1

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A.

Background of the Study

The Philippines is a tropical country that is abundant with nutritious and

refreshing fruits that Filipinos are fond of eating. Papaya and mango are two of the
most common fruits that could be found in some Filipino desserts. However, in the
process of consumption of these delectable fruits, the peelings that were acquired
are either wasted or thrown away. Brilliant minds have formulated a solution to
recycle these organic wastes and make them into something useful, a fuel briquette.
It is basically composed of organic materials and could be used like a charcoal.
Fuel is any material that can store energy and releases it through combustion.
The modern way of life is intimately dependent on the use of fossil fuels. However,
the

increased

consumption

of

nonrenewable

resources

may lead

to

the

overproduction of carbon dioxide, which is one of the major causes of global

warming. Excessive reliance on fossil fuels may cause it to be used up. The use of
fuel made from biodegradable wastes is ideal, since it recycles agricultural residues.
(Conserve Energy Future, 2008)
Fuel briquettes are used like coal, but are made from a combination of
organic wastes, shaped into blocks. Densification of fruit peelings and wood waste
into briquettes can provide a relatively high-quality alternative source of fuel, which

employ peelings of mango and papaya and sawdust. A high demand of firewood
would cause deforestation, and may affect the environment especially in the urban
areas. Fuel briquette is a block of compressed materials suitable for cooking.
The process of making charcoal briquettes from agricultural waste is not new.
Many institutions have experimented on different agricultural residues to find out
which raw materials are possible for charcoal making. The Nepal-based Foundation
for Sustainable Technologies is training people to make the briquettes, thus enabling
them to produce their own fuel. The Legacy Foundation and its partners have tested
the briquette making process in urban and rural areas such as Malawi, Peru, Mali,
Uganda, Haiti, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Nicaragua and the United States. It is now being
used in many places, such as Europe, Haiti, India and even in the Philippines.
(Foundation for Sustainable Technologies, 2007)
The purpose of this research is to provide an alternative fuel for heating. The
researchers decided to pursue this study because of the usefulness of the briquettes.
The idea that biodegradable wastes may actually be converted into useful fuel
briquettes aroused the interest of the researchers.

B.

Statement of the Problem

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the papaya and mango peelings with

sawdust as a fuel briquette.

Sub-problems
1.) What are the resulting properties of the different samples of briquettes
in terms of:

1) ash content
2) moisture content and
3) calorific value?
2) Is a significant difference in the physical properties of the briquettes?

C.

Objectives of the Study

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of briquettes samples with

mango and papaya peelings. The study also aims to determine the calorific value,
ash content and moisture content of the briquettes, and compare with standard
values of wood, a commonly used fuel.

D.

Hypothesis of the Study

There is no significant difference in the calorific value, ash content and

moisture content of the briquettes.

E.

Significance of the Study

If the hypothesis proven correct, the peelings that were acquired during the

consumption of mango and papaya during meals can be used, therefore reducing
excessive biodegradable waste while creating an alternative source of fuel for
cooking and heating. Farmers, fruit vendors, housewives, or anyone who has interest
in producing fuel briquettes will be provided with additional livelihood should they
decide to sell the briquettes. The fuel briquettes are also ideal for their personal use.

F.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study was limited to the utilization of the peelings of mango and papaya

and sawdust as components in briquettes. For the determination of the physical

characteristics of the briquettes, the study was limited to the determination of the
calorific value, ash content and moisture content of the briquettes. There was also a
limitation in the methods of determining the ash content and moisture content due to
lack of time. The heat of the sun was not enough to completely absorb the moisture
of the briquettes, and the use of an oven is more appropriate. In burning the
briquettes, the use of denatured alcohol was not enough to completely burn the
briquettes, and the use of a furnace is more appropriate. The determination of the
calorific value of the briquettes was done in COE with the use of a Parr 1108 oxygen
Bomb calorimeter. The experimentation was done during the school year 2011-2012.

