Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, Cairo, Egypt
Geography Department, Kuwait University, Kuwait
c
Universitt Karlsruhe (TH), Geologisches Institut, Karlsruhe, FR, Germany
b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 4 June 2007
Received in revised form 24 February 2008
Accepted 5 March 2008
Available online 16 March 2008
Keywords:
Neoproterozoic
Pan-African tectonics
Structure
Egypt
Najd fault system
a b s t r a c t
Detailed eld mapping and structural studies of the area around the mouth of Wadi Hodein, some 20 km
west of Shalatein at the Red Sea coast in the south Eastern Desert of Egypt, revealed four phases of structural deformation (D1D4) affecting the Neoproterozoic Pan-African basement rocks. D1 is related to arc
arc collision and is represented by ENEWSW oriented megascopic upright open folds associated with
low angle thrusts and mesoscopic tight, overturned and recumbent F1 folds. Kinematic indicators indicate thrusting towards the SSE. D2 is represented by NNWSSE oriented megascopic and mesoscopic
folds, which are tight, verge towards the WSW and display a left-stepping en echelon pattern. D3 includes
major NNWSSE trending sinistral shear zones that show subordinate reverse fault components and dip
steeply towards the ENE. These sinistral shear zones are comparable with the Najd Fault System, as they
display a similar sense of movement and relationships to earlier structures. Therefore, they are interpreted to be the continuation of the Najd Shear System in southern Egypt. D2 and D3 are related to accretion of east and west Gondwana. D4 is represented by EW oriented dextral faults with left-stepping
segments. The rst three deformation events are in agreement with the general evolutionary model
for the East African Orogen in the ArabianNubian Shield that begins with NNWSSE shortening, followed by ENEWSW compression and subsequent deformation by the NNWSSE striking Najd Fault System. The EW dextral faults may be the conjugate shear fractures to the D3 NNWSSE oriented sinistral
wrench faults or are related to a subsequent event, D4. NWSE oriented gold-bearing quartz veins originated during D1 and were subsequently deformed by D2D4 events.
2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Although there has been progress in the understanding of the
general tectonic evolution of the ArabianNubian Shield (ANS)
controversies remain to be settled with regard to the locations of
sutures, structure of collision zones, polarity of subduction zones,
post-collisional deformation and timing of events. These are
important considerations for research in tectonics and mineral
exploration.
The ANS is dominated by juvenile continental crust that was
formed by differentiation of mantle melts largely without reworking of pre-existing continental crust during the Neoproterozoic
Pan-African orogeny through accretion of ensimatic and ensialic
magmatic arcs (Harris et al., 1984; Stoeser and Camp, 1985; Krner
et al., 1987; Stern 1994; Stein and Goldstein, 1996; Johnson and
Woldehaimanot 2003). Recent Nd isotopic analyses combined with
data on zircon inheritance and review of published isotopic studies
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 721 6082141; fax: +49 721 6082138.
E-mail address: er8@agk.uka.de (R.O. Greiling).
1464-343X/$ - see front matter 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2008.03.003
22
1994; Fritz et al., 1996; Abdeen and Warr, 1998; Abdeen and Greiling, 2005). This relationship has not yet been adequately established in the more southerly parts of the Eastern Desert of Egypt.
Therefore, this study presents the results of regional scale mapping
(1:100,000) of the basement structures in the Wadi Hodein area in
the southern part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt. The results include a structural evolutionary model, tectonic analysis, and significant information to assist future mineral exploration.
The Wadi Hodein study area lies some 20 km west of the Red
Sea coastal village of Shalatein in the south Eastern Desert, between latitudes 2304 and 2318N and longitudes 3510 and
3525E (Fig. 1). It covers an area of about 720 km2 and is drained
Fig. 1. Geological structural map and cross-sections of the Wadi Hodein area. Inset is a tectonic sketch map of SE Egypt and NE Sudan, showing the location of the study area.
