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The activities and actions involved in managing waste generated in various fields like
agriculture, municipal, household wastes, sewage sludge, organic waste is called waste
management.
1.1 COMPOSTING:
Composting is a natural biological process of recycling which biodegrades organic waste under
controlled aerobic conditions through which organic wastes like food, waste leaves, manure,
paper, grass, feather, crop residues can be turned into a valuable organic fertilizer.
3. adding layers of compost materials: Add alternating layers of moist and dry compost
materials.Moist materials are like food scraps, tea bags, seaweed, etc. dry materials are like
straw, leaves, sawdust pellets and wood ashes. Wood ashes should be sprinkled in layers
otherwise they will clump together and be slow to breakdown.
4. Adding manure: Add green manure( buckwheat, wheat grass, clover, grass clippings) or any
nitrogen source which activates the compost pile and speeds up the process.
5. Maintain the compost in moist condition by using water occasionlly or let the rain do job.
6. enclose the bin: cover the bin anything you have like wood, plastic sheeting, carpetr scraps.
Covering helps in retaining moisture and heat which are two essentials for compost. It also
prevents the compost from being over-watered by rainfall. The compost should be maintained
moist but not soaked and sodden.
7. Mix up the layers: for every two weeks give the pile a quick turn with a shovel or pitchfork
which aerates the pile. Turning adds oxygen which is required for the process to work. If u have
a ready supply of coarse material(like straw)
Once the compost pile is established, new materials are added by mixing them in rather than by
adding them in layers. Mixing or turning the compost pile is mainly to aerate the composting
materials and speed up the process to complete.
Fig:compost
A healthy compost pile is one which has more carbon than nitrogen. Use one-third of green
materials for every two-third of brown materials. Good comp[ost hygiene is covering fresh
nitrogen rich material which releases odour.
It can be used as a good soil conditioner. Compost adds nutrients to plants and helps to
retain moisture in the soil.
Composting recycles yard and kitchen waste as it diverts as much as 30% of household
waste.
Compost contain microscopic organisms which help to aerate the soil, to break down the
organic material for plant use and avoids plant disease.
1.2 BIOGAS:
Biogas is a mixture of different gases produced from various raw materials like manure,
agricultural waste, municipal waste, sewage, food waste, green waste by breaking down of
organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
1.2.1 Introduction: About 60% of the worlds population live in rural areas of the developing
countries whose livelihood is agriculture.
In remote areas petroleum products are not much available and they are not affordable to poor
people even if they are available and they use wood-fuels, which is an in-efficient stove and
emits harmful gases which is hazardous for health specially women.
Organic wastes which can be called as biomass consists of various materials of plant, animal and
human origin.The wastes produced from these can be profitably used to generate energy and
fertilizers.
1.2.2 Biomass: It is present in the thin surface layer (biosphere) of the earth.The main source of
supplying energy is the sun of which about 0.5% of the solar energy striking the earth is utilized
by the plants for photosynthesis. Biomass mainly includes waste produced from plants, animals,
human.
Fig: biomass
a) Plant waste: Energy is produced from biodegradable materials by using anaerobic digestion
process . Various plant materials such as weeds , crop residues are the source of methane, for the
better gas production these materials are mixed with animal or human waste.
c) Human waste: Due to social or religious reservation, the use of human faeces and latrine waste
is limited compared to animal waste in most of the developing countries. It contains pathogens
which has offensive odour . I can cause diseases it is not treated properly ,hence the best way is
to treat the human waste in anaerobic digester which can be used to produce biogas as energy
and the effluent can be used as fertilizer.
1.2.3 Biogas production using Anaerobic digestion technology:
The process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the input materials (plant,animal or
human wastes) which breks down insoluble organic polymers( carbohydrates) and makes
them available for other bacteria.
Next acidogenic bacteria converts the sugars and amino acids into carbon-di-oxide,
hydrogen, ammonia and other acids.
Acetogenic bacteria then converts the resulting organic acids into acetic acid along with
some additional things like ammonia, hydrogen and carbon-di-oxide.
Finally methogens convert the resultant products into methane and carbondioxide.
Organic wastes such as cow or cattle dung, manure and various types of bacteria are put
in a air- tight container ( digester) for the process to occur.
Biogas can be used to run heat engines to generate electrical or mechanical power. It can
be compressed to control motor vehicles.
1.2.5 Advantages:
It is eco-friendly.
Solid waste is useless or unwanted materials generated in residential, industrial and commercial
activities in an area. This can be classified according to its origin into domestic, commercial,
institutional, industrial or construction depending on its contents like organic material, glass,
metal, plastic paper etc. otherwise according to hazardous potential like toxic, non-toxic, radio
active etc.Solid waste management reduces impact on the environment and human health which
supports economic development and improvement in quality of life. Various stages in solid waste
management are shown in the figure below
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Fig:
waste collection
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3.RECYCLING:
It is the process that refers to the collection and reuse of materials like empty beverage
containers. It is a resource recovery process.
Fig: recycling
Various materials that can be used for recycling are shown in the figure below and the materials
from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products by recycling.
2) the paper is separated by its type and the contaminated paper is removed.
Fig:separation of paper
3)The sorted paper is baled.
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