10

Chapter 10
Categorical Data Analysis

10.1
a.
The rejection region requires .05 in the upper tail of the 2 distribution with df k 1 3 1 2 .
2
From Table IV, Appendix D, .05
5.99147 . The rejection region is 2 5.99147 .
b.
2
c.
2
10.2
The characteristics of the multinomial experiment are:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The experiment consists of n identical trials.

There are k possible outcomes to each trial.
The probabilities of the k outcomes, denoted p1, p2, ... , pk, remain the same from trial to trial, where
p1 + p2 + + pk = 1.
The trials are independent.
The random variables of interest are the counts n1, n2, ... , nk in each of the k cells.
The characteristics of the binomial are the same as those for the multinomial with k 2 .
10.3
The sample size n will be large enough so that, for every cell, the expected cell count, Ei, will be equal to 5
or more.
10.4
The hypotheses of interest are:

H 0 : p1 .25, p2 .25, p3 .50
H a : At lease one of the probabilities differs from the hypothesized value
E1 np1,0 320(.25) 80
The test statistic is 2
E2 np2,0 320(.25) 80
ni Ei
Ei
E3 np3,0 320(.50) 160
(78 80) 2 (60 80) 2 (182 160) 2
8.075
80
80
160
The rejection region requires .05 in the upper tail of the 2 distribution with df k 1 3 1 2 . From
2
Table IV, Appendix B, .05
Since the observed value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region ( 2 8.075 5.99147) , H0 is
rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that at least one of the probabilities differs from its
hypothesized value at .05 .
564
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Categorical Data Analysis 565

10.5
Some preliminary calculations are:

If the probabilities are the same, p1,0 p2,0 p3,0 p4,0 .25
E1 np1,0 205(.25) 51.25 E2 E3 E4
a.
To determine if the multinomial probabilities differ, we test:

H 0 : p1 p2 p3 p4 .25
H a : At lease one of the probabilities differs from .25
The test statistic is
[ni Ei ]2 (43 51.25) 2 (56 51.25) 2 (59 51.25) 2 (47 51.25) 2
3.293
Ei
51.25
51.25
51.25
51.25
2
Since the observed value of the test statistic does not fall in the rejection region
( 2 3.293 7.81473) , H0 is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate the multinomial
probabilities differ at .05 .
b.
The Type I error is concluding the multinomial probabilities differ when, in fact, they do not.
The Type II error is concluding the multinomial probabilities are equal, when, in fact, they are not.
c.
For confidence coefficient .95, .05 and / 2 .05 / 2 .025 . From Table II, Appendix D,
z.025 1.96 .
p 3 59 / 205 .288
The confidence interval is:

p 3 z.025
10.6
.288(.712)
pq
.288 1.96
.288 .062 .226, .350
n
205
a.
The data are categorical because they are measured using categories, not meaningful numbers. The
possible categories are legs only, wheels only, both legs and wheels, and neither legs nor wheels.
b.
Let p1 proportion of social robots with legs only, p2 proportion of social robots with wheels only,
p3 proportion of social robots with both legs and wheels, and p4 proportion of social robots with
neither legs nor wheels. To determine if the design engineers claim is incorrect, we test:
H 0 : p1 .50, p2 .30, p3 .10, and p4 .10
H a : At least one of the probabilities differs from the hypothesized value
c.
If the claim is true, E1 np1,0 106(.50) 53 , E2 np2,0 106 .30 31.8 ,
E3 np3,0 106 .10 10.6 , and E4 np4,0 106 .10 10.6 .
566
Chapter 10
ni Ei
(63 53) 2 (20 31.8) 2 (8 10.6) 2 (15 10.6) 2
8.730
53
31.8
10.6
10.6
d.
e.
Ei
2
rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that at least one of the probabilities differs from its
hypothesized value at. .05 .
10.7
a.
Let p1 proportion using total visitors, p2 proportion using paying visitors, p3 proportion using
big shows, p4 proportion using funds raised, and p5 proportion using members.
To determine if one performance measure is used more often than any of the others, we test:
H 0 : p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 .20
From the printout, the test statistic is 2 1.66667 and the p-value is p 0.797 .
Since the p-value is not less than ( p .797 .10) , H0 is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence
to indicate that one performance measure is used more often than any of the others at .10 .
b.
z.05 1.645 .
p 1 8 / 30 .267
.267(.733)
pq
p1 z.05
.267 1.645
.267 .133 (.134, .400)
n
30
We are 90% confident that the proportion of museums world-wide that use total visitors as their
performance measure is between .134 and .400.
10.8
a.
The categorical variable is the rating of the student exposure to social and environmental issues. It
has 5 levels: 1-star, 2-stars, 3-stars, 4-stars, and 5-stars.
b.
If there were no difference in the category proportions, then each proportion should be
pi 1 / 5 .20 . There were a total of n = 30 business schools sampled. The expected number would
be: E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 npi ,0 30(.20) 6
c.
To determine if there are differences in the star rating category proportions of all MBA programs, we
test:
H 0 : p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 .20
ni Ei
2 6
9 6
14 6
5 6
0 6
d.
e.
Ei
21
2
f.
Since the observed value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region ( 2 21 9.48773) , H0 is
rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate differences in the star rating category proportions of
all MBA programs at .05 .
g.
Some preliminary calculations are: p 3
x3 14
.467
n 30
z.025 1.96 . The 95% confidence interval is:
p 3 z.025
p 3 q3
.467(.533)
.467 1.96
.467 .179 (.288, .646)
n
30
We are 95% confident that the proportion of all MBA programs that are ranked in the 3-star category
is between .288 and .646.
10.9
a.
Since there are 10 income groups, we would expect 10% or 1, 072(.10) 107.2 givers in each of the
income categories.
b.
The null hypothesis for testing whether the true proportions of charitable givers in each income group
are the same is:
H 0 : p1 p2 p10 .10
c.
Some preliminary calculations are: E1 E2 E10 npi ,0 1, 072(.10) 107.2
2
d.
[ ni Ei ]2 (42 107.2) 2 (93 107.2) 2

(127 107.2) 2
...
93.15
Ei
107.2
107.2
107.2
2
10.10
e.
rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the true proportions of charitable givers in each
income group are not all the same at .10 .
a.
The qualitative variable is firm position on off-shoring. There are four levels: currently off-shoring,
not currently off-shoring, but plan to do so, off-shored in the past, but no more, and off-shoring is
not applicable.
b.
Let p1 proportion of firms currently off-shoring, p2 proportion of firms not currently off-shoring,
but plan to do so, p3 proportion of firms off-shored in the past, but no more, and p4 proportion of
firms where off-shoring is not applicable.
568
Chapter 10
Some preliminary calculations are: E1 E2 E3 E4 npi,0 600 .25 150
To determine if the proportions of U.S. firms in the four off-shoring position categories is significantly
different, we test:
H 0 : p1 p2 p3 p4 .25

2
ni Ei
(126 150) 2 (72 150) 2 (30 150) 2 (372 150) 2

2
468.96

Ei
150
150
150
150
2
Since the observed value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region ( 2 468.96 7.81473) , H0
is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that at least one of the proportions of U.S. firms in
the four off-shoring position categories is significantly different at .05 .
c.
z.025 1.96 .
p 1 126 / 600 .21
.21(.79)
pq
p1 z.025
.21 1.96
.21 .033 (.177, .243)
n
600
We are 95% confident that the proportion of U.S. firms who are currently off-shoring is between .177
and .243.
10.11
Let p1 proportion users using both hands/both thumbs, p2 proportion of users using right hand/right
thumb, p3 proportion of users using left hand/left thumb, p4 proportion of users using both hands/right
index finger, p5 proportion of users using left hand/right index finger and p6 proportion of users using
other. Some preliminary calculations: E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 npi,0 859 1/ 6 143.167 .
To determine if the proportions of mobile device users in the six texting style categories differ, we test:
H 0 : p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 1 / 6

2
n Ei (396 143.167) 2 (311 143.167)2 (70 143.167) 2 (39 143.167)2
2 i
Ei
143.167
143.167
143.167
143.167
(18 143.167) 2 (25 143.167) 2
756.436
143.167
143.167

2
Table IV, Appendix D, .10
rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the proportions of mobile device users in the six
texting style categories differ at .10 .
10.12
Let p1 proportion of anchor tenants, p2 proportion of major space users, p3 proportion of large
standard tenants, p4 proportion of small standard tenants, and p5 proportion of small tenants. Some
preliminary calculations:
E1 np1,0 1,821.01 18.21

E4 np4,0 1,821.40 728.4
E2 np2,0 1,821.05 91.05
E3 np3,0 1,821.10 182.1
E5 np5,0 1,821.44 801.24
To determine if the mall developers belief is correct, we test:

H 0 : p1 .01, p2 .05, p3 .10, p4 .40, p5 .44
ni Ei
Ei
(14 18.21) 2 (61 91.05) 2 (216 182.1) 2 (711 728.4) 2
18.21
91.05
182.1
728.4
(819 801.24) 2
18.011
801.24
2
rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the proportions of tenants in the five categories differ
from the developers belief at .01 .
570
10.13
Chapter 10
a.
The data come from a multinomial experiment because there are several possible categorical
responses to the question.
b.
To determine if the multinomial probabilities agree with the theory, we test:

H 0 : p1 =.50, p2 p3 p4 p5 .10, p6 p7 .05
c.
Using MINITAB, the results are:

Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test for Observed Counts in Variable: C1
Category
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Observed
869
339
338
127
85
128
233
Test
Proportion
0.50
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
N
2119
Chi-Sq
452.483
P-Value
0.000
DF
6
Contribution
Expected
to Chi-Sq
1059.50
34.252
211.90
76.236
211.90
75.041
211.90
34.016
211.90
75.996
105.95
4.589
105.95
152.352
To determine if the multinomial probabilities agree with the theory, we test:

H 0 : p1 =.50, p2 p3 p4 p5 .10, p6 p7 .05
H a : At least one of the probabilities differs from its hypothesized value
The test statistic is 2 452.843 and the p-value is p 0.000 . Since the p-value is less that .01 ,
H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that at least one of the proportions differs from
its hypothesized value at .01 .
10.14

E1 np1,0 2, 023(.45) 910.35
E2 np2,0 2, 023(.35) 708.05
E3 np3,0 2, 023(.15) 303.45
E4 np4,0 2, 023(.05) 101.15
To determine if the percentages of all adults falling into the four response categories changed after the
Enron scandal, we test:
H 0 : p1 .45, p2 .35, p3 .15, and p4 .05
ni Ei
Ei
1,173 910.35
910.35
587 708.05
708.05
182 303.45
303.45
81 101.15
101.15
149.096
2
rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate the percentages of all adults falling into the four response
categories changed after the Enron scandal at .01 .
10.15
Let p1 proportion of mail only users, p2 proportion of Internet only users, and p3 proportion of both
mail and Internet. Some preliminary calculations:
E1 E2 E3 npi,0 440 1 / 3 146.667
To determine if the professors beliefs are correct, we test:

H 0 : p1 p2 p3 1 / 3
ni Ei
Ei
(262 146.667) 2 (43 146.667) 2 (135 146.667) 2
164.895
146.667
146.667
146.667
2
rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the proportions mail only, Internet only, and both
mail and Internet users differ at .01 .
10.16

E1 np1,0 943(.51) 480.93
E2 np2,0 943(.37) 348.91
E3 np3,0 943(.09) 84.87
E4 np4,0 943(.03) 28.29
To determine if the data from the independent survey contradict the percentages reported by the CPS Cell
Phone Supplement, we test:
H 0 : p1 .51, p2 .37, p3 .09 and p4 .03

2
ni Ei (473 480.93)2 (334 348.91)2 (106 84.87) 2 (30 29.29) 2
2
6.132

480.93
348.91
84.87
29.29
Ei
The rejections region requires .10 in the upper tail of the 2 distribution with df k 1 4 1 3 .
2
6.25139. The rejection region is 2 6.25139 .
Since the test statistic does not fall in the rejection region ( 2 6.132 6.25139) , H0 is not rejected.
There is insufficient evidence to indicate the data from the independent survey contradict the percentages
reported by the CPS Cell Phone Supplement at .10 .
572
10.17
Chapter 10
To determine if the number of overweight trucks per week is distributed over the 7 days of the week in
direct proportion to the volume of truck traffic, we test:
H0:
Ha:
p1 = .191, p2 = .198, p3 = .187, p4 = .180, p5 = .155, p6 = .043, p7 = .046

At least one of the probabilities differs from the hypothesized value
E1 np1,0 414(.191) 79.074
E2 np2,0 414(.198) 81.972
E3 np3,0 414(.187) 77.418
E4 np4,0 414(.180) 74.520
E5 np2,0 414(.155) 64.170
E6 np3,0 414(.043) 17.802
E7 np3,0 414(.046) 19.044
[ni Ei ]2 90 79.074 82 81.972 72 77.418 70 74.520
Ei
79.074
81.972
77.418
74.520
2
51 64.170
64.170
18 17.802
17.802
31 19.044
19.044
12.374
Table IV, Appendix D, .05 12.5916 . The rejection region is 2 12.5916 .
2
Since the observed value of the test statistic does not fall in the rejection region ( 2 12.374 12.5916) , H0
is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate the number of overweight trucks per week is
distributed over the 7 days of the week is not in direct proportion to the volume of truck traffic at .05 .
10.18

E1 np1,0 435(.28) 121.8
E2 np2,0 435(.04) 17.4
E3 np3,0 435(.02) 8.7
E4 np4,0 435(.66) 287.1
To determine if the House of Representatives is not statistically representative of the religious affiliations
of their constituents, we test:
H 0 : p1 .28, p2 .04, p3 .02, and p4 .66
ni Ei
Ei
(117 121.8) 2 (61 17.4) 2 (30 8.7) 2 (227 287.1) 2
174.169
121.8
17.4
8.7
287.1
Since no value of was given, we will use .05 . The rejections region requires .05 in the upper tail
2
of the 2 distribution with df k 1 4 1 3 . From Table IV, Appendix D, .05
7.81473 . The
rejection region is 2 7.81473 .
Since the test statistic falls in the rejection region ( 2 174.169 7.81473) , Ho is rejected. There is sufficient
evidence to indicate the House of Representatives is not statistically representative of the religious
affiliations of their constituents at .05 .
10.19
a.
2
26.2962 . The rejection
df ( r 1)(c 1) (5 1)(5 1) 16 . From Table IV, Appendix D, .05
region is 2 26.2962 .
b.
2
region is 2 15.9871 .
c.
2
region is 2 9.21034 .
10.20
a.
b.
H0:
Ha:
The row and column classifications are independent

The row and column classifications are dependent
2
[nij Eij ]2
.
E
ij
The rejection region requires .01 in the upper tail of the 2 distribution with
2
region is 2 9.21034 .
c.
d.
The expected cell counts are:

R C 96(25)
E11 1 1
14.37
n
167
RC
96(64)
E12 1 2
36.79
n
167
R C 96(78)
E13 1 3
44.84
n
167
R C 71(25)
E 21 2 1
10.63
n
167
RC
71(64)
E 22 2 2
27.21
n
167
R C 71(78)
E 23 2 3
33.16
n
167

2
[nij E ij ]2 (9 14.37)2 (34 36.79) 2 (53 44.84) 2
14.37
36.79
44.84
E
ij
(16 10.63) 2 (30 27.21) 2 (25 33.16) 2
8.71
10.63
27.21
33.16
( 2 8.71 9.21034) , H0 is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate the row and
column classifications are dependent at .01 .
574
10.21
Chapter 10
a.
To convert the frequencies to percentages, divide the numbers in each column by the column total
and multiply by 100. Also, divide the row totals by the overall total and multiply by 100. The
column totals are 25, 64, and 78, while the row totals are 96 and 71. The overall sample size is 165.
The table of percentages are:
Column
2
b.
Row 1
9
100 36%
25
34
100 53.1%
64
53
100 67.9%
78
96
100 57.5%
167
16
100 64%
25
30
100 46.9%
64
25
100 32.1%
78
71
100 42.5%
167
Using MINITAB, the graph is:

70
60
57.5
Percent
50
40
30
20
10
0
c.
10.22
2
Column
If the rows and columns are independent, the row percentages in each column would be close to the
row total percentages. This pattern is not evident in the plot, implying the rows and columns are not
independent. In Exercise 10.20, we did not have enough evidence to say the rows and columns were
not independent. If the sample sizes were bigger, we would have been able to reject H0.

R C 154(134)
E11 1 1
47.007
n
439
154(163)
E12
57.180
439
154(142)
E13
49.813
439
186(134)
E 21
56.774
439
186(163)
E 22
69.062
439
186(142)
E 23
60.164
439
99(134)
E 31
30.219
439
99(163)
E 32
36.759
439
99(142)
E 33
32.023
439
To determine if the row and column classifications are dependent, we test:

H0: The row and column classifications are independent
Ha: The row and column classifications are dependent

2
[nij E ij ]2 (40 47.007)2 (72 57.180)2 (42 49.813)2 (63 56.774)2
47.007
57.180
49.813
56.774
E
ij
(53 69.062) 2 (70 60.164) 2 (31 30.219) 2 (38 36.759)2 (30 32.023)2
12.36
69.062
60.164
30.219
36.759
32.023
2
9.48773 . The rejection region is
2 9.48773 .
rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate the row and column classification are dependent at
.05 .
a-b. To convert the frequencies to percentages, divide the numbers in each column by the column total
and multiply by 100. Also, divide the row totals by the overall total and multiply by 100.
B
B2
B1
Totals
40
100 29.9%
134
72
100 44.2%
163
42
100 29.6%
142
154
100 35.1%
439
A2
63
100 47.0%
134
53
100 32.5%
163
70
100 49.3%
142
186
100 42.4%
439
A3
31
100 23.1%
134
38
100 23.3%
163
30
100 21.1%
142
99
100 22.6%
439
Row
c.
B3
A1
Using MINITAB, the graph of A1 is:

50
40
35.1
Percent
10.23
30
20
10
2
B
The graph supports the conclusion that the rows and columns are not independent. If they were, then
the height of all the bars would be essentially the same.
576
Chapter 10
d.