23
Fig. 2. Thrust sheet of Sarir ophiolitic serpentinite-talc-carbonate rocks (UM) thrusted over the schistose island arc metavolcanics (MV). Photo looking north.
24
Fig. 3. Stereographic projection (lower hemisphere) of stretching lineations, showing a preferred NNWSSE orientation parallel with the transport direction of early
thrusts associated with the D1 deformational event.
with compositionally gradational contacts. They range in composition from basic-intermediate to acidic and are accompanied by
equivalent volcaniclastics.
Northeast of Wadi Hodein these metavolcanics are represented
by a NNWSSE trending belt of strongly foliated, folded and
sheared meta-andesite (chlorite epidote schists), locally associated
with intermediate to acidic volcano-sedimentary schists of metadacite and metarhyodacite composition. They form a wide belt
(5 km) extending NWSE from Gabal Sarir to the west of Gabal
Harhagit (Fig. 1). These rocks enclose elongated sheared slabs
(shear pods) of several tens of meters of the serpentinite, talc-carbonate rocks. These slabs are bounded by well-dened shear zones
whose trends are concordant with the metavolcanic foliation
trends. West of Gabal Harhagit, the metavolcanics are associated
with volcaniclastic rocks enclosing strained elongated metavolcanic pebbles with variable sizes.
Southwards, the NWSE Beida-Khashab metavolcanic belt
forms the highest peaks and mountainous exposures in the
mapped area (Fig. 1). These rocks were mapped as island-arc metavolcanics (Geological Survey of Egypt, 1992; Kontny et al., 1999;
Nano et al., 2002; Hassan, 2003; Sadek et al., 1996, 2003; Sadek,
2004). On the other hand, they were mapped by El Amawy et al.
(2000a) as ophiolitic assemblage made up of ultramacs, metagabbros, pillow lavas and chert.
The metavolcanics are strongly sheared volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of andesite, basaltic andesite, metadacite, and metarhyolite composition, pertaining to an island-arc assemblage.
They host some structurally controlled mineralized alteration zones
with gold-bearing ferruginous quartz veins (Kontny, et al., 1999;
Nano et al., 2002). Weakly deformed and rather massive unaltered
metapyroclastic rocks occupy the central part of Wadi Hodein.
3.3. Intrusions
Syntectonic intrusions exposed in the study area include gabbro-diorite and granitoids (G1). There are also late tectonic intrusions of granites (G2) (Fig. 1). The syntectonic gabbros are
encountered in the western part of the mapped area where they intrude the Beida-Khashab metavolcanics. They range in composition from diorite to hornblende gabbro to pyroxene gabbro. The
exposed syntectonic granitoids are subduction-related granitoids
(G1, Hussein et al., 1982). These rocks are encountered at the
southern, western, and the northeastern parts of the mapped area
where they form low relief and weakly foliated outcrops. These
rocks range in composition from tonalite to granodiorite. They intrude the island-arc metavolcanics and the gabbro-diorite. They
25
1992; Geological Survey of Egypt, 1996; Abdeen, 2001) and therefore, they are considered younger.
5. Analysis of orientation data
Although F2 folds have affected earlier F1 folds, some older fabrics remained unchanged and hence some F1 folds were preserved.
Stereographic projection of the poles to S1 early foliation planes
(Fig. 4a) shows concentration of data points along a single girdle
indicating that S1 foliation planes are folded about a gently SSW
plunging F1 axis and that F1 folds are open. Stereographic projection of S2 early foliation planes (Fig. 4b) also shows concentration
of data points along a single girdle indicating folding about a NNW
gently plunging F2 axis. Stereographic projections of the mesoscopic F1 and F2 folds (Fig. 5) show the predominance of the two
fold sets.
The D1 shear zone is folded by ENEWSW oriented folds during
the D1 deformational event as a result of progressive shortening.
