M53 Lec1.2 One-Sided2 Infinite Limits

One-sided limits and
Infinite Limits
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
One-sided limits and Infinite Limits
Mathematics 53
1 / 42
For today
One-Sided Limits (continuation)
Infinite Limits
Mathematics 53
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Recall
Intuitive Definition
The
limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the left is L
[limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the right is L]
if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and
closer to a, but are less [greater] than a.
Notation:

lim f ( x ) = L
x a

lim f ( x ) = L
x a+
Mathematics 53
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Recall
Let n be an even positive integer.
1
lim f ( x ) = L > 0
lim f ( x ) = L < 0
xa
xa
Question:
p
n
f (x) =
lim
p
n
f ( x ) dne
xa
xa
lim f ( x ) = 0
xa
lim
lim
xa
p
n
f ( x ) =?
Mathematics 53
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Consider: f ( x ) = 9 x2
lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim f ( x ) = 0
x 3
x 3
(3 + x )(3 x )
(, 3)
(3, 3)
+
(3, +)
As x 3 , f ( x ) 0, passing through negative values as it approaches 0.

As x 3+ , f ( x ) 0, passing through positive values as it approaches 0.
As x 3 , f ( x ) 0, passing through positive values as it approaches 0.
As x 3+ , f ( x ) 0, passing through negative values as it approaches 0.
Mathematics 53
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Approaching 0 through positive/negative values
Notation
Suppose lim f ( x ) = 0.
xa
If f ( x ) approaches 0 through positive [negative] values,

we write
f ( x ) 0+ [ f ( x ) 0 ]
Mathematics 53
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Consider: f ( x ) = 9 x2
lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim f ( x ) = 0
x 3
x 3
(, 3)
(3 + x )(3 x )
As x 3 ,
f ( x ) 0
As x 3+ ,
f ( x ) 0+
As x
3 ,
f ( x ) 0+
As x
3+ ,
f ( x ) 0
(3, 3)
+
(3, +)
Mathematics 53
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Example
Consider: f ( x ) = 2 x.
As x 2 ,
f ( x ) 0+
As x 2+ ,
f ( x ) 0
Consider: g( x ) = (2 x )2 .
As x 2,
g ( x ) 0+
Mathematics 53
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Note
Let n be an even positive integer.
If as x a,
f ( x ) 0+
If as x a,
f ( x ) 0
lim
p
n
f (x) = 0
lim
p
n
f ( x ) dne
xa
xa
Mathematics 53
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Example
lim
x 1
= lim
2x2 + x 1
p
x 1
(2x 1)( x + 1)
p
(3)(0 )
p
(3)(0+ )
0+
=0
lim
x 1+
= lim
x 1+
2x2 + x 1
p
(2x 1)( x + 1)
dne
lim
x 1
2x2 + x 1 dne
Mathematics 53
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Example
x2 x 2
, x<0
x+1
f (x) =
4 x,
0x4
x2 5x + 4, x > 4
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 0
x 0
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 0+
x 0+
lim f ( x ) = ? dne
x 0
x2 x 2
= 2
x+1
4x = 2
Mathematics 53
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Example
x2 x 2
, x<0
x+1
f (x) =
4 x,
0x4
x2 5x + 4, x > 4
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 4
x 4
4x = 0
lim f ( x ) = ?0
x 4
0+
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x2 5x + 4) = 0
x 4+
x 4+
Mathematics 53
13 / 42
Example
x2 x 2
, x<0
x+1
f (x) =
4 x,
0x4
x2 5x + 4, x > 4
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 1
x 1
lim f ( x ) = ? 3
x 1
x2 x 2
( x 2)( x + 1)
= lim
= lim ( x 2) = 3
x+1
x+1
x 1
x 1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate lim
t4
t+4
.
| t + 4|
Solution:
| t + 4| =
t + 4,
t + 4 0t 4
(t + 4), t + 4 < 0t < 4

lim
t+4
t+4
= lim
= lim (1) = 1
|t + 4| t4 (t + 4) t4
lim
t+4
t+4
= lim
= lim (1) = 1
|t + 4| t4+ (t + 4) t4+
t4
t4+
t+4
dne
t4 | t + 4|
lim
Mathematics 53
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The Greatest Integer Function

Recall
[[ x ]] = n
for
[[ x ]] =
n x < n + 1, n
..
.
3, 3 x < 2
2
0,
0x<1
1,
..
.
1x<2
x 2
lim [[ x ]] = lim 2 = 2
x 2+
2, 2 x < 1
1, 1 x < 0
lim [[ x ]] = lim 3 = 3
x 2
x 2+
lim [[ x ]] = lim 0 = 0
x 12
x 12
Mathematics 53
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The Greatest Integer Function

f ( x ) = [[2x 1]] = n for
n 2x 1 < n + 1, n
Z
n + 1 2x < n + 2, n Z
n +2
n +1
2 x < 2 , nZ
lim [[2x 1]] = lim 1 = 1

x 21
[[2x 1]] =
..
.
0,
1
2
1,
1x<
1
2
x<1
x 12
lim [[2x 1]] = lim 0 = 0

x 21
1, 0 x <
x 12
lim [[2x 1]] = lim 1 = 1
x 14
x 41
3
2
..
.
Mathematics 53
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[[ x ]] =
..
.
2,
2 x < 1
1,
1 x < 0
0,
0x<1
1,
1x<2
[[2x 1]] =
..
.
..
.
1,
0x<
0,
1
2
1,
1x<
2,
3
2
..
.
1
2
x<1
3
2
x<2
Observe:
[[ f ( x )]] splits at the points which make f ( x ) an integer.