50
42.4
Percent
40
30
20
10
2
B
The graph supports the conclusion that the rows and columns are not independent. If they were, then
the height of all the bars would be essentially the same.
e.
25
22.6
Percent
20
15
10
2
B
The graph does not support the conclusion that the rows and columns are not independent. All the
bars would be essentially the same.
10.24
a.
b.
The two qualitative variables are model of Accord and injury (yes or no).
The contingency table is:
Injury
No Injury
Total
Conventional
5,364
44,768
50,132
Hybrid
Total
137
5,501
1,368
46,136
1,505
51,637
c.
To determine if the injury rate for collision claims depends on Accord model, we test:
H 0 : Model and Injury rate are independent
H a : Model and Injury rate are dependent
d.
e.
The expected cell counts are:

R C 50,132(5,501)
E11 1 1
5,340.67
n
51, 637
RC
50,132(46,136)
E12 1 2
44, 791.33
n
51, 637
R C 1, 505(5, 501)
E 21 2 1
160.33
n
51, 637
R C 1, 505(46,136)
E 22 2 2
1, 344.67
n
51, 637
The test statistic is:

2
2
2
nij E ij
5,364 5,340.67 44, 768 44, 791.33

5,340.67
44, 791.33
E ij
2
137 160.33
160.33
1,368 1,344.67
1,344.67
3.91
This agrees with the test statistic found on the XLSTAT printout.
f.
2
region is 2 3.84146 . This is the same critical value found on the XLSTAT printout.
g.
rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate the injury rate for collision claims depends on
Accord model at .05 .
Since the p-value is less than ( p .0479 .05) , H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to
indicate the injury rate for collision claims depends on Accord model at .05 .
h.

p1
x1 5,364
.107
n1 50,132
p 2
x2
137
.091
n2 1,505
( p1 p 2 ) z.025
p1q1 p 2 q2
.107(.893) .091(.909)
(.107 .091) 1.96
n1
n2
50,132
1,505
.016 .015 (.001, .031)

Since the interval contains only positive numbers, the injury rate for hybrid Accords is less than the
injury rate for conventional Accords.
578
10.25
Chapter 10
a.
Yes, it appears that the male and female tourists differ in their responses to purchasing photographs,
postcards, and paintings. The values in the Always and Rarely or Never categories are quite
different. The percentages are insufficient to draw a conclusion because the sample sizes must be
taken into account.
b.
The counts are found by changing the percentages to proportions and multiplying the proportions by
the sample sizes in each gender. The counts are:
Always
Often
Occasionally
Rarely or Never
Total
c.
Male Tourist Female Tourist

240
476
405
527
525
493
330
204
1500
1700
Total
716
932
1018
534
3200
To determine whether male and female tourists differ in their responses to purchasing photographs,
postcards, or paintings, we test:
H 0 : Gender and purchasing are independent
H a : Gender and purchasing are dependent
10.26
d.
The test statistic is 2 112.433 and the p-value is p .000 .
e.
indicate male and female tourists differ in their responses to purchasing photographs, postcards, or
paintings at .01 .
a.
The sample proportion of negative tone news stories that are deceptive is 111 / 170 .653 .
b.
The sample proportion of neutral tone news stories that are deceptive is 61 / 110 .555 .
c.
The sample proportion of positive tone news stories that are deceptive is 11 / 31 .355 .
d.
Yes, it appears that the proportion of news stories that are deceptive depends on the story tone. The
proportion that is deceptive for negative tone stories is .653, while the proportion that is deceptive for
positive tone stories is only .355. These proportions look much different.
e.
To determine if the authenticity of a news story depends on tone, we test:

H 0 : Authenticity and tone are independent
H a : Authenticity and tone are dependent
f.
The test statistic is 2 10.427 and the p-value is p .005 .

Since the p-value is less than ( p .005 .05) , Ho is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to
indicate authenticity of a news story depends on tone at .05 .
10.27
a.
To compare the two proportions, we could use either a test of hypothesis or a confidence interval. I
will use a 95% confidence interval.

p M 1
xM 1 29
.282
nM 103
p F 1
xF 1 89
.511
nF 174
p M 1 p F1 z.025
p M 1q M 1 p F 1q F 1
.282(.718) .511(.489)
.282 .511 1.96
103
174
nM
nF
.229 .114 (.343, .115)
We are 95% confident that the difference in the proportions of male and female professionals who
believe their salaries are too low is between .343 and .115. Since 0 is not in this interval, there is
evidence that the two proportions are different.
b.

p M 2
xM 2
58
.563
nM 103
p F 2
xF 2
64
.368
nF 174
p M 2 p F 2 z.025
p M 2 q M 2 p F 2 q F 2
.563(.437) .368(.632)
.563 .368 1.96
103
174
nM
nF
.195 .120 (.075, .315)

believe their salaries are equitable/fair is between .075 and .315. Since 0 is not in this interval, there
is evidence that the two proportions are different.
c.

p M 3
xM 3 16
.155
nM 103
p F 3
xF 3
21
.121
nF 174
p M 3 p F 3 z.025
p M 3 q M 3 p F 3 q F 3
.155(.845) .121(.879)
.155 .121 1.96
103
174
nM
nF
.034 .085 (.051, .119)
believe they are well paid is between .051 and .119. Since 0 is in this interval, there is no evidence
that the two proportions are different.
580
Chapter 10
d.
e.
Yes. Since there were differences between the proportions of males and females on 2 of the 3 levels,
there is evidence that the opinions of males and females are different.
R C 118(103)
43.877
E11 1 1
n
277
RC
118(174)
74.123
E12 1 2
n
277
R C 122(103)
45.365
E 21 2 1
n
277
RC
122(174)
76.635
E 22 2 2
n
277
R C 37(103)
13.758
E 31 3 1
n
277
RC
37(174)
23.242
E 33 3 3
n
277
To determine if the opinion on the fairness of a travel professionals salary differ for males and
females, we test:
H0: Opinion and Gender are independent
Ha: Opinion and Gender are dependent
2
2
2
2
nij E ij
29 43.877 89 74.123 58 45.365

43.877
74.123
45.365
E
2
ij
64 76.635
76.635
16 13.758
13.758
21 23.242
23.242
14.214
2
region is 2 4.60517 .
is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the opinions on the fairness of a travel
professionals salary differ for males and females at .10 .
f.
p M 1 p F 1 z.05
p M 1qM 1 p F 1q F 1
.282(.718) .511(.489)
.282 .511 1.645
103
174
nM
nF
.229 .096 (.325, .133)
believe their salaries are too low is between -.325 and -.133. Since 0 is not in this interval, there is
evidence that the two proportions are different.
10.28
a.
Let p3 proportion of the 3-photos per page group who selected the target mugshot, p6 proportion
of the 6-photos per page group who selected the target mugshot, and p12 proportion of the 12-photos
per page group who selected the target mugshot.

p 3
19
19
15
.594 , p 6
.594 , p12
.469
32
32
32
The 12-photos per page group had the lowest proportion.

b.
3-photos per page

3-photos per page
3-photos per page
Total
c.
Target
Mugshot
selected
19
19
15
53
Target
Mugshot not
selected
13
13
17
43
Total
32
32
32
96

R C 32(53)
R C 32(53)
17.667
17.667
E11 1 1
E 21 2 1
96
96
n
n
R C 32(53)
17.667
E 31 3 1
n
96
RC
32(43)
14.333
E12 1 2
n
96
RC
32(43)
E 32 3 2
14.333
n
96
RC
32(43)
14.333
E 22 2 2
n
96
To determine if there are differences in the proportions who selected the target mugshot among the
three photo groups, we test:
H 0 : Photo group and Mugshot selection are independent
H a : Photo group and Mugshot selection are dependent

2
2
2
2
2
nij E ij
19 17.667 13 14.333 19 17.667 13 14.333

17.667
14.333
17.667
14.333
E ij
2
15 17.667
17.667
17 14.333
14.333
1.348
2
region is 2 4.60517 .
( 2 1.348 4.60517) , H0 is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate that there are
differences in the proportions who selected the target mugshot among the three photo groups at
.10 .
582
10.29
Chapter 10
Using MINITAB, the contingency table analysis is:

Tabulated statistics: Position, Nationality
Using frequencies in Fr
Rows: Position
1
2
3
4
All
Columns: Nationality
All
126
72
30
372
600
75
36
9
180
300
35
10
4
51
100
93
27
6
174
300
329
145
49
777
1300
Cell Contents:
Count
Pearson Chi-Square = 21.242, DF = 9, P-Value = 0.012

Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square = 21.327, DF = 9, P-Value = 0.011
To determine if a firms position on off-shoring depends on the firms nationality, we test:

H 0 : Position and Nationality are independent
H a : Position and Nationality are dependent
From the printout, the test statistic is 2 21.242 and the p-value is p .012 . Since the p-value is less than
( p .012 .05) , H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate a firms position on off-shoring
depends on the firms nationality at .05 .
10.30

R C 57(60)
20
E11 1 1
171
n
RC
58(60)
20.35
E 21 2 1
171
n
R C 56(60)
19.65
E 31 3 1
n
171
RC
57(111)
37
E12 1 2
171
n
RC
58(111)
37.65
E 22 2 2
171
n
RC
56(111)
36.35
E 32 3 2
n
171
To determine if the option choice depends on emotion state, we test:

H0: Option choice and emotion state are independent
Ha: Option choice and emotion state are dependent
2
2
2
2
2
nij E ij
(45 20) (12 37) (8 20.35) (50 37.65)
2
20
37
20.35
37.65
E ij
(75 19.65) 2 (49 36.35) 2
72.234
19.65
36.35
2
2 4.60517 .
rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the option choice depends on emotion state at .10 .
10.31

R C 396(335)
154.435
E11 1 1
859
n
R C 311(335)
121.286
E 21 2 1
859
n
R C 70(335)
27.299
E 31 3 1
n
859
R C 39(335)
15.210
E 41 4 1
859
n
R C 18(335)
7.020
E 51 5 1
n
859
R C 25(335)
9.750
E 61 6 1
n
859
RC
396(524)
241.565
E12 1 2
859
n
RC
311(524)
189.714
E 22 2 2
859
n
RC
70(524)
42.701
E 32 3 2
n
859
R C 39(524)
23.790
E 42 4 2
859
n
R C 18(524)
10.980
E 52 5 2
n
859
RC
25(524)
15.250
E 62 6 2
n
859
To determine if the proportions of mobile device users in the six texting style categories depend on whether
a male or female are texting, we test:
H 0 : Texting style and sex are independent
H a : Texting style and sex are dependent

2
2
2
2
nij E ij
161 154.435 235 241.565 14 15.250 4.209

154.435
241.565
15.250
E
2
ij
2
2 9.23635 .
is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate the proportions of mobile device users in the six
texting style categories depend on whether a male or female are texting at .10 .
10.32

R C 234(40)
21.419
E11 1 1
437
n
RC
234(397)
212.581
E12 1 2
437
n
R C 203(40)
18.581
E 21 2 1
437
n
RC
203(397)
184.419
E 22 2 2
437
n
584
Chapter 10
To determine if the response rate of air traffic controllers to mid-air collision alarms differs for true and
false alerts, we test:
H 0 : Responses and alerts are independent
H a : Responses and alerts are dependent

2
2
2
2
2
nij E ij
3 21.419 231 212.581 37 18.581 166 184.419 37.533

21.419
212.581
18.581
184.419
E
2
ij
2
2 3.84146 .
rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate the response rate of air traffic controllers to mid-air
collision alarms differs for true and false alerts at .05 .
10.33

R C 32(32)
10.667
E11 1 1
n
96
RC
32(32)
10.667
E 21 2 1
n
96
RC
32(32)
E 31 3 1
10.667
n
96
RC
RC
RC
32(64)
32(64)
32(64)
E 32 3 2
21.333
21.333
21.333
E12 1 2
E 22 2 2
n
n
96
n
96
96
To determine if the proportion of subjects who selected menus consistent with the theory depends on goal
condition, we test:
H0: Goal condition and Consistent with theory are independent

Ha: Goal condition and Consistent with theory are dependent
2
2
2
2
2
nij E ij
15 10.667 17 21.333 14 10.667 18 21.333

10.667
21.333
10.667
21.333
E
2
ij
3 10.667
10.667
29 21.333
21.333
12.469
2
2 9.21034 .
rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the proportion of subjects who selected menus
consistent with the theory depends on goal condition at .01 .
10.34
Using MINITAB, the results of the table comparing type of coupon user and gender are:
Tabulated statistics: USER, GENDER
Rows: USER
Columns: GENDER
Female
Male
All
104
178
36
318
31
84
7
122
135
262
43
440
both
mail
net
All
Cell Contents:
Count

To determine if type of coupon user depends on gender, we test:

H 0 : Type of coupon user and gender are independent
H a : Type of coupon user and gender are dependent
The test statistic is 2 6.797 and the p-value is p .033 . Since the p-value is not less than
( p .033 .01) , H0 is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate type of coupon user
depends on gender at .01 .
Using MINITAB, the results of the table comparing type of coupon user and coupon usage satisfaction
level are:
Tabulated statistics: USER, SATISF
Rows: USER
both
mail
net
All
Columns: SATISF
No
Some
Yes
All
3
28
4
35
9
62
9
80
123
172
30
325
135
262
43
440
Cell Contents:
Count

To determine if type of coupon user depends on coupon usage satisfaction level, we test:
H 0 : Type of coupon user and coupon usage satisfaction level are independent
H a : Type of coupon user and coupon usage satisfaction level are dependent
The test statistic is 2 30.418 and the p-value is p .000 . Since the p-value is less than
( p .000 .01) , H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate type of coupon user depends on
coupon usage satisfaction level at .01 .
586
10.35
Chapter 10

Tabulated statistics: Instruction, Strategy
Rows: Instruction
Columns: Strategy
Guess
Other
TTBC
All
Cue
5
20.83
35.71
6
25.00
35.29
13
54.17
76.47
24
100.00
50.00
Pattern
9
37.50
64.29
11
45.83
64.71
4
16.67
23.53
24
100.00
50.00
14
29.17
100.00
17
35.42
100.00
17
35.42
100.00
48
100.00
100.00
All
Cell Contents:
Count
% of Row
% of Column

To determine if the choice of heuristic strategy depends on type of instruction, we test:

H0: Heuristic strategy and type of instruction are independent
Ha: Heuristic strategy and type of instruction are dependent
From the printout, the test statistic is 2 7.378 and the p-value is p .025 .
Since the p-value is less than ( p .025 .05) , H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate the
choice of heuristic strategy depends on type of instruction at .05 .
Since the p-value is not less than ( p .025 .01) , H0 is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to
indicate the choice of heuristic strategy depends on type of instruction at .01 .
10.36
a.
Using MINITAB, the results for the First Trial are:

Chi-Square Test: Switch Boxes, No Switch
Expected counts are printed below observed counts

Chi-Square contributions are printed below expected counts
Switch
Boxes
10
6.50
1.885
No Switch
17
20.50
0.598
Total
27
3
6.50
1.885
24
20.50
0.598
27
5
6.50
0.346
22
20.50
0.110
27
8
6.50
0.346
19
20.50
0.110
27
Total
26
82
108
Chi-Sq = 5.876, DF = 3, P-Value = 0.118
To determine if the likelihood of switching boxes depends on condition for the first trial, we test:
H0: Likelihood of switching boxes and condition are independent
Ha: Likelihood of switching boxes and condition are dependent
From the printout above, the test statistic is 2 5.876 and the p-value is p 0.118 . Since the p-value
is not small, Ho is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate that the likelihood of
switching boxes depends on condition for the first trial for any value of .118 .
Using MINITAB, the results for the Last Trial are:

Switch
Boxes
23
18.75
0.963
No Switch
4
8.25
2.189
Total
27
12
18.75
2.430
15
8.25
5.523
27
21
18.75
0.270
6
8.25
0.614
27
19
18.75
0.003
8
8.25
0.008
27
Total
75
33
108
Chi-Sq = 12.000, DF = 3, P-Value = 0.007
588
Chapter 10
To determine if the likelihood of switching boxes depends on condition for the last trial, we test:
H0: Likelihood of switching boxes and condition are independent
Ha: Likelihood of switching boxes and condition are dependent
is small, H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the likelihood of switching boxes
depends on condition for the last trial for any value of .007 .
b.
Using MINITAB, the results from the Empty condition are:

Switch
Boxes
10
16.50
2.561
No Switch
17
10.50
4.024
Total
27
23
16.50
2.561
4
10.50
4.024
27
Total
33
21
54
Chi-Sq = 13.169, DF = 1, P-Value = 0.000
To determine if the likelihood of switching boxes depends on trial number for the Empty condition, we
test:
H0: Likelihood of switching boxes and trial number are independent
Ha: Likelihood of switching boxes and trial number are dependent
From the printout above, the test statistic is 2 13.169 and the p-value is p 0.000 . Since the pvalue is so small, H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the likelihood of
switching boxes depends on trial number for the Empty condition for any value of .000 .
Using MINITAB, the results from the Vanish condition are:
Switch
Boxes
3
7.50
2.700
No Switch
24
19.50
1.038
Total
27
12
7.50
2.700
15
19.50
1.038
27
Total
15
39
54
Chi-Sq = 7.477, DF = 1, P-Value = 0.006
To determine if the likelihood of switching boxes depends on trial number for the Vanish condition,
we test:
is so small, Ho is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the likelihood of switching
boxes depends on trial number for the Vanish condition for any value of .006 .
Using MINITAB, the results from the Steroids condition are:

Switch
Boxes
5
13.00
4.923
No Switch
22
14.00
4.571
Total
27
21
13.00
4.923
6
14.00
4.571
27
Total
26
28
54
Chi-Sq = 18.989, DF = 1, P-Value = 0.000
To determine if the likelihood of switching boxes depends on trial number for the Steroids condition,
we test:
From the printout above, the test statistic is 2 18.989 and the p-value is p .000 . Since the p-value
is so small, H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the likelihood of switching
boxes depends on trial number for the Steroids condition for any value of .000 .
Using MINITAB, the results from the Steroids2 condition are:
Switch
Boxes
8
13.50
2.241
No Switch
19
13.50
2.241
Total
27
19
13.50
2.241
8
13.50
2.241
27
Total
27
27
54
Chi-Sq = 8.963, DF = 1, P-Value = 0.003
590
Chapter 10
To determine if the likelihood of switching boxes depends on trial number for the Steroids2 condition,
we test:
From the printout above, the test statistic is 2 8.963 and the p-value is p .003 . Since the p-value is
so small, H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the likelihood of switching boxes
depends on trial number for the Steroids2 condition for any value of .003 .
c.
10.37
a.
Of all the tests performed, only one was not significant. There was no evidence that the likelihood of
switching boxes depended on condition for the first trial. All other tests indicated that the variables
were dependent. Thus, both condition and trial number influence a subject to switch.
To determine if the vaccine is effective in treating the MN strain of HIV, we test:
H0: Vaccine status and MN strain are independent
Ha: Vaccine status and MN strain are dependent
From the printout the test statistic is 2 4.411 and the p-value is p 0.036 . Since the p-value is
less than ( p .036 .05) , H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the vaccine is
effective in treating the MN strain of HIV at .05 .
b.
c.
d.
We must assume that we have a random sample from the population of interest. We cannot really
check this assumption. The second assumption is that all expected cell counts will be 5 or more. In
this case, since there are only 7 observations in the second row, there is no way that the expected cell
counts in that row will both be 5 or more (the sum of the expected cell counts in the row must sum to
the observed row total).
7 31
7!
31!
7 6 1
31 30 1

2 22 2!(7 2)! 22!(31 22)! 2 5 4 3 2 1 22 21 1 9 8 1 .04378
38!
38 37 1
38

24!(38 24)!
24 23 1 14 13 1
24
If vaccine status and MN are independent, then the proportion of those in each group that are positive
should be very similar. In these two additional tables, the proportion of positive results for the
unvaccinated group is increasing and the proportion of positive results for the vaccinated group is
decreasing.
Table 1:
7 31
7!
31!
7 6 1
31 30 1

1 23 1!(7 1)! 23!(31 23)! 1 6 5 4 3 2 1 23 22 1 8 7 1 .00571
38!
38 37 1
38

24!(38 24)!
24 23 1 14 13 1
24
Table 2:
7 31
7!
31!
7 6 1
31 30 1

0
24
0!(7 0)! 24!(31 24)! 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 24 23 1 7 6 1 .00027
38!
38 37 1
38

1 14 13 1
24!(38
24)!
24
23
24
10.38
e.
The p-value is 04378 .00571 .00027 .04976 . Since the p-value is less than ( p .04976 .05) ,
H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the vaccine is effective in treating the MN
strain of HIV at .05 .
a.

50(50)
E11
10
250
100(50)
E 21
20
250
50(90)
E12
18
250
100(90)
E 22
36
250
50(110)
E13
22
250
100(110)
E 23
44
250
100(50)
E 31
20
250
100(90)
E 32
36
250
100(110)
E 33
44
250
To determine if the rows and columns are dependent, we test:

H0:
H a:
Rows and columns are independent

Rows and columns are dependent
2
2
2
nij E ij
(20 10) (30 44) 54.14
10
44
E ij
2
2
region is 2 9.48773 .
is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate a dependence between rows and columns at
.05 .
b.
No, the analysis remains identical.
c.
Yes, the assumptions differ. If the row and column totals are not fixed, then we assume that we take
a random sample form a multinomial distribution. If the row totals are fixed, then we assume that we
are taking k random samples from k multinomial populations.
d.
The percentages are in the table below.
Row
Column
2
Totals
20
100% 40%
50
20
100% 22.2%
90
10
100% 9.1%
110
50
100% 20%
250
10
100% 20%
50
20
100% 22.2%
90
70
100% 63.6%
110
100
100% 40%
250
20
100% 40%
50
50
100% 55.6%
90
30
100% 27.3%
110
100
100% 40%
250
592
Chapter 10
e.
Using MINITAB, the bar graph is:
40
Percent
30
20
20
10
2
Column
The graph supports the decision in part a. In part a, we rejected the null hypothesis and concluded
that the rows and columns were dependent. If they were independent, then we would expect the three
bars to be the same height. In this graph, they are not the same height.
10.39
a.
If all the categories are equally likely, then p1,0 p2,0 p3,0 p4,0 p5,0 .2 .
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 npi ,0 150(.20) 30
To determine if the categories are not equally likely, we test:

H 0 : p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 .2
H a : At lease one of the probabilities differs from .2
[ni Ei ]2 (28 30) 2 (35 30) 2 (33 30) 2 (25 30) 2
2.133
30
30
30
30
Ei
2
( 2 2.133 7.77944) , H0 is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate the categories
are not equally likely at .10 .
b.
p 2
35
.233
150
z.05 1.645 . The confidence interval is:
p 2 z.05
p 2 q2
.233(.767)
.233 1.645
.233 .057 (.176, .290)
n2
150
10.40
a.
The qualitative variable of interest is the location of professional sports stadiums and ballparks.
There are 3 levels or categories of this variable downtown, central city, and suburban.
b.
Let p1 proportion of major sports facilities located in downtown areas, p2 proportion of major
sports facilities located in central city areas, and p3 proportion of major sports facilities located in
suburban areas in 1997.
To determine if the proportions of major sports facilities in downtown, central city, and
suburban areas in 1997 are the different than in 1985, we test:
H 0 : p1 .40, p2 .30, p3 .30
H a : At lease one of the probabilities differs from its hypothesized value
c.
E1 np1,0 113(.40) 45.2 ; E2 np2,0 113(.30) 33.9 ; E3 np3,0 113(.30) 33.9
[ni Ei ]2 (58 45.2) 2 (26 33.9) 2 (29 33.9) 2
6.174
45.2
33.9
33.9
Ei
d.
e.
The degrees of freedom for the test statistic is df k 1 3 1 2 . The p-value is p P ( 2 6.174) .
Using MINITAB,
Cumulative Distribution Function
Chi-Square with 2 DF
x
6.174
P( X <= x )
0.954361
The p-value is p 1 .954361 .045639 .

Since the p-value is smaller than ( p .0456 .05) , H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to
indicate the proportions of major sports facilities in downtown, central city, and suburban areas in
1997 are the different than in 1985.
10.41
a.
b.
c.
The qualitative variable in this exercise is what Made in the USA means. There are 4 levels or
categories for this variable: 100% of labor and materials are produced in the US, 75-99% of labor
and materials are produced in the US, 50-74% of labor and materials are produced in the US, and less
than 50% of labor and materials are produced in the US.
The consumer advocate group hypothesized that p1 1 / 2 .5 , p2 1 / 4 .25 , p3 1 / 5 .20 , and
p4 .05 .
To determine if the consumer advocate groups claim is correct, we test:
H 0 : p1 .5, p2 .25, p3 .20 and p4 .05
594
Chapter 10
d.
n 64 20 18 4 106 .
E1 np1,0 106(.50) 53 ;
E2 np2,0 106(.25) 26.5 ;
E3 np3,0 106(.20) 21.2 ;
E4 np4,0 106(.05) 5.3
2
e.
[ni Ei ]2 (64 53) 2 (20 26.5) 2 (18 21.2) 2 (4 5.3) 2
4.68
53
26.5
21.2
5.3
Ei
2
f.
g.
( 2 4.68 6.25139) , H0 is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate the consumer
advocate groups claim is incorrect at .10 .
p1
n1 64
.604
n 106
p1 z.05
p1 (1 p1 )
.604(.396)
.604 1.645
.604 .078 (.526, .682)
n
106
We are 90% confident that the proportion of all consumers who believe Made in the USA means
100% of labor and material are produced in the US is between .526 and .682.
10.42
a.
The contingency table would be:

Taxmotivation
Yes
No
Total
b.
Itemize Deductions
Yes
No
691
381
794
899
1,482
1,280
Total
1,072
1,693
2,765
R C 1, 072(1, 485)
E11 1 1
575.7
2, 765
n
RC
1, 072(1, 280)
E12 1 2
496.3
2, 765
n
R C 1, 693(1, 485)
E 21 2 1
909.3
2, 765
n
RC
1, 693(1, 280)
E 22 2 2
783.7
2, 765
n
c.
[nij Eij ]2 [691 575.7]2 [381 496.3]2 [794 909.3]2 [899 783.7]2
81.46
575.7
496.3
909.3
783.7
E
ij
d.
To determine if tax-motivation and itemize-deduction are related for charitable givers, we test:
H0: Tax-motivation and itemize-deduction are independent
Ha: Tax-motivation and itemize-deduction are dependent
The test statistic is 2 81.46 .
2
region is 2 3.84146 .
rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that tax-motivation and itemize-deduction are
related for charitable givers at .05 .
To compute the bar graph, we first convert frequencies to percentages by dividing the numbers in
each column by the column total and multiplying by 100%. Also, divide the row totals by the overall
total and multiply by 100%.
Taxmotivation
Itemize Deductions
Yes
No
Total
Yes
691
100% 46.5%
1485
381
100% 29.8%
1280
1072
100% 38.8%
2765
No
794
100% 53.5%
1485
1,485
899
100% 70.2%
1280
1,280
1693
100% 61.2%
2765
2,765
Total

50
40
Percent
e.
38.8 %
30
20
10
Yes
No
Itemize
596
10.43
Chapter 10
a.

p C1
xC1
175
.028
n1 6, 222
p C 2
xC 2
236
.050
4, 692
n2
p C 3
xC 3
319
.045
7,140
n3
p C 4
xC 4
231
.038
6,120
n4
p C 5
xC 5
480
.046
n5 10,353
p C 6
xC 6
187
.039
4794
n6
The proportions range from .028 to .050. Since .050 is about twice as big as .028, there may be
evidence to conclude some of the proportions are different.
b.

RC
6, 222(37, 693)
E11 1 1
5,964.39
39,321
n
RC
6, 222(1628)
E12 1 2
257.61
39,321
n
RC
4, 692(37, 693)
E 21 2 1
4497.74
39,321
n
RC
4, 692(1, 628)
E 22 2 2
194.26
39,321
n
RC
7,140(37, 693)
E 31 3 1
6,844.38
n
39,321
RC
7,140(1, 628)
E 32 3 2
295.62
n
39,321
RC
6,120(37, 693)
E 41 4 1
5,866.61
39,321
n
RC
6,120(1, 628)
E 42 4 2
253.39
39,321
n
R C 10,353(37, 693)
E 51 5 1
9,924.36
n
39,321
RC
10,353(1, 628)
E 52 5 2
428.64
n
39,321
RC
4, 794(37, 693)
E 61 6 1
4,595.51
n
39,321
RC
4, 794(1, 628)
E 62 6 2
198.49
n
39,321
To determine if the proportions of censored measurements differ for the six tractor lines, we test:
H0: Tractor lines and Censored measurements are independent
Ha: Tractor lines and Censored measurements are dependent
2
2
2
2
nij E ij
6047 5964.39 175 257.61 4456 4497.74

5964.39
257.61
4497.74
E
2
ij
187 198.49
198.49
48.0978
2
region is 2 15.0863 .
Since the observed value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region ( 2 48.0978 15.0863) ,
H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the proportions of censored measurements
differ for the six tractor lines at .01 .
10.44
c.
Even though there are differences in the proportions of censured data among the 6 tractor lines, these
proportions range from .028 to .050. In practice, there is very little difference between .028 and .050.
a.
Let p1 = proportion of abstainers with congestive heart failure. Then p1
b.
Let p2 = proportion of moderate drinkers with congestive heart failure. Then p 2
c.
Let p3 = proportion of heavy drinkers with congestive heart failure. Then p 3
d.
The three sample proportions found in parts a, b, and c appear to be different. It appears that the
proportion of AMI patients with congestive heart failure depends on alcohol consumption.
e.
To determine if the proportion of AMI patients with congestive heart failure depends on alcohol
consumption, we test:
f.
n1 146
.163 .
n 896
n2 106
.152 .
n 696
n3 29
.090 .
n 321
H0:
The proportion of AMI patients with congestive heart failure is independent of alcohol
consumption
H a:
The proportion of AMI patients with congestive heart failure depends on alcohol consumption

Chi-Square Test: Abstain, Less 7, 7 or more
Abstain
146
131.61
1.573
Less 7
106
102.24
0.139
7 or more
29
47.15
6.988
Total
281
750
764.39
0.271
590
593.76
0.024
292
273.85
1.203
1632
Total
896
696
321
1913
Chi-Sq = 10.197, DF = 2, P-Value = 0.006
The test statistics is 2 10.197 , and the p-value p 0.006 .

indicate that the proportion of AMI patients with congestive heart failure depends on alcohol
consumption at .05 .
598
10.45
Chapter 10
a.
b.
E1 np1,0 400 .30 120
E2 np2,0 400 .20 80
E3 np3,0 400 .20 80
E4 np4,0 400 .10 40
E5 np5,0 400 .10 40
E6 np6,0 400 .10 40
c.
ni Ei
Ei
(100 120) 2 (75 80) 2 (85 80) 2 (50 40) 2
120
80
80
40
(40 40) 2 (50 40) 2
8.958
40
40
To determine if the true percentages of the colors produced differ from the manufacturers stated
percentages, we test:
H 0 : p1 .30, p2 .20, p3 .20, p4 .10, p5 .10, and p6 .10

2
( 2 8.958 11.0705) , H0 is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate the true
percentages of the colors produced differ from the manufacturers stated percentages at .05 .
10.46
a.

E1 np1,0 1000(.50) 500
E2 np2,0 1000(.22) 220
E3 np3,0 1000(.11) 110
E4 np4,0 1000(.17) 170
To determine if the percentages disagree with the percentages reported by Nielson/NetRatings,

we test:
H 0 : p1 .50, p2 .22, p3 .11 and p4 .17
ni Ei
Ei
487 500
500
245 220
220
121 110
110
147 170
170
7.391
2
df k 1 4 1 3 . From Table IV, Appendix D, .05
2 7.81473 .
( 2 7.391 7.81473) , H0 is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate the percentages
disagree with the percentages reported by Nielson/NetRatings at .05 .
b.

p1
x1 487
.487
n 1000
p1 z.025
p1q1
.487(.513)
.487 1.96
.487 .031 (.456, .518)
n
1000
We are 95% confident that the percentage of all Internet searches that use the Google Search Engine
is between 45.6% and 51.8%.
10.47
a.

R C 53(35)
E11 1 1
26.5
70
n
RC
53(35)
E12 1 2
26.5
70
n
R C 17(35)
E 21 2 1
8.5
70
n
RC
17(35)
E 22 2 2
8.5
70
n
To determine if the severity of the ethical issue influenced whether the issue was identified or not by
the auditors, we test:
H0: Severity of ethical issue and identification are independent
Ha: Severity of ethical issue and identification are dependent
2
2
2
2
2
nij E ij
(27 26.5) (26 26.5) (8 8.5) (9 8.5) .078

26.5
26.5
8.5
8.5
E ij
2
2
region is 2 3.84146 .
( 2 .078 3.84146) , H0 is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate that the severity
of the ethical issue influenced whether the issue was identified or not by the auditors at .05 .
600
Chapter 10
b.
No. If there were 0 in the bottom cell of the column, then the expected count for that cell will be less
than 5. One of the assumptions necessary for the test statistic to have a 2 distribution will not hold.
c.
Suppose we change the numbers in the table to be as follows:
Ethical Issue Identified

Ethical Issue Not Identified
Severity of Ethical Issue

Moderate
Severe
32
21
3
14
Since the row and column totals are the same, the expected cell counts are the same as above.
2
2
2
2
2
nij E ij
(32 26.5) (21 26.5) (3 8.5) (14 8.5) 9.401
2
26.5
26.5
8.5
8.5
E ij
Now the test statistic would fall in the rejection region.