Megascopic and mesoscopic folds related to this D1 event are
shown on Fig. 1. The megascopic F1 folds are upright, open and
doubly plunging with gentle plunge angles (see cross-section A
and B, Fig. 1). However, the F1 mesoscopic folds are tight, overturned, recumbent and asymmetric with WSW plunge and SSE vergence (Fig. 6). This could be explained by the early formation of the
mesoscopic F1 folds related to D1 thrusts which were later folded
due to progressive shortening, as they are associated with several
minor thrust faults and duplexes within the major D1 thrust
sheets.
6. Strain analysis
The orientation of the long axes of 23 stretched metavolcanic
pebbles (Fig. 7) enclosed in the highly sheared volcaniclastic rocks
at the thrust zone south of Gabal Harhagit were measured and
plotted on a stereonet (Fig. 8). The pebble long axes have a preferred subhorizontal or gentle plunge towards the SSE. This
stretching direction, together with the orientation of a folded
quartz pebble and the asymmetry of foliation around deformed
pebbles (Fig. 7) are interpreted to indicate top to the SSE shearing
and nappe transport during the D1 deformational event. A set of 28
deformed pebbles were extracted from the volcaniclastic rocks.
These pebbles were investigated and were found to be all of the
same rock type. The pebbles principal axes were measured in order to quantify the bulk strain. The long, intermediate and short
axes (x, y and z, respectively) of the pebbles were measured and
the axial ratios Rxy, Ryz and Rxz for each pebble were calculated
(Table 1). The values of Rxy were plotted against the values of
Fig. 4. Stereographic projection (lower hemisphere) of the poles to foliation planes measured in two isolated outcrops. (a) Small dots are the poles to S1 foliation planes and
the large dot is the plunge of the F1 megascopic fold axis. (b) Small dots are the poles to S2 foliation planes and the large dot is the plunge of the F2 megascopic fold axis.
26
Fig. 5. Stereographic projection (lower hemisphere) of the mesoscopic folds showing predominant SW and NNWSSE fold orientations related to D1 and D2,
respectively.
Table 1
Strain measurements on deformed clasts in the volcano-sedimentary rocks southwest
of Gabal Harhagit
Serial no.
Fig. 6. Mesoscopic overturned and recumbent folds gently plunging towards ENE
and verging towards SSE developed during D1 deformational phase; photograph
looking west.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
P
Arithmetic
mean
Harmonic
mean
Fig. 7. Strained metavolcanic pebble with asymmetric pressure shadows in a volcano-sedimentary layer showing thrust transport top towards the left, i.e. SSE. Note
stair-stepping of foliation around the clast. Photograph looking West.
Intermediate
axis (y)
Axial ratios
Short axis
(z)
Rxy
Ryz
Rxz
35.0
33.0
30.0
33.0
22.0
20.0
18.0
15.0
24.0
18.0
7.0
30.0
17.0
11.0
16.0
12.0
8.5
9.0
15.0
13.0
13.5
11.5
12.0
12.0
12.0
10.0
9.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
9.0
8.0
6.0
6.5
6.5
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
8.0
3.5
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
4.5
3.5
2.0
2.5
4.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
4.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
4.0
4.0
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
5.0
3.0
4.5
3.0
5.0
5.0
3.5
2.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.5
2.5
5.0
4.7
3.3
4.1
3.7
3.1
2.8
3.8
6.0
4.5
1.8
3.8
4.9
2.4
3.2
2.2
1.4
2.0
4.3
6.5
5.4
2.9
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.3
2.0
2.3
1.8
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.0
1.7
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.6
1.2
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.2
8.8
6.6
4.3
5.5
3.7
5.0
4.5
6.0
9.6
6.0
2.3
6.0
5.7
2.4
5.3
2.4
1.7
2.6
6.0
8.7
5.4
4.6
4.8
4.0
4.0
3.3
2.0
2.8
473.5
16.9
135.5
4.8
103.5
3.7
100.3
3.6
37.0
1.3
134.0
4.8
13.7
4.2
3.3
3.1
1.3
3.9
Ryz on the Flinn (1978) diagram (Fig. 9). This diagram shows that
all pebbles fall in the eld of apparent constriction compatible with
ductile extension of the pebbles. The harmonic means of the three
principal axial ratios (Lisle, 1977) were calculated and were found
to be 3.1, 1.3 and 4.8. The corresponding k-value (k = Rxy 1/
Ryz 1) is 8.3. The elongation of the pebbles in the NNWSSE
direction is restricted to the shear zones and is probably the accumulated effect of D1 and D2 deformations. During the D1 event,
the pebbles were stretched within a shear zone and their X-axes
Fig. 9. Flinn diagram showing the strained pebbles occupying the eld of apparent
constriction (prolate eld).
