
Enzyme

Sugar Metabolism

C6 Sugar

Carbohydrates
Energy(2)

P-C6 Sugar-P
C3 Sugar

PPP

CO2
Energy

C3 Sugar
Energy (10)

C3
Energy (6)
CO2
C2
Energy (24)

CO2

Sugar Metabolism

C6 Sugar

Carbohydrates
Energy(2)

P-C6 Sugar-P
C3 Sugar

PPP

CO2
Energy

C3 Sugar
Energy (10)

C3
Energy (6)
CO2
C2
Energy (24)

CO2

Aerobic Pyruvate Metabolism

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Complex
3 types of enzymes
MulDple copies of each type of enzyme
Not unusual to have in excess of 60 polypepDdes in
complex

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
First coenzyme
2nd coenzyme
Pyruvate
carboxylase

3rd coenzyme

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
First coenzyme
2nd coenzyme
Pyruvate
carboxylase

3rd coenzyme

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
First coenzyme
2nd coenzyme
Pyruvate
carboxylase

3rd coenzyme

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
First coenzyme
2nd coenzyme
Pyruvate
carboxylase

3rd coenzyme

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
First coenzyme
2nd coenzyme
Pyruvate
carboxylase

3rd coenzyme

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
First coenzyme
2nd coenzyme
Pyruvate
carboxylase

3rd coenzyme

First Step: Aerobic Pyruvate Metabolism

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Complex
3 types of enzymes
MulDple copies of each type of enzyme
Not unusual to have in excess of 60 polypepDdes in
complex

Anaerobic FormaDon of Acetyl-CoA

H2

Pyr + CoA-SH
Ferredoxin

Ferredoxin-H2
Acetyl CoA + CO2
Pyruvate-Ferredoxin
oxidoreductase

2 H+
Hydrogenase

Pyr

Aerobically
PDH

Pyr

Anaerobically
PFOR

Sugar Metabolism

C6 Sugar

Carbohydrates
Energy(2)

P-C6 Sugar-P
C3 Sugar

PPP

CO2
Energy

C3 Sugar
Energy (10)

C3
Energy (6)
CO2
C2
Energy (24)

CO2

Cycle
OAA + AcetylCoA
3 NADH + H+
1 FADH2
1 ATP

Pathway Precursors

C6 Sugar

Carbohydrates
Energy(2)

P-C6 Sugar-P
C3 Sugar

PPP

CO2
Energy

Precursors

G6P
F6P

Precursors

R5P
E4P

Precursors

T3P
PGA
PEP
PYR

Precursor

AcCoA

Precursors

KG
Suc
OAA

C3 Sugar
Energy (10)

Proteins
C3
Energy (6)
CO2
Lipids

C2
Energy (24)

CO2

Glu
Gln
Arg
Pro

Glu
Gln
Arg
Pro

AnapleroDc ReacDons

ONE WAY

SECOND WAY

THIRD WAY

FOURTH WAY: The Glyoxylate Shunt

FOURTH WAY: The Glyoxylate Shunt

FOURTH WAY: The Glyoxylate Shunt

FOURTH WAY: The Glyoxylate Shunt

FOURTH WAY: The Glyoxylate Shunt

1. OAA for TCA cycle
2. OAA for diversion

PEP
CO2

PEP + CO2

Reverse

Normal

Aerobic metabolism
Per Glc6P

EMP Pathway
2 Pyr
3 ATP
2 NADH + H+

8 NADH + H+
2 FADH2
2 ATP
6 CO2

PP Pathway

ED Pathway

3 CO2 + 1 Pyr
6 NADPH + H+
2 ATP
NADH + H+

2 Pyr
1NADPH + H+
2 ATP
1 NADH + H+

4 NADH + H+
1 FADH2
1 ATP
3 CO2

8 NADH + H+
2 FADH2
2 ATP
6 CO2

PK Pathway
Pyr, Acet-P, CO2
2NADPH + H+
2 ATP
1 NADH + H+

7 NADH + H+
2 FADH2
2 ATP
5 CO2

Aerobic metabolism

EMP Pathway

10 NADH + H+
2 FADH2
5 ATP
6 CO2

PP Pathway

6 NADPH + H+
5 NADH + H+
1 FADH2
3 ATP
6 CO2

ED Pathway

1NADPH + H+
9 NADH + H+
2 FADH2
4 ATP
6 CO2

PK Pathway

2NADPH + H+
8 NADH + H+
2 FADH2
4 ATP
6 CO2

Energy Metabolism
Polysaccharide

Glucose 6-phosphate

Aerobic

CO2

Pyruvate

Anaerobic

Waste Organic

Growing and Dividing Cells

The cell

Basic physiology
Genomics

U,liza,on of food
AcquisiDon
Solute transport

Quest for food

Sensing the
environment

Metabolic regulaDon
Protein secreDon

Movement

Mechanisms
Chemotaxis

Common types

Metabolism
Energy
Building blocks

The community
Cross talk
Biolms
Fight for food

Growth
Synthesis of
macromolecules
Cell structures
Cell division
Stress