G.

Definition of Terms

Ash Content

The grayish-white to black, soft solid residue of

combustion (The Grolier International
Dictionary 1988)

Calorific Value

This is the amount of heat liberated by the

complete combustion of unit mass of a fuel
briquette (Dictionary of Physics, 1991)

Fuel Briquette

An organic block of a flammable material that is

the output of this study.

Mango Peeling

It is the peeling of the fruit belonging to the

genus Mangnifera that is a main component in
the production of the briquettes.

Moisture Content

The diffuse wetness that can be felt as condensed

liquid

of

the

briquettes.

(The

Grolier

International Dictionary 1988)

Papaya Peeling

It is the peeling of the fruit Carica papaya that is

a main component in the production of the
briquettes.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Yearly, huge amounts of agricultural residues and forest waste are produced. But
these are either wasted or burnt inefficiently in their loose form causing air pollution.
Faulty use of these biodegradable wastes may cause certain pollutions in the atmosphere.
Fortunately, these can be utilized for the production of fuel briquettes.
Fuel briquettes could be used as an alternative energy source for household use.
These are made from a combination of organic materials such as grass, leaves, saw dust,
rice husk or any type of paper. These materials are then compressed in a fuel briquette
press. The fuel briquette produced is environment-friendly since it utilized waste
materials. In comparison with fossil fuels, the briquettes are easier to produce because it
is a renewable source of energy. (Shrestha n.d.)
Fuel briquettes are useful and can be used as an alternative substitute to coal and
charcoal. The briquettes are mostly composed of organic waste and other materials that
are biodegradable, and are commonly used as heat and cooking fuel. The composition of
the briquettes may vary due to the availability of the raw materials in an area. These
materials are compressed and made into briquettes. The briquettes are different from
charcoal because they do not possess large concentrations of carbonaceous substances. In
comparison to fossil fuels, the briquettes produce low net total greenhouse gas emissions
because the materials used are already a part of the carbon cycle. Environmentally, the
use of briquettes produces less greenhouse gases. (Wikipedia, 2011)

Wood is has been an important source of fuel for mankind throughout the ages.
From the earliest times, mankind has added coal to his fuel resources, and much later,
gases manufactured from coal and mineral oils. The common fuels differ much in the
heat which they give out when burned. While many factors are concerned in the value of
a fuel, the chief one is its heat of combustion, or calorific value. The calorific value of a
solid or liquid fuel is the heat given off in the combustion of one gram of the fuel.
(McPherson, 1942)
What should govern the choice of fuel? The ideal fuel should not be expensive,
and it should kindle readily and should have a respectable amount of heat content. There
must be little or no ash, and no waste products that would become a nuisance. Few if any
fuels meet all these conditions. Local conditions and personal taste influence the
consumer in his choice of fuel. (Dull, 1958)
Wood used as fuel briquette is not new. The concept of making briquettes from
fine timber wastes dates back to the turn of 19th and 20th centuries. The use of sawdust
by converting it into heat is economically justified. The calorific value of sawdust
briquettes is comparable to that of lower quality class coal. Heat value or calorific value
determines the energy content of a fuel. It is the property that depends on its chemical
composition and moisture content. The calorific value is the most important fuel property.
(Aina, 2009)
Using wood and crop residues as an energy source will reduce consumption of
fossil fuels, and in the process, reduces the emission of greenhouse gases to the
environment. In other countries, the interest in pellet burners is starting to increase.
Biomass may be utilized as energy carriers (charcoal, oil, or gas). Combustion is the most