27
2000b; Hamimi and Sakran, 2001) (Table 2), show some similarities but also many conicting results. Similarities concern (a) the
rst three deformational events affecting the region, being essentially those described above as D1, D2 and D3, though not necessarily in that order and (b) the structures associated with the D2
event, which are large-scale NNWSSE oriented doubly plunging
asymmetrical folds with WSW vergence.
Controversies are related to the timing of the other two deformational events (D1 and D3) and their associated structures. Hamimi and Sakran (2001) assign D1 to the formation of early thrusts
without mentioning their orientation. In contrast, El Amawy
et al. (2000a, 2000b) argue that D1 was responsible for the formation of the NWSE to NNWSSE oriented folds and thrusts with a
SW direction of thrust transport. They further stated that these
thrusts were initiated during D1 but reached their climax during
D2 and that D1 was coaxial with D2. Due to the absence of type
3 coaxial superposed folds, D1 and D2 of El Amawy et al. (2000a)
are considered to represent only one event, equivalent to D2 in
the present study.
El Amawy et al. (2000a) considered the island-arc metavolcanics forming the Khashab-Beida belt as related to the ophiolitic
assemblage rocks thrusted over the syntectonic quartz dioritegranitoids. They related this thrust to their D2 event. In the present
study we consider the syntectonic gabbro-diorite as intruding the
metavolcanics and there is no evidence of thrusting relations between them. Instead, it is a sinistral strike-slip shear zone (Khashab
shear zone, Fig. 1) related to the D3 event, not D2 as proposed by El
Amawy et al. (2000a).
As mentioned before, the D3 of El Amawy et al. (2000a) and
Hamimi and Sakran (2001) is equivalent to D1 in the present work.
The D3 in the present work has not been distinguished by previous
authors. D3 in the present study is documented by major NNW-SSE
oriented sinistral strike-slip shear zones that overprint earlier D1
and D2 structures.
The evidence presented here that the D1 event is contemporaneous with thrust and fold structures advocates early compressional
deformation. A second stage of compression, D2 caused NNWSSE
trending regional folds. EW oriented dextral wrench faults could
be interpreted as conjugate faults to the D3 NWSE oriented sinistral wrench faults. In the present area no overprinting relationships
are visible, since the EW faults are of limited length and do not
come into contact with D3 structures. However, similar EW
wrench faults towards north and west can be seen to crosscut Phanerozoic cover rocks (e.g. Geological Survey of Egypt, 1996; Abdeen,
2001). Therefore, they may be related to a subsequent deformation
event termed D4. The dextral sense of movement on the EW oriented faults is in agreement with the simple shear tectonic model
for the Red Sea rift south of latitude 24 to approximately 20,
where a transition zone with a discontinuous axial trough is developed (Ghebreab, 1998). This zone is commonly described as the
location of the northward propagating crack tip associated with
sea oor spreading (Dixon et al., 1987). The central part of this transition zone corresponds to the latitude of the present area.