Suppose f ( x ) n as x approaches a in some direction, where n
If f ( x )
n+ , then as
Z.
x approaches a in the given direction, [[ f ( x )]] takes on a
constant value of n.
If f ( x ) n , then as x approaches a in the given direction, [[ f ( x )]] takes on a
constant value of n 1.
If lim f ( x )
/
xa
Z, then [[ f (x)]] is constant near a (that is, from both directions)
and the constant value is

hh
ii
lim f ( x ) .
xa
Mathematics 53
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Thus, to evaluate limits involving [[ f ( x )]], one may do the following:

1
If
If
lim
x a+/
lim
x a+/
Z, replace [[ f (x)]] by
f ( x ) = n Z,
f (x)
/

lim
x a+/
f (x) .
replace [[ f ( x )]] by n if f ( x ) n+ as x a+/ .
replace [[ f ( x )]] by n 1 if f ( x ) n as x a+/ .
Mathematics 53
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Examples
1
Find lim
x 5+

5x .
Note that as x 5+ , 5x 1 . Thus,
lim
x 5+
2
5x
Find lim

x 5
= lim (1 1) = 2.
x 5+

5x .
Note that as x 5 , 5x 1+ . Thus, lim
The previous computations show that
does not exist.
Find lim
x 2+
lim
x 2+
5
lim
x 2

x
= lim 1 = 1.
x 5

x
5 .
Note that as x 2+ , 5x 25
/

5x
x 5
x
lim 5
x 5
5x
= lim
2
5
Z. Thus,
= lim 0 = 0.
x 2+
x
= 0 and lim 5 = 0
x 2+
x 2
Mathematics 53
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Examples
lim [[3x 1]] =

x 13
([[(2)+ ]])
([[(5) ]])
x 2
x 32

( 27 )
lim [[5 x ]] = lim (4) = 4
x 1
5
lim [[3x 1]] = lim (3) = 3
x 23
4
lim (2) = 2
x 13
lim [[3x 1]] = lim (4) = 4
x 2
3
x 1
lim [[3 2x ]] = lim (1) = 1

x 23
x 32
Mathematics 53
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lim
x 2
4 x2
[[3x 1]] x2
= lim
x + [[ x ]]
x 2 x 2
= lim ( x + 2)
x 2
= 4
Mathematics 53
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Illustration
Consider f ( x ) =
1
. What happens as x 0?
x2
f (x)
f (x)
0.5
0.1
4
100
0.001
1000000
0.00001
10000000000
1
0.5
0.1
0.001
0.00001
4
100
1000000
10000000000
As x 0+ , f ( x ) increases, and there is no bound to its growth.

Similarly, as x 0 , f ( x ) increases indefinitely.
Mathematics 53
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6
5
4
3
2
1
Mathematics 53
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Intuitive Definition
We say that the
limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is positive infinity
[limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is negative infinity]
if the value of f ( x ) increases [decreases] without bound whenever the values of x
get closer and closer to a.
Notation:
lim f ( x ) = + [ lim f ( x ) = ]
xa
xa
Remark: In the definition above, x a may be replaced by x a or

x a+ .
Mathematics 53
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Example
Let f ( x ) =
1
.
x2
x
f (x)
f (x)
1
0.5
0.1
0.001
0.00001
0.5
0.1
100
0.001
1000000
0.00001
10000000000
0+
We now write:
lim
x 0
4
100
1000000
10000000000
1
= +
x2
Mathematics 53
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Remark
Note that is NOT a number. So, lim f ( x ) = + or does not mean that the
xa
limit exists.
BUT... the symbol is IMPORTANT.
Mathematics 53
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Vertical Asymptotes
The line with equation x = a is a vertical asymptote of the graph of f if at least

one of the following is true:
lim f ( x ) = +
x a
lim f ( x ) =
x a
x=a
x=a
lim f ( x ) = +
lim f ( x ) =
x a+
x a+
x=a
x=a
Mathematics 53
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f (x) =
10
3x
x1
8
6
3x
lim
=
x 1 x 1
3x
= +
x1
lim
x 1+
3
0
3
0+
4
2
6 4 2
2
0 2
Mathematics 53
30 / 42
In general:
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = c and lim g( x ) = 0.
xa
If c > 0
1
xa
f (x)
= +
g( x )
f (x)
and g( x ) 0 as x a, then lim
=
xa g( x )
and g( x ) 0+ as x a, then lim
xa
If c < 0
1
f (x)
and g( x ) 0+ as x a, then lim
=
g( x )
f (x)
x a, then lim
= +
xa g( x )
xa
and g( x )
0 as
Mathematics 53
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Example
lim
x 2
5x
4 x2
= lim
x 2
= +
lim
x 2+
5x
(2 + x )(2 x )