developed and most frequently applied process used for solid biomass fuels because of its
low costs and high reliability (Gravalos, 2010).
Few people realize the degree to which energy systems affect the environment,
although many of us are becoming more aware of damage from specific activities.
Converting fossil and nuclear fuels into energy leads to air pollution, water pollution,
creation of solid wastes, land disruption, and aesthetic degradation. (The New Book of
Popular Science 1978)
Briquettes have various uses from household to industrial. With the increasing
prices of fuel, practical consumers are finding cheaper alternative sources of heat that
may be usable for cooking, heating water and productive processes, firing ceramics, fuel
for gasifiers to generated electricity and for powering boilers to generate steam.
Briquettes are most commonly produced using briquette presses, but when it is not
available, briquettes may also be mold by hand. However, using briquette presses add
value to the product and can increase the amount of briquettes produced in a day. (Grover
1996)
One of the most important characteristics of a fuel is its calorific value, that is the
amount of energy per kg it gives off when burnt. The calorific value can thus be used to
calculate the competitiveness of a processed fuel in a given market situation. There is a
range of other factors, such as ease of handling, burning characteristics etc., which also
influence the market value, but calorific value is probably the most important factor and
should be recognized when selecting the raw material input. (Lehra Fuel Tech Pvt. Ltd.,
2012)

Common components of fuel briquettes are from wastes of organic materials like
plants. For this study the organic material in focused are the mango peelings and papaya
peelings.
The papaya peeling has various uses. It is the best when it comes to skin care,
since it is a good source of Vitamin A, which acts as an anti-oxidant and papain, which
breaks down inactive proteins and removes dead skin cells. Papaya peelings, thus can act
as a natural exfoliator. (Perfect Skin Care for You, 2010)
The use for mango peelings ranges from food applications to medical purposes.
Mango peelings can be consumed with proper preparations, though its acidity may be
toxic for some people. Mango peelings are abundant in calcium, vitamin B6 and
antioxidants and are a good source of fiber. It may also be used as an ingredient to give
dishes some fruity acidity as it cooks. According to the researchers the Central Food
Technological Research Institute in Mysore, India, mango peel provides high quality
pectin, which makes the skin of the fruit and ideal thickening agent for making jams and
jellies. Mango peel may also be used as a digestive aid for treating gastritis. The skin of
the mango is mashed and boiled to extract its oils. (Cicione, n.d.)
A study on the feasibility of biomass fuel briquettes from banana plant waste
examined the issues with making fuel briquettes from banana plant waste. Several
mixture/blend formulations were prepared which included materials such as sawdust,
paper pulp, leaves, banana fronds and plant bark, peanut shells, composted hostas plants,
peanut shells, wood chips. Briquettes were made using the micro compound lever press
with mold diameter of three inches and a center hole of one inches. Alternative briquettes
were made using a caulking gun press or hand-made ball briquettes. Some formulations

10

were over dried at 300F for two hours and some five hours. Tests performed were
moisture test and burn test.
Results showed that any formulation made from the trunk of a wood tree (paper
pulp, wood chips or sawdust) can dry to about six percent moisture in 36 hours in Ohio
sun. However adding leaves to the mixture doubles the drying time to 72 hours. Adding
banana fibers to a formulation significantly lengthened the drying time. At the end of the
first 24 hours, the briquettes rapidly absorbed moisture to above ten percent by weight.
Most briquettes released some moisture when it stopped raining. Furthermore, the rate at
which the water temperature increased was dependent on the available BTU from the
briquettes, the mass of the three selected test briquettes, moisture content and air supply
to briquette material.
Conclusions and recommendations includes the following: that to prevent
clogging the wet process with long fibers, both the green and dry material need to be cut
into small lengths (under three inches). No natural biomass binding properties exist
within the chopped green or dry material. Self binding was possible after the green
material had been softened via a composting like process and then mashed into a sludge
using a mortar and pestle. The natural antimicrobial and antibacterial properties of the
banana plant worked against the composting process used to help expose the fibers. The
chunks of banana waste turned brown and softened but never decayed after months in the
composting process. The binding of dry fonds was only possible after cutting to lengths
of less than three inches and grinding to expose the available fibers, then mixing with a
large amount of mashed dead banana skins and mashed banana fruit. This process was
difficult to press because of the sticky mixture. In addition, it required an excessive