An economic aspect of the present results concerns the NWSE
to NNWSSE oriented gold-bearing quartz veins traversing the volcano-sedimentary rocks along Wadi Beida, which are related to the
volcanic episodes during the island-arc stage or the early arc-accretion stage (Nano et al., 2002). Although rocks adjacent to shear
zones were deformed by stretching in NWSE to NNWSSE directions, farther away from the gliding surfaces the blocks were rather
rigid and deformed by development of extensional fractures normal
to the D1 transport direction. Our interpretation here is that the
quartz veins lled NWSE to NNWSSE oriented open fractures
generated due to extension normal to early D1 compression. Subsequently, they were deformed by the D2 phase that extended the
quartz veins in the NW to NNWSSE direction. Ultimately, the veins
28
Table 2
Comparison between deformation events documented in the present work and those previously published from neighbouring areas
Events
D4
D3
D1
Regional thrusts
F2: NNWSSE oriented asymmetric,
symmetric, upright, overturned and less
tight, moderately-steeply plunging
towards NNW & SSE with SW vergence.
L2: mineral lineations, marble and quartz
boudins, crenulations and pencil-like
lineations.
S2: (S2//S1), schistosity planes developed
in syntectonic granitoids and overlying
allochthonous rocks.
F1: NWSE oriented minor folds,
asymmetrical, very tight, recumbent,
overturned nd intrafolial, gently plunging
towards SE and NW.
L1: NWSE oriented lineations, coaxial
with F1 fold axes.
S1: (S1//S0), developed only in he
allochthonous ophiolites and arc
volcanics
Abdeen, M.M., Greiling, R.O., 2005. A quantitative structural study of late PanAfrican compressional deformation in the central Eastern Desert (Egypt) during
Gondwana assembly. Gondwana Res. 8, 457471.
Abdeen, M.M., Warr, L.N., 1998. Late orogenic basin evolution, deformation and
metamorphism in the Pan-African basement, Wadi Queih, Eastern Desert of
Egypt. In: Naim, G.N., Hussein, A.A., Greiling, R.O., Warr, L.N. (Eds.), Scientic
Series of the International Bureau, vol. 42. Forschungszentrum Jlich GmbH, pp.
1272.
Abdelsalam, M.G., 1994. The Oko shear zone, Sudan: post-accretionary deformation
in the ArabianNubian Shield. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 151, 767776.
Abdelsalam, M.G., Abdeen, M.M., Dowidar, H.M., Stern, R.J., Abdelghaffar, A.A.,
2003a. Evolution of the Neoproterozoic Allaqi-Heiani suture zone, southern
Egypt. Precam. Res. 124, 87104.
Abdelsalam, M.G., Abdel-Rahman, E.S.M., El-Faki, E.F.M., Al-Hur, B., El-Bashier,
F.R.M., Stern, R.J., Thurmond, A.K., 2003b. Neoproterozoic deformation in the
northeastern part of the Saharan Metacraton, northern Sudan. Precam. Res. 123,
203221.
Abdelsalam, M.G., Stern, R.J., 1996. Mapping Precambrian structures in the Sahara
Desert with SIR-C/X-SAR radar: the Neoproterozoic Keraf suture, NE Sudan. J.
Geophys. Res. 101 (E10), 23,06323,073.
Akaad, M.K., El Ramly, M.F., 1960. Geological history and classication of the
basement rocks of the central Eastern Desert of Egypt. Geological Survey of
Egypt Paper, vol. 9, 24 p.
Akaad, M.K., Noweir, A., 1980. Geology and lithostratigraphy of the Arabian Desert
orogenic belt of Egypt between Lat. 25 300 and 26 300 N. Bull. Inst. Applied Geol.,
King Abdul Aziz Univ., Jeddah 3 (4), 127135.
Bakor, A.R., Gass, I.G., Neary, C.R., 1976. Jebel al Wask, northwest Saudi Arabia: an
Eocambrian back-arc ophiolite. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 30, 19.
Bennett, J.D., Mosley, P.N., 1987. Tiered-tectonics and evolution, E. Desert and Sinai,
Egypt. In: Matheis, G., Schandelmeier, H. (Eds.), Current Research in African
Earth Sciences. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 8386.