10
(0 )(4)
5x
4 x2
= lim
x 2+
5x
(2 + x )(2 x )

10
(0+ )(4)
Mathematics 53
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Theorem
1
If lim f ( x ) exists and lim g( x ) = , then lim ( f ( x ) + g( x )) = .

xa
xa
If lim f ( x ) exists and lim g( x ) = , then lim ( f ( x ) g( x )) = .

xa
xa
xa
If lim f ( x ) = + and lim g( x ) = +, then lim ( f ( x ) + g( x )) = +.

xa
xa
xa
xa
If lim f ( x ) = + and lim g( x ) = , then lim ( f ( x ) g( x )) = +, and

xa
xa
xa
lim ( g( x ) f ( x )) = .
xa
lim f ( x )
xa
c
c
+
+
lim g( x )
xa
lim [ f ( x ) + g( x )]
xa
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )]
xa
Mathematics 53
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Theorem
1
Let c
R \ {0}. Suppose xlim

f ( x ) = c and lim g( x ) = .
a
xa
If c > 0, then lim f ( x ) g( x ) = .
If c < 0, then lim f ( x ) g( x ) = .
xa
xa
If lim f ( x ) = + and lim g( x ) = +, then lim f ( x ) g( x ) = +.

xa
xa
xa
If lim f ( x ) = + and lim g( x ) = , then lim f ( x ) g( x ) = .

xa
xa
lim f ( x )
xa
c>0
c<0
+
+
0
xa
lim g( x )
xa
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )]
xa
Mathematics 53
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Example

Evaluate lim
x 1
x2

2
.
x1
lim x2 = 1
x 1
2
lim
=
x 1 x 1
2
0

lim
x 1
2
x
x1
2
= +
Mathematics 53
35 / 42
Example

Evaluate lim
x 3

1
2x
+
.
x2 9 x + 3

1
2x
+
x+3
x 3 x2 9

1
2x
= lim
+
x+3
x 3 ( x + 3)( x 3)
lim
1
6
+
(0 )(6) 0
= +
Mathematics 53
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Recall
lim f ( x )
xa
+
+
lim g( x )
xa
lim f ( x )
xa
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )]
lim [ f ( x ) + g( x )]
xa
lim g( x )
xa
xa
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )]
xa
Mathematics 53
37 / 42
Other Indeterminate Forms

Definition
1
Suppose lim f ( x ) = + and lim g( x ) = +. Then

xa
xa
lim ( f ( x ) g( x ))
xa
is called an indeterminate form of type .

2
Suppose lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = .Then

xa
xa
lim f ( x ) g( x )
xa
is called an indeterminate form of type 0 .
Mathematics 53
38 / 42
Example

1
3
+ 2
2x + x 1
x 1 x + 1

1
3
= lim
+
(2x 1)( x + 1)
x 1 x + 1

lim
(2x 1) + 3
(2x 1)( x + 1)
2x + 2
= lim
(
2x
1)( x + 1)
x 1
2
= lim
2x
1
x 1
2
=
3
1
3
+
0
(3)(0 )
( )
= lim
x 1

0
0
Mathematics 53
39 / 42
Example

3
2x
2
x 4
x 2+ x 2

3
3
2x
4
= lim
+
( x 2)( x + 2)
0+
(0 )(4)
x 2+ x 2
3x + 6 2x
= lim
+
(
x
2)( x + 2)
x 2

8
x+6
= lim
(0+ )(4)
x 2+ ( x 2)( x + 2)
lim
( )
= +
Mathematics 53
40 / 42
Example

1
4 8
t
8
0
3 6
t1 t+2
t 4+

1
t ( t + 2) 8( t 1)
= lim
(t 1)(t + 2)
t 4+ 4 t

2
0
t 6t + 8
= lim
+
0
t4 (4 t )( t 1)( t + 2)
lim
1
4t
( 0)
(t 2)(t 4)
(4 t)(t 1)(t + 2)
(t 2)
= lim
t4+ ( t 1)( t + 2)
2
1
=
=
(3)(6)
9
= lim
t 4+
Mathematics 53
41 / 42
Exercises
Evaluate the following limits:

1
lim
x 21
2
x2 1
1 2x
x2 2x
x 2+ [[ x ]] x
p
lim
x2 + 2x 3
lim
x 3
Mathematics 53
42 / 42

M53 Lec1.2 One-Sided2 Infinite Limits

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One-sided limits and

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

One-Sided Limits (