10.48

RC
95(118)
E11 1 1
42.79
262
n
RC
69(118)
E 21 2 1
31.08
262
n
RC
42(118)
E 31 3 1
18.92
262
n
RC
56(118)
E 41 4 1
25.22
n
262
RC
95(144)
E12 1 2
52.21
n
262
RC
69(144)
E 22 2 2
37.92
n
262
RC
42(144)
E 32 3 2
23.08
n
262
RC
56(144)
E 42 4 2
30.78
n
262
To determine whether a pig farmers education level has an impact on the size of the pig farm, we test:
H0: Pig farmers education level and size of pig farm are independent
Ha: Pig farmers education level and size of pig farm are dependent
[nij E ij ]2 (42 42.79) 2 (53 52.21) 2 (27 31.08) 2 (42 37.92) 2 (22 18.92) 2
42.79
52.21
31.08
37.92
18.92
E ij
(20 23.08) 2 (27 25.22) 2 (29 30.78) 2
2.14
23.08
25.22
30.78
2
2 7.81473 .
is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate that a pig farmers education level has an impact
on the size of the pig farm at .05 .
To compute the bar graph, we first convert frequencies to percentages by dividing the numbers in each row
by the row total and multiplying by 100%. Also, divide the column totals by the overall total and multiply
by 100%.
Farm Size
Education Level
No college
College
<1,000 pigs
42
100% 44.2%
95
53
100% 55.8%
95
1,000-2,000
pigs
27
100% 39.1%
69
22
100% 52.4%
42
27
100% 48.2%
56
118
100% 45.0%
262
42
100% 60.9%
69
20
100% 47.6%
42
29
100% 51.8%
56
144
100% 55.0%
262
2,000-5,000
pigs
> 5,000
pigs
Total
Total
95
69
42
56
262
50
45
Percent
40
30
20
10
<1,000
1,000-2,000
2,000-5,000
Farm Size
>5,000
Since the bars are all similar in height, it supports the conclusion to the test above.
10.49
Some preliminary calculations are: E1 E2 E3 E4 np1,0 83(.25) 20.75

To determine if there are differences in the percentages of incidents in the four cause categories, we test:
H 0 : p1 = p2 p3 p4 .25
602
Chapter 10

2
n Ei 27 20.75 2 24 20.75 2 22 20.75 2 10 20.752 8.036
2 i
Ei
20.75
20.75
20.75
20.75
2
rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate there are differences in the percentages of incidents in the
four cause categories at .05 .
10.50
a.
The two qualitative variables are years (1990, 1991, . . . , 2000) and acquisition status (yes or no).
b.
To determine if year and acquisition status are dependent, we test:

H0: Year and acquisition status are independent
Ha: Year and acquisition status are dependent
10.51
c.
From the printout, the test statistic is 2 297.048 and the p-value is p 0.000 . Since the p-value is
less than ( p 0.000 .05) , H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that year and
acquisition status are dependent at .05 .
a.

Committee
Acceptable
Rejected
Inspector
b.
Totals
Acceptable
101
23
124
Rejected
10
19
29
Totals
111
42
153
Yes. To plot the percentages, first convert frequencies to percentages by dividing the numbers in
each column by the column total and multiplying by 100. Also, divide the row totals by the overall
total and multiply by 100.
Acceptable
Inspector
Rejected
Totals
Acceptable 101
100 90.99%
111
124
23
100 81.05%
100 54.76%
153
42
Rejected
29
19
100 18.95%
100 45.23%
153
42
10
100 9.01%
111
Using MINITAB, the graph of the data is:
90
81.1
80
70
Percent
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Acceptable
Rejected
Committee
Since the heights of the bars are not similar, it appears there is a relationship.
c.

R C 124(111)
E11 1 1
89.691
153
n1
R C 124(42)
E 21 1 2
34.039
153
n1
R C 29(111)
E 21 2 1
21.039
153
n1
RC
29(42)
E 22 2 2
7.961
153
n1
To determine if the inspector's classifications and the committee's classifications are related, we test:
H0: The inspector's and committee's classification are independent
Ha: The inspector's and committee's classifications are dependent
2
2
2
2
2
nij E ij
(101 89.961) (23 34.039) (10 21.039) (19 7.961) 26.034

89.961
34.039
21.039
7.961
E ij
2
2
region is 2 3.84146 .
is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate the inspector's and committee's classifications are
related at .05 . This indicates that the inspector and committee tend to make the same decisions.
10.52
a.

E1 np1,0 85(.26) 22.1
E2 np2,0 85(.30) 25.5
E4 np4,0 85(.14) 11.9
E5 np2,0 85(.19) 16.15
E3 np3,0 85(.11) 9.35
604
Chapter 10
To determine if probabilities differ from the hypothesized values, we test:

H 0 : p1 .26, p2 .30, p3 .11, p4 .14 and p5 .19

2
ni E i
(32 22.1) 2 (26 25.5) 2 (15 9.35) 2 (6 11.9) 2 (6 16.15) 2
17.16

Ei 2
22.1
25.5
9.35
11.9
16.15
2
2
Since the observed value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region ( 2 17.16 9.48773) ,
reject H0. There is sufficient evidence to indicate the probabilities differ from their hypothesized
values at .05 .
b.
p1
n1 32
.376
n 85
p1 z.025
10.53
p1 (1 p1 )
.376(1 .376)
.376 1.96
.376 .103 .273, .479
n
85
c.
The interval tells us that between 27.3% and 47.9% of the Avonex MS patients are exacerbation-free
during a two-year period. Since this interval is completely above the percentage of placebo patients
(26%), it seems that the Avonex patients are more likely to have no exacerbations than placebo
patients.
a.

Altitude
< 300
300-600
600
Totals
b.
Flight Response
Low
High
85
105
77
121
17
59
179
285
Totals
190
198
76
464

R C 190(179)
E11 1 1
73.297
464
n
RC
190(285)
E12 1 2
116.703
464
n
R C 198(179)
E 21 2 1
76.384
n
464
RC
198(285)
E 22 2 2
121.616
n
464

RC
76(179)
E 31 3 1
29.319
n
464
RC
76(285)
E 32 3 2
46.681
n
464
To determine if flight response of the geese depends on the altitude of the helicopter, we test:
H0: Flight response and Altitude of helicopter are independent
Ha: Flight response and Altitude of helicopter are dependent
2
2
2
2
nij E ij
85 73.297 105 116.703 77 76.384

73.297
116.703
76.384
E ij
121 121.616
121.616
17 29.319
29.319
59 46.681
46.681
11.477
2
region is 2 9.21034 .
is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the flight response of the geese depends on
the altitude of the helicopter at .01 .
c.

Flight Response
Lateral
Distance
< 1000
1000-2000
2000-3000
3000
Totals
d.
Low
37
68
44
30
179
High
243
37
4
1
285
Totals
280
105
48
31
464

RC
280(179)
E11 1 1
108.017
464
n
RC
280(285)
E12 1 2
171.983
464
n
R C 105(179)
E 21 2 1
40.506
464
n
RC
105(285)
E 22 2 2
64.494
464
n
RC
48(179)
E 31 3 1
18.517
464
n
RC
48(285)
E 32 3 2
29.483
464
n
R C
31(179)
E 41 4 1
11.959
464
n
RC
31(285)
E 42 4 2
19.041
464
n
606
Chapter 10
To determine if flight response of the geese depends on the lateral distance of the helicopter, we test:
H0: Flight response and Lateral distance of the helicopter are independent
Ha: Flight response and Lateral distance of the helicopter are dependent
2
2
2
2
2
nij E ij
37 108.017 243 171.983 68 40.506 37 64.494

108.017
171.983
40.506
64.494
E
ij
44 18.517
18.517
4 29.494
29.494
30 11.959
11.959
1 19.041
19.041
207.814
2
region is 2 11.3449 .
is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the flight response of the geese depends on
the lateral distance of the helicopter at .01 .
e.
Using SAS, the contingency table for altitude by response with the column percents is:
Table of ALTGRP by RESPONSE
ALTGRP
RESPONSE
Frequency|
Percent |
Row Pct |
Col Pct |LOW
|HIGH
| Total
---------+--------+--------+
<300
|
85 |
105 |
190
| 18.32 | 22.63 | 40.95
| 44.74 | 55.26 |
| 47.49 | 36.84 |
---------+--------+--------+
300-600 |
77 |
121 |
198
| 16.59 | 26.08 | 42.67
| 38.89 | 61.11 |
| 43.02 | 42.46 |
---------+--------+--------+
600+
|
17 |
59 |
76
|
3.66 | 12.72 | 16.38
| 22.37 | 77.63 |
|
9.50 | 20.70 |
---------+--------+--------+
Total
179
285
464
38.58
61.42
100.00
Statistics for Table of ALTGRP by RESPONSE
Statistic
DF
Value
Prob
-----------------------------------------------------Chi-Square
2
11.4770
0.0032
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square
2
12.1040
0.0024
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square
1
10.2104
0.0014
Phi Coefficient
0.1573
Contingency Coefficient
0.1554
Cramer's V
0.1573
Sample Size = 464
From the row percents, it appears that the lower the plane, the lower the response. For altitude
<300m, 55.26% of the geese had a high response. For altitude 300-600m, 61.11% of the geese had a
high response. For altitude 600+m, 77.63% of the geese had a high response. Thus, instead of
setting a minimum altitude for the planes, we need to set a maximum altitude. For this data, the
lowest response is at an altitude of < 300 meters.
Using SAS, the contingency table for lateral distance by response with the column percents is:
The FREQ Procedure
Table of LATGRP by RESPONSE
LATGRP
RESPONSE
Frequency |
Percent
|
Row Pct
|
Col Pct
|LOW
|HIGH
| Total
----------+--------+--------+
<1000
|
37 |
243 |
280
|
7.97 | 52.37 | 60.34
| 13.21 | 86.79 |
| 20.67 | 85.26 |
----------+--------+--------+
1000-2000 |
68 |
37 |
105
| 14.66 |
7.97 | 22.63
| 64.76 | 35.24 |
| 37.99 | 12.98 |
----------+--------+--------+
2000-3000 |
44 |
4 |
48
|
9.48 |
0.86 | 10.34
| 91.67 |
8.33 |
| 24.58 |
1.40 |
----------+--------+--------+
3000+
|
30 |
1 |
31
|
6.47 |
0.22 |
6.68
| 96.77 |
3.23 |
| 16.76 |
0.35 |
----------+--------+--------+
Total
179
284
464
38.58
61.42
100.00
Statistics for Table of LATGRP by RESPONSE
Statistic
DF
Value
Prob
-----------------------------------------------------Chi-Square
3
207.0812
<.0001
3
227.5212
<.0001
1
189.2843
<.0001
Phi Coefficient
0.6692
0.5562
Cramer's V
0.6692
Sample Size = 464
From the row percents, it appears that the greater the lateral distance, the lower the response. For a
lateral distance of 3000+m only 3.23% of the geese had a high response. Thus, the further away the
plane is laterally, the lower the response. For this data, the lowest response is when the plane is
further than 3000 meters.
Thus, the recommendation would be a maximum height of 300 m and a minimum lateral distance of
3000 m.
608
10.54
Chapter 10
a.