Berhe, S.M., 1990. Ophiolites in northeast and east Africa implications for
Proterozoic crustal growth. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 147, 4157.
Bregar, M., Bauernhofer, A., Pelz, K., Kloetzli, U., Fritz, H., Neumayr, P., 2002. A late
Neoproterozoic magmatic core complex in the Eastern Desert of Egypt:
emplacement of granitoids in a wrench-tectonic setting. Precam. Res. 118,
5982.
Burke, K., Sengr, C., 1986. Tectonic escape in the evolution of the continental crust.
In: Barazangi, M., Brown, L. (Eds.), Reection Seismology: The Continental Crust.
Am. Geophys. Union, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 14, pp. 4153.
Camp, V.E., 1984. Island arcs and their role in the evolution of the west Arabian
Shield. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 95, 913921.
29
Shield. In: Prichard, H.M., Alabaster, T., Harris, N.B.W., Neary, C.R. (Eds.),
Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics. Geological Society Special Publication,
pp. 363371.
Hashad, A.H., Hassan, M.A., 1979. On the validity of an ensimatic island arc
cratonization model to the evolution of the Egyptian shield. Ann. Geol. Surv.
Egypt 9, 7080.
Hassan, M.A., Hashad, A.H., 1990. Precambrian of Egypt. In: Said, R. (Ed.), The
Geology of Egypt. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 201245.
Hassan, M.M., Abu El Leil, I., Shalaby, I.M., Ramadan, T.M., 1996. Geochemical
studies on silver-gold mineralization at Wadi Hodein area, south Eastern
Desert, Egypt. Proc. Geol. Surv. Egypt Cent. Conf., 369389.
Hassan, S.M., 2003. Geo-environmental study in Shalatein area, south Eastern
Desert of Egypt using remote sensing and GIS techniques. M.Sc. Thesis, Institute
of Environmental Studies and Research, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Hunting Geology and Geophysics, 1967. Assessment of the mineral potential of the
Aswan region, UAR Internal Report, Geol. Surv. Egypt, 138 p.
Hussein, A.A., Ali, M.M., El Ramly, M.F., 1982. A proposed new classication of the
granites of Egypt. J. Volc. Geotherm. Res. 14, 187198.
Johnson, P.R., Woldehaimanot, B., 2003. Development of Arabian Nubian Shield:
perspectives on accretion and deformation in the northern East Africa orogen
and the assembly of Gondwana. Geo. Soc. London, Special Publication 206, 289
325.
Kamal El Din, G.M., Khudeir, A.A., Greiling, R.O., 1992. Tectonic evolution of a PanAfrican gneiss culmination, Gabal El Sibai area, central Eastern Desert. Egypt.
Zbl. Geol. Palont. Teil I, Stuttgart, 1991, vol. 11, pp. 26372640.
Kontny, A., Sadek, M.F., Abdallah, M., Marioth, R., Greiling, R.O., 1999. First
investigation on a shear zone (?)-related gold mineralization at El Beida, SE
Desert, Egypt. In: de Wall, H., Greiling, R.O. (Eds.), Aspects of Pan-African
Tectonics, Forschungszentrum Jlich International Bureau Bilateral Seminars,
vol. 32, pp. 9197.
Krner, A., Greiling, R.O., Reischmann, T., Hussein, I.M., Stern, R.J., Durr, S., Kruger, J.,
Zimmer, M., 1987. Pan-African crustal evolution in the Nubian segment of
Northeast Africa. Am. Geophys. Union Geodyn. Ser. 17, 235257.
Kusky, T.M., Abdelsalam, M.G., Stern, R.J., Tucker, R.D., 2003. Evolution of East
African and related orogens and the assembly of Gondwana (Preface). Precam.
Res. 123, 8185.
Lisle, R.J., 1977. Estimation of the tectonic strain ratio from the mean shape of
deformed elliptical markers. Geol. En Mijnb. 56, 140144.