11

amount of dead banana skins and fruit to bind a small amount of fronds. Air-drying a
banana biomass briquette was nearly impossible. Unobstructed by other surrounding
material the banana fiber normally releases its moisture quickly. When pressed into a
briquette the release of the moisture was very slow, even when oven dried. When
surrounded with other biomass to enhance binding or burning, release of the fiber
moisture was difficult to achieve even in an oven at 300F. Complete burn using an airdried briquette containing banana fibers was not successful because of excessive smoke
from the burn. Perhaps the briquette would burn better in a forced air stove like a
gasifier. Packing the briquette mold with the fibrous material was difficult, tedious and
time consuming. The fibers were interwoven with other fibers and did not pour well.
Hand packing worked better. Softening by freezing was tested but not included in this
report. A batch of fresh green chopped stalks was exposed to a single freeze/thaw cycle
as a softening methodology. While that process did significantly hasten and enhance the
softening process, it was not considered a practical solution for a tropical climate. In the
researchers opinion producing a biomass fuel briquette from the waste of the banana
plant is not worth the effort. It may be more practical to harvest and use the fibers from
the stalk for commercial purposes. If one could find an adequate process to emulate the
wet grinding accomplished by using a food blender, then a small amount of those fibers
(around 10% to 15%) could be effective as a binder for sawdust. (Hite, Smith, 2011)
Some local studies conducted on fuel briquettes include the use of waste papers
and sawdust as components other than organic materials. Several studies are mentioned
below.

12

Borja (2007) conducted a study on pineapple and banana peeling as component in

fuel briquette. The reported average approximate ash content of pineapple and banana
peelings fuel briquette was 55.01%. The average approximate ash content of charcoal
was also determined and the result was 35.49%. The statistical calculation showed that
fuel briquettes have more ash content compared to charcoal, which implies that charcoal
can supply more energy compared to the fuel briquettes.
Mag-usara (n.d.) conducted a study on dried banana leaves and waste paper as
fuel briquettes. Kneaded 200 g waste papers were mixed with 100g dried banana leaves
with 100g of cassava starch. The dried leaves act as the starter in the building of fire
using fuel briquettes, this one reason why fuel briquettes ignite for seconds and the
boiling period is 10 minutes lesser than the palwa wood. Data obtained on the moisture
weight content of two fuels were subjected to mean value, analysis of variance leading to
T-test computation. The computed value of T is -0.04 lesser than P value, 1.943 at 0.05
level of significance with 6 degrees of freedom. This means that there is no significant
difference between the palwa fuel and the fuel briquettes made out of dried banana leaves
and waste paper.

CHAPTER III

13

METHODOLOGY

A.

Research Design
The calorific value was determined by using the bomb calorimeter. The

approximate ash content and moisture content was also determined. The approximate ash
content was determined by weighing the briquettes before and after burning using
denatured alcohol, and the approximate moisture content was determined by weighing the
50g briquettes after it is dried. The briquettes were produced from mango and papaya
peelings with sawdust. The study utilized the randomized complete block design (RCBD)
since there were two different treatments that were grouped into blocks. The treatments
were varied so the results may be compared. There were two treatments and in each
treatment there were three samples. The researchers determined if there was a significant
difference in the calorific values and the ash content of the briquettes. The study used a T
test for testing the difference between two means with small independent samples.

B.

Materials and Equipment

Materials

Chopping Board
Knife / Kitchen Scissors
Measuring Cup

Papaya Peelings
Mango Peelings
Sawdust

14

Equipments

Analytical Balance
Bomb Calorimeter

Blender

C.

Experimental Set-Up

Table 2. Experimental Setup

CO
TR
MP
EA
ON
TM
ENT
EN
TA
Man
25
go
Peeli
ngs
(g)
Papa
0
ya
Peeli
ngs
(g)
Saw
25
dust
(g)

TR
EA
TM
EN
TB
0

25

25

D.

