Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Course content
Unit 1: Introduction to surveying
Unit 2: Chain surveying
Unit 3: Measurement of directions and angles
Unit 4: Traversing
Unit 5: Levelling and contouring
Unit 6: Methods of measuring areas
Unit 7: Introduction to GPS technology
08/11/2012
Learning outcomes
Unit overview
What is levelling
Purposes of levelling
Terminology in leveling
Reading a staff
Collimation error
Two-peg test
Adjustment
Errors
Applications
4
08/11/2012
What is levelling?
BS
FS
Difference in height
H=BS-FS
When do we level?
08/11/2012
Levelling equipment
Level
Tripod
Staff
Change plate
Staff bubble
Terminology in levelling
Level surface
Horizontal surface
08/11/2012
Terminology in levelling
direction of gravity
horizontal
surface
level surface
limit of practical
coincidence (~100 m)
Terminology in levelling
Datum
10
08/11/2012
Terminology in levelling
Benchmark (BM)
11
Terminology in levelling
Backsight (BS)
Foresight (FS)
12
08/11/2012
Terminology in levelling
13
Terminology in levelling
Stable
Well defined
Recoverable
e.g. sharp rock, nail, change plate, etc...
14
08/11/2012
Dumpy level
Tilting level
Automatic level
15
Dumpy level
16
08/11/2012
Dumpy level
17
Tilting level
18
08/11/2012
Tilting level
19
Automatic level
20
10
08/11/2012
Automatic level
21
Tripod
Levelling staff
22
11
08/11/2012
0.339
0.33
0.3
23
Principles of levelling
Observation procedures
Booking procedures
Reduction procedures
24
12
08/11/2012
Levelling procedures
The process of taking B.S and F.S. reading is repeated till the
point BM Oak is reached.
Levelling procedures
26
13
08/11/2012
Principles of levelling
27
A sample loop
Setup 4
CP 3
BM A
Kerb
Setup 1
Setup 3
Kerb
Setup 2
CP 1
CP 2
Post
28
14
08/11/2012
CP 3
BM A
Back
Inter
Fore
1.32
Point
BM A
3.98
Kerb
CP 1
Setup 1
Kerb
CP 1
CP 2
Post
29
CP 3
BM A
Back
Inter
Fore
1.32
2.56
Kerb
Setup 1
Kerb
Point
BM A
3.98
CP 1
1.25
Kerb
3.65
Post
0.67
CP 2
Setup 2
CP 1
CP 2
Post
30
15
08/11/2012
CP 3
BM A
Back
Inter
Fore
1.32
2.56
Kerb
Setup 1
Setup 3
Kerb
3.98
CP 1
1.25
Kerb
3.65
Post
0.67
3.49
Setup 2
Point
BM A
CP 2
Kerb
2.58
1.54
CP 3
CP 1
CP 2
Post
31
BM A
Back
Inter
Fore
1.32
Setup 1
BM A
2.56
Kerb
Setup 3
Kerb
3.98
Kerb
3.65
Post
0.67
2.58
2.64
CP 1
CP 1
1.25
3.49
Setup 2
Point
CP 2
Kerb
1.54
CP 3
3.79
BM A
CP 2
Post
32
16
08/11/2012
Inter
Fore
Rise
Fall
1.32
RL
50.00
2.56
3.98
Comment
BM A
CP 1
1.25
Kerb
3.65
Post
3.49
0.67
CP 2
2.58
2.64
Kerb
1.54
CP 3
3.79
BM A
33
Inter
Fore
Rise
Fall
1.32
2.56
BM A
47.34
CP 1
48.65
Kerb
46.25
Post
2.98
49.23
CP 2
0.91
50.14
Kerb
1.04
51.18
CP 3
50.03
BM A
2.66
1.31
3.65
3.49
2.40
0.67
2.58
2.64
1.54
3.79
10.01
9.98
(0.03)
Comment
50.00
3.98
1.25
RL
1.15
6.24
6.21
(0.03)
(0.03)
34
17
08/11/2012
Inter
Fore
Height of
Collimation
RL
51.32
50.00
BM A
49.90
47.34
CP 1
1.25
48.65
Kerb
3.65
46.25
Post
49.23
CP 2
50.14
Kerb
51.18
CP 3
50.03
BM A
1.32
2.56
3.98
3.49
0.67
52.72
2.58
2.64
1.54
3.79
10.01
53.82
9.98
(0.03)
Comment
(0.03)
Height of Collimation = RL + BS
35
Loop misclosure
Misclosure
36
18
08/11/2012
An acceptable misclose?