Nano, L., Kontny, A., Sadek, M.F., Greiling, R.O., 2002. Structural evolution of
metavolcanics in the surrounding of the gold-mineralization at El Beida, south
Eastern Desert, Egypt. Ann. Geol. Surv. Egypt 25, 1122.
Ries, A.C., Shackleton, R.M., Graham, R.H., Fitches, W.R., 1983. Pan-African
structures, ophiolites and melanges in the Eastern Desert of Egypt: a traverse
at 26N. J. Geol. Soc. London 140, 7595.
Sadek, M.F., 2004. Discrimination of basement rocks and alteration zones in
Shalatein area, southeastern Egypt using Landsat TM imagery data, Egypt. J.
Remote Sensing Space Sci. 7, 8998.
Sadek, M.F., El-Malky, M.G., Yehia, M.A., Hassan, S.M., 2003. Remote sensing
signatures of some rock units in Shalatein area, South Eastern Desert of Egypt. J.
Environ. Sci., Inst. Environ. Sci. Ain Shams Univ. 7 (2), 407428.
Sadek, M.F., Hassan, S.M., 2004. Geo-environmental studies in Shalatein area, south
Eastern Desert, Egypt using remote sensing and GIS techniques. In: 8th Int.
Conf. Jord. Geol. Assoc., Amman, Jordan (Abstract).
Sadek, M.F., Tolba, M.I., Youssef, M.M., Abdel Gawad, G.M., Salem, S.M., Atia, S.A.,
1996. Geology of Wadi Kreiga-Gabal Korbia area, south Eastern Desert, Egypt.
Internal Report with Geological Map Scale, 1:100,000, Geol. Surv. Egypt, Cairo,
Egypt.
Shackleton, R.M., 1986. Precambrian collision tectonics in Africa. In: Coward, M.P.,
Ries, A.C. (Eds.), Collision Tectonics. Geol. Soc. London, Special Publication 19,
pp. 329349.
Shackleton, R.M., Ries, A.C., Graham, R.H., Fitches, W.R., 1980. Late Precambrian
ophiolitic mlange in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Nature 285, 472474.
Shanti, M., Roobol, M.J., 1979. A late Proterozoic ophiolite complex at Jebel Ess in N
Saudi Arabia. Nature 279, 488491.
Stein, M., Goldstein, S.L., 1996. From plume head to continental lithosphere in the
ArabianNubian Shield. Nature 382, 773778.
Stern, R.J., 1985. The Najd fault system, Saudi Arabia and Egypt: a Late Precambrian
rift system? Tectonics 4, 497511.
Stern, R.J., 1994. Arc assembly and continental collision in the Neoproterozoic East
African Orogen: implications for the consolidation of Gondwanaland. Ann. Rev.
Earth Planet Sci. 22, 319351.
Stern, R.J., Hedge, C.E., 1985. Geochronological and isotopic constraints on late
Precambrian crustal evolution in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Am. J. Sci. 285,
97127.
Stern, R.J., Kroner, A., Manton, W.I., Reischmann, T., Mansour, M., Hussein, I.M.,
1989. Geochronology of the late Precambrian Hamisana shear zone, Red Sea
Hills, Sudan and Egypt. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 146, 10171029.
Stoeser, D.B., Camp, V.E., 1985. Pan African microplate accretion of the Arabian
Shield. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 96, 817826.
Sultan, M., Arvidson, R.E., Duncan, I.J., Stern, R.J., El Kaliouby, B., 1988. Extension
of the Najd Shear System from Saudi Arabian to the central Eastern Desert
of Egypt based on integrated eld and Landsat observation. Tectonics. 7,
12911306.
Wallbrecher, E., Fritz, H., Khudeir, A.A., Farhad, F., 1993. kinematics of Pan-African
thrusting and extension in Egypt. In: Thorweihe, U., Schandelmeier, H. (Eds.),
Geoscientic Research in Northeast Africa. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 730.