Shift
Defectives
25
35
80
140
1
2
3
Total
RC
200(140)
E11 1 1 =
46.667
600
n
Non-Defectives
175
165
120
460
Total
200
200
200
600
200(140)
E 21 E 31
46.667
600
200(460)
E12 E 22 E 32
153.333
600
To determine if quality of the filters are related to shift, we test:

H0:
H a:
Quality of filters and shift are independent

Quality of filters and shift are dependent
2
2
2
2
[nij Eij ]2 25 46.667 35 46.667 80 46.667 175 153.333
46.667
46.667
46.667
153.333
E
ij
165 153.333
153.333
120 153.333
153.333
47.98
2
region is 2 5.99147 .
is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate quality of filters and shift are related at .05 .
b.
p1
25
.125
200
p1 z.025
p1 (1 p1 )
.125(.875)
.125 1.96
.125 .046 .079, .171
n
200
10.55
a.
[ni Ei ]2 (26 23) 2 (146 136) 2 (361 341) 2 (143 136) 2 (13 23) 2
9.647
23
136
341
136
23
Ei
b.
c.
2
From Table IV, Appendix D, with df 5 , .05
11.0705
No. Since the observed value of the test statistics does not fall in the rejection region
( 2 9.647 11.0705) , H0 is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate the salary
distribution is non-normal for .05 .
d.
The p-value is p P ( 2 9.647) . Using MINITAB,

Cumulative Distribution Function
Chi-Square with 5 DF
x
9.647
P( X <= x )
0.914122
The p-value is p P ( 2 9.647) 1 .914122 .085878 .

10.56

Tabulated statistics: Defect, PredEVG
Using frequencies in Fr
Rows: Defect
1
2
All
Columns: PredEVG
All
441
47
488
8
2
10
449
49
498
Cell Contents:
Count
Pearson Chi-Square = 1.188, DF = 1

Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square = 0.948, DF = 1
To determine if Defect and Pred_EVG are dependent, we test:

H 0 : Defect and Pred_EVG are independent
H a : Defect and Pred_EVG are dependent

Since no level was given, we will use .05 . The rejection region requires .05 in the upper tail of
2
the 2 distribution with df ( r 1)(c 1) (2 1)(2 1) 1 . From Table IV, Appendix D, .05
3.84146 .
The rejection region is 2 3.84146 .
is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate that Defect and Pred_EVG are dependent at
.05 . If Defect and Pred_EVG are independent, then the Pred_EVG is no better predicting defects than
just guessing. I would not recommend the essential complexity algorithm be used as a predictor of
defective software modules.
610
10.57
Chapter 10
Using SAS, the output is:

The FREQ Procedure
Table of CANDIDATE by TIME
CANDIDATE
TIME
Frequency|
Col Pct |
1|
2|
3|
4|
5|
6|
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
SMITH
|
208 |
208 |
451 |
392 |
351 |
410 |
| 52.53 | 55.32 | 55.34 | 55.92 | 56.16 | 55.33 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
COPPIN
|
55 |
51 |
109 |
98 |
88 |
104 |
| 13.89 | 13.56 | 13.37 | 13.98 | 14.08 | 14.04 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
MONTES
|
133 |
117 |
255 |
211 |
186 |
227 |
| 33.59 | 31.12 | 31.29 | 30.10 | 29.76 | 30.63 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
Total
396
376
815
701
625
741
Total
2020
505
1129
3654
Statistics for Table of CANDIDATE by TIME

Statistic
DF
Value
Prob
-----------------------------------------------------Chi-Square
10
2.2839
0.9937
10
2.2722
0.9938
1
0.9851
0.3209
Phi Coefficient
0.0250
0.0250
Cramer's V
0.0177
Sample Size = 3654
To determine if candidates received votes independent of time period, we test:

H0: Voting and Time period are independent
Ha: Voting and Time period are dependent
Since no value of was given, we will use .05 . The rejection region requires .05 in the upper tail
of the 2 distribution with df ( r 1)(c 1) (3 1)(6 1) 10 . From Table IV, Appendix D,
2
.05
Since the observed value of the test statistic does not fall in the rejection region ( 2 2.2839 18.3070) ,
H0 is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate Voting and Time period are dependent at
.05 . Thus, we can conclude that voting and time period are independent. This means that regardless
of time period, the percentage of votes received by each candidate is the same. In the table created by SAS,
the bottom number in each cell is the column percent. This is the percent of votes received by the
candidate in each time period. An inspection of these percents indicates that candidate Smith received
approximately 55.3% of the votes each time period, candidate Coppin received approximately 13.8% of the
vote, and candidate Montes received approximately 30.9% of the vote. All of this indicates that the
election was rigged

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Chapter 10

Categorical Data Analysis

The characteristics of the multinomial experiment are:

The experiment consists of n identical trials.

The hypotheses of interest are:

The test statistic is 2

E3 np3,0 320(.50) 160

(78 80) 2 (60 80) 2 (182 160) 2

Categorical Data Analysis 565

Some preliminary calculations are:

To determine if the multinomial probabilities differ, we test:

The test statistic is

[ni Ei ]2 (43 51.25) 2 (56 51.25) 2 (59 51.25) 2 (47 51.25) 2

The confidence interval is:

If the claim is true, E1 np1,0 106(.50) 53 , E2 np2,0 106 .30 31.8 ,

E3 np3,0 106 .10 10.6 , and E4 np4,0 106 .10 10.6 .

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

(63 53) 2 (20 31.8) 2 (8 10.6) 2 (15 10.6) 2

The test statistic is 2

The confidence interval is:

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Categorical Data Analysis 567

The test statistic is 2

Some preliminary calculations are: p 3

Some preliminary calculations are: E1 E2 E10 npi ,0 1, 072(.10) 107.2

[ ni Ei ]2 (42 107.2) 2 (93 107.2) 2

The test statistic is

(126 150) 2 (72 150) 2 (30 150) 2 (372 150) 2

The confidence interval is:

The test statistic is

(18 143.167) 2 (25 143.167) 2

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Categorical Data Analysis 569

E1 np1,0 1,821.01 18.21

E2 np2,0 1,821.05 91.05

E3 np3,0 1,821.10 182.1

E5 np5,0 1,821.44 801.24

To determine if the mall developers belief is correct, we test:

The test statistic is

(14 18.21) 2 (61 91.05) 2 (216 182.1) 2 (711 728.4) 2

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

To determine if the multinomial probabilities agree with the theory, we test:

Using MINITAB, the results are:

To determine if the multinomial probabilities agree with the theory, we test:

Some preliminary calculations are:

E2 np2,0 2, 023(.35) 708.05

E3 np3,0 2, 023(.15) 303.45

E4 np4,0 2, 023(.05) 101.15

The test statistic is

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Categorical Data Analysis 571

To determine if the professors beliefs are correct, we test:

The test statistic is

(262 146.667) 2 (43 146.667) 2 (135 146.667) 2

Some preliminary calculations are:

E2 np2,0 943(.37) 348.91

E3 np3,0 943(.09) 84.87

E4 np4,0 943(.03) 28.29

The test statistic is

p1 = .191, p2 = .198, p3 = .187, p4 = .180, p5 = .155, p6 = .043, p7 = .046

E1 np1,0 414(.191) 79.074

E2 np2,0 414(.198) 81.972

E3 np3,0 414(.187) 77.418

E4 np4,0 414(.180) 74.520