General Procedure
Mango peelings, papaya peelings and sawdust were collected from

sources like various fruit vendors in Iligan City. Knife or kitchen scissors
was to cut the peelings into smaller pieces. The peelings were placed in a
blender and a strainer was used to remove the excess liquid. The raw
materials were weighed with the indicated weights. They were combined

15

with the specified treatments, and was molded into briquettes using a
measuring cup.

Collecting the Raw Materials

The raw materials were gathered from various fruit vendors that
disposes their fruit peelings. Personal consumption of papaya and mango
fruits also contributed to the quantity of the raw materials. Sawdust was
collected from a construction supplier.

Preparation of Raw Materials

The peelings of mango and papaya were removed using a knife
then was placed in a blender. Sawdust was collected. The raw materials
were weighed using an analytical balance.

Making the Fuel Briquettes

The raw materials were weighed and combined with the specified

treatments. The liquid were separated using a strainer. The resulting briquettes were
molded then dried under the heat of the sun.

Calorific Value
To determine its calorific value, a bomb calorimeter (Parr 1108
Oxygen Combustion Bomb) was used where a sample is burned under an
oxygen atmosphere in a closed vessel, which is surrounded by water,
under controlled conditions. Three samples are taken for each of the
treatments.

16

One gram of sample of the briquette was measured using a digital

analytical balance into a crucible and placed inside a stainless steel container
(decomposition vessel) filled with 30 bar of oxygen (Quality: technical oxygen 99.98%).
Then the sample was ignited through a cotton thread connected to an ignition wire inside
the decomposition vessel and burned.

During the combustion the core temperature in the crucible can go up to

1000C (1800F), and the pressure rises for milliseconds to approximately 200 bar (2900
PSI). All organic matter is burned under these conditions, and oxidized. Even inorganic
matter will be oxidized to some extent.

To measure the temperature inside the water, very sensitive, high-

resolution sensors were used. The decomposition vessel was previously calibrated to
know how much heat is necessary to heat up the water by one degree Celsius. After all
the briquette sample was burned, the calorific value was displayed in units of kJ/kg.

Approximate Ash Content

The briquettes were weighed before it will be burned. The resulting
weight of the briquette sample was weighed into an analytical balance.
The briquette was burned using denatured alcohol, until it turns into ash.
The ash was weighed.

The ash content will be determined with the formula:

As h=

WF
x 100
Wi

( )

where:

17

Wf = final weight of the fuels after being burn inside

Wi = initial weight of the briquette after drying

Approximate Moisture Content

Fifty grams of the sample was weighed into a weighing scale. The
samples were dried under the heat of the sun. The dry briquettes are
weighed in an analytical balance and the moisture content was determined
with the formula above.

M n=

W w W d
x 100
Ww

where:
Mn = moisture content (%) of material n
Ww = wet weight of the sample, and
Wd = weight of the sample after drying.

E.

Statistical Tools for Data Analysis

In determining the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in

the heating value of the briquettes, approximate ash content and moisture content, a t-Test
for testing the difference between two means with small independent samples was used

where:
xx = sample mean
o = population mean
s = standard deviation

18

n = number of values

COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS

19

Mango Peelings
and Sawdust

Papaya Peelings
and Sawdust

BRIQUETTE MAKING

TESTING THE PRODUCT

APPROX.
ASH
CONTENT

APPROX.
MOISTURE
CONTENT

CALORIFIC
VALUE

Figure 1. Chart in Preparation of Mango and Papaya Peelings as a

Fuel Briquette

20

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results in tabular form and the discussion
of results. The t-Test is most commonly used to evaluate the differences
between two groups. For comparison purposed, there were two treatments.
There were three samples for each treatment and were evaluated for their
calorific value, approximate moisture content and ash content.

In this study, the researchers compared the moisture content, ash content

and calorific value of the briquettes.