37
38
19
08/11/2012
39
40
20
08/11/2012
Point
Adjustment
50.00
BM A
47.34
CP 1
48.65
Kerb
46.25
Post
49.23
CP 2
50.14
Kerb
51.18
CP 3
50.03
BM A
Adjusted RL
41
Point
Adjustment
Adjusted RL
50.00
BM A
0.000
50.000
47.34
CP 1
0.008
47.332
48.65
Kerb
46.25
Post
49.23
CP 2
50.14
Kerb
51.18
CP 3
50.03
BM A
=1*(0.03/4)
42
21
08/11/2012
Point
Adjustment
Adjusted RL
50.00
BM A
0.000
50.000
47.34
CP 1
0.008
47.332
48.65
Kerb
0.015
48.635
46.25
Post
0.015
46.235
49.23
CP 2
0.015
49.215
50.14
Kerb
51.18
CP 3
50.03
BM A
=2*(0.03/4)
43
Point
Adjustment
Adjusted RL
50.00
BM A
0.000
50.000
47.34
CP 1
0.008
47.332
48.65
Kerb
0.015
48.635
46.25
Post
0.015
46.235
49.23
CP 2
0.015
49.215
50.14
Kerb
0.023
50.117
51.18
CP 3
0.023
51.157
50.03
BM A
=3*(0.03/4)
44
22
08/11/2012
Point
Adjustment
Adjusted RL
50.00
BM A
0.000
50.000
47.34
CP 1
-0.008
47.332
48.65
Kerb
-0.015
48.635
46.25
Post
-0.015
46.235
49.23
CP 2
-0.015
49.215
50.14
Kerb
-0.023
51.18
CP 3
-0.023
50.03
BM A
-0.030
=4*(0.03/4)
50.000
45
Point
Adjustment
Adjusted RL
50.00
BM A
0.000
50.000
47.34
CP 1
-0.008
47.332
48.65
Kerb
-0.015
48.635
46.25
Post
-0.015
46.235
49.23
CP 2
-0.015
49.215
50.14
Kerb
-0.023
50.117
51.18
CP 3
-0.023
51.157
50.03
BM A
-0.030
50.000
46
23
08/11/2012
Trigonometric leveling
the zenith angle of the vertical angle to one point from the other
47
Trigonometric leveling
S = slope distance
z = zenith angle
=vertical angle
V = elevation difference
V = S . cos z
V = S . sin
V = H . cot z
V = H . tan
elev = hi + V + r
hi = height of instrument
r = reading on the road
H = horizontal distance
48
24
08/11/2012
Errors in levelling
Collimation
Parallax
Instrument instability
Staff instability
Benchmark instability
Refraction
49
Errors in levelling
Staff verticality
Instrument shading
Temperature on staff
Earth curvature
50
25
08/11/2012
Collimation error
error
horizontal line
51
Two-peg test
52
26
08/11/2012
Applications of levelling
Contouring
Setting out
53
Benchmark
RLNEW
RLBM
Datum
54
27
08/11/2012
DH3
DH2
Benchmark
DH1
RLBM
Datum
55
Benchmark
RLBM
Datum
56
28
08/11/2012
Plotting contours
2.510
2.905
1.100
A
57
Plotting contours
2.510
LINE AB
HAB = 2.51 - 1.10 = 1.410
DAB = 10 m
For the 1.5 m contour:
D = 10*(1.5 1.1)/1.41 = 2.84
For the 2.0 m contour :
D = 10*(2.0 - 1.1)/1.41 = 6.38
0.9
A
1.100
0.4
2.84
1.41
9.93
6.38
10 m
58
29
08/11/2012
Plotting contours
2.510
2.905
LINE AC
HAC = 2.905 - 1.100 = 1.805
DAC = 14.14 m
For the 1.5 m contour :
D = 14.14*(1.5 - 1.1)/1.805 = 3.13
For the 2.0 m contour :
D = 14.14*(2.0 - 1.1)/1.805 = 7.05
1.100
Plotting contours
2.510
2.905
LINE BC
DHBC = 2.905 - 2.510 = 0.395
DBC = 10 m
no contours cross this line
1.100
A
60
30
08/11/2012
Plotting contours
2.510
1.100
2.905
A
61
31