Table 3. Mean Values of Characteristics of Briquette Samples

P
A
P
A
Y

PARAMETER

S
A
W
D
U
S
T

Approx.
Ash
Content (%)
Approx.
Moisture

STA
ND
AR
D
VAL
UES

10.14

10.48

3.3-11.7

69.00

74.00

2.2 - 15.9

21

Content (%)
Calorific
Value(kJ/kg)

14, 150
8

15,08

14,400
17,400

Table 3 shows that the mean calorific value and approximate ash content

of Treatment A (papaya + sawdust) and Treatment B (mango + sawdust) both fall in the
standard values.

The mean approximate moisture content, however, is significantly

greater than the standard values. The standard ash and moisture content of bituminous
coal and standard calorific value of wood was used in this table since it is a very common
fuel.

The calorific value of a fuel is the amount of heat produced by its

combustion (burnt). The calorific value can thus be used to calculate the competitiveness
of a processed fuel in a given market situation. The standard calorific value of wood is
14,400 - 17,400 kJ/kg. The mean calorific value of the Treatment A (mango + sawdust)
is 15,088 kJ/kg which is comparable to the typical calorific value of coal which ranges
from 15,000 - 27,000. On the other hand, the mean calorific value of Treatment B
(papaya + sawdust) is 14,150 kJ/kg is lower compared to the typical calorific value of
coal. Hence, based on calorific value Treatment A (mango + sawdust) has better potential
as fuel briquette over Treatment B (papaya + sawdust).

The ash content of both briquettes in the two treatments is also comparable

to the typical ash content of bituminous coal which ranges from 3.3% to 11.7%.

The approximate moisture content of Treatment A and Treatment B are

69.00% and 74.00%, respectively. The approximate moisture content of the briquettes in
both treatments, however, is higher than the typical moisture content of bituminous coal,
which ranges from 2.2% to 15.9%.

22

Table 4. Statistical Test for Results in Approximate Ash Content

TREATMENT
MANGO
PAPAYA
+
+
SAWDUS
SAWDUS
T
T
Mean
10.48%
10.14%
St. Dev.
0.0061158
0.003365
26
Hypothesized
0
Difference
Difference
0.00343
P-value (two 0.4423
tailed
at
=0.05)

Table 4 shows the result of the t-test performed on the values of

approximate ash content of fuel briquettes for each treatment.

The statistical data

gathered shows that there is no significant difference between the two treatments since Pvalue (0.4423) is greater than the level of significance (0.05) hence null hypothesis is not
rejected. This implies that the approximate ash contents of Treatment A (mango +
sawdust) and Treatment B (papaya + sawdust) fuel briquettes are statistically the same.
This is probably because the ash contents measured were just approximation since the
method performed were not very reliable due to lack of time.

Table 5. Statistical Test for Results in Approximate Moisture Content

TREATMENT

Mean
St. Dev.
Hypothesized
Difference

MANGO
+
SAWDUS
T
74.00%
0.04
0

PAPAYA
+
SAWDUS
T
69%
0.070238

23

Difference
P-value (twotailed
at
=0.05)

0.04667
0.3739

Table 5 shows the result of the t-test performed on the values of

approximate moisture content of fuel briquettes for each treatment. The statistical data
gathered shows that there is no significant difference between the two treatments since Pvalue (0.3739) is greater than the level of significance (0.05). This implies that the
approximate moisture content of Treatment A (mango + sawdust) and Treatment B
(papaya + sawdust) fuel briquettes are statistically the same. This is probably because the
moisture contents measured were just approximation since the method performed were
not very reliable due to lack of time.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

24

A.

Summary
This study was conducted to produce an effective fuel briquette.

There were two treatments and three sample produce and each has its own
proportion of mango and papaya peelings and sawdust. Treatment A has
the combination of mango peelings and sawdust, while the treatment B has
the combination of papaya peelings and sawdust. The treatments made,
have good result in terms of moisture content, ash content and calorific
value.

Results showed that the mean calorific value and approximate ash
content of Treatment A (papaya + sawdust) and Treatment B (mango +
sawdust) both fall in the standard values. The mean approximate moisture
content, however, is significantly greater than the standard values. The
standard ash and moisture content of bituminous coal and standard
calorific value of wood was used in this table since it is a very common
fuel.

B.

Conclusion

1.) The approximate ash content of Treatment A (papaya + sawdust) and

Treatment B (mango + sawdust) are 10.14 % and 10.48%, respectively.
The approximate moisture contents are 69.00% and 74.00%, respectively.
While the calorific value are 14,150 kJ/kg and 15,000 kJ/kg, respectively.
Both the mean calorific value and approximate ash content of Treatment A
and B are within the standard values. The mean approximate moisture

25

content, however, is significantly greater than the standard values. The

standard ash and moisture content of bituminous coal and standard
calorific value of wood was used in this table since it is a very common
fuel.
2.) There is no significant difference in the calorific value, ash content and

moisture content of the briquettes between treatments.

C.

Recommendation

Future researchers are recommended to:

1. Use other biodegradable wastes that are abundant and easy to find. Such
biodegradable wastes could be coconut husks, dry leaves, and sawdust. It
must also be noted that the biodegradable waste be dry and be easily
burned. Biomass residues and by products are available in abundance at:
Agro-processing centers (rice husks, bagasse, molasses, coconut shells,
groundnut shells, maize cobs, potato waste, coffee waste), farms (rice
straw, cotton stalks, jute sticks) forests (bark, chips, shavings, sawdust,
thinning and logging wastes).
2. Use an effective binder such as cornstarch for a more compact briquette.
3. To add more parameters like density of the briquettes.
4. Improve the methods of determining the ash content and moisture
content.
5. Use an oven to determine the moisture content and a furnace to determine
the ash content, instead of just sun drying the briquettes. Such equipments
could be found in the CSM laboratory.

26

27

REFERENCES

Books
Aina, O.M., Adetogun, A.C. and Iyiola, K.A. (2009). Heat Energy From ValueAdded Sawdust Briquettes Of Albizia Zygia Ethiopian United States Agency
International Development
Hood, A.H. (August 2010). Biomass Briquetting in Sudan: A Feasibility Study
Nigeria University of Agriculture
Miller, G.T. Jr. (1998). Sustaining the Earth: An integrated approach Wadsworth
Publishing Company
The Grolier International Dictionary (1981). Houghton Mifflin Company

Dull E.D. (1958) Modern Chemistry Henry Holt and Company,

Incorporated
McPherson W. (1942) Introduction to College Chemistry Ginn and
Company
The New Book of Popular Science (1978) Grolier Incorporated Danbury,
Connecticut
Internet

Biomass Briquettes (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved

September
12,
2011
from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_briquettes

Cicione M. (n.d.). Uses for Mango Peel [Web log message]. Retrieved
http://www.gardenguides.com/87456-uses-mango-peel.html

28

Conserve Energy Future (2003, October 16) retrieved September 12, 2011
from Conserve Energy Site website: http://www.conserve-energyfuture.com/
Foundation for Sustainable Technologies (2010, April) Retrieved October
25, 2011,
from Fuel Briquettes Put Energy in the Peoples Hands
website:
http://www.engineeringforchange.info/2010/04/fuelbriquettes-put-energy-inthe-peoples-hands/

Grover P.D. and Mishra S.K. (1996). Biomass Briquetting: Technology and
Practice, Bangkok. Information on Briquetted Charcoal from Sugarcane Trash.
Retrieved October 8, 2009 from http://www.arti-india.org/content/view/42/52
Hite, Lee, Dr. Zan Smith and Fuel Briqutting Team at www.EWBGCP.org (2011
June 4). Feasibility of Biomass Fuel Briquettes From Banana Plant Waste.
Retrieved
April
28,
2012
from
http://www.ewbgcp.org/images/Feasibility_Biomass_Fuel_Briquettes_from_Bana
na_Plant_Waste.pdf
J.T. Oladeji, M.Sc. (2010, May). Fuel Characterization of Briquettes Produced
from Corncob and Rice Husk Residues Retrieved November 20, 2011, from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

Lehra Fuel Tech Pvt. Ltd (n.d.) retrieved March 12, 2012 from Lehra Fuel Tech Pvt.
Ltd website: http://lehrafuel.com/briquetting.html

Shrestha, N.D. (2010, March 3) Fuel Briquettes Saves Trees

and Provides Income
Generation for the Poor Retrieved
October 15, 2011, from Vuthisa
Technology
website:http://vuthisa.com/2010/03/03/fuel-briquettes/

Swati (2010, March 5). Benefits of Papaya for skin [Web log
message]. Retrieved April
26
2012
from
http://perfectskincareforyou.blogspot.com/2010/03/benefits
-of- papaya-for-skin.html

29

Unpublished Paper
Borja, Ruby Jane E. (2007). Banana and Pineapple Peelings for Fuel Briquette .
Integrated Developmental School, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology. A research
paper
Mag-usara, Liberti P (n.d.). Fuel Briquettes from Dried Banana Leaves and Waste
Paper. Zamboanga del Sur National High School. Pagadian City. Retrieved
April
28,
2012
from
https://docs.google.com/viewer?
a=v&q=cache:5_9WsgxNpK4J:119.1
23/resourcematerials/ACADEME/list%2520of%2520abstracts%2520of
%2520investigatory%

APPENDIX A

DOCUMENTATION

30

Figure2. Blending fruits

Figure3. Extracting Liquid

31

Figure5. Molding Briquettes Using Plastic

Cups.

Figure4.Weighing fruit
peelings

32

Figur 6. Drying briquettes

Figure8. Determining calorific value

using bomb calorimeter.

Figure7. Briquettes after burning

for ash content
determination.

33

APPENDIX B

DATA GATHERED

Table6. Sample Computation of Mango Sawdust

Com
pone
nt

Man
go +
Saw
dust
1
Man
go +
Saw
dust
2
Man
go +
Saw
dust
3

As

1.1

10

1.4

11

1.4

9.

34

Table7. Sample Computation of Papaya Sawdust

Com
pone
nt

Papa
ya +
Saw
dust
1
Papa
ya +
Saw
dust
2
Papa
ya +
Saw
dust
3

As

1.9

10

1.4

9.

1.1

10

35

Name:
Nickname:
Date of Birth:
Place of Birth:
Home Adress:
Fathers Name:
Occupation:
Mothers Name:
Occupation:
Siblings:
Brothers Names:

CURRICULUM VITAE

Allysah Ameenah Macakiling Ismael

Alisa, Ly,
June 11, 1996
Iligan City
Erlinda Ville del Carmen, Iligan City
Bangki Bao Ismael
Businessman
Hafsah Macakiling Ismael
Government Employee

Ali Najib Macakiling Ismael

Anwaar Nabil Macakiling Ismael
Sisters Names:
Amerah Fatmah Macakiling Ismael
Jehan Macakiling Ismael
Educational Background:
Elementary:
Iligan City East Central School
High school:
Iligan Developmental School

36

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name:
Michelle Mae Serate Roque
Nickname:
Mich
Date of Birth:
1996
Place of Birth:
Iligan City
Home Adress:
Serate Cmpd. Tibanga Iligan City
Fathers Name:
Pablo Caina Roque
Occupation:
Engineer
Mothers Name:
Miriam Danette Serate Roque
Occupation:
Government Employee
Brothers Name:
Michael Paul Serate Roque
Educational Background:
Elementary:
Mary Infant Jesus School
High school:
Iligan Developmental School

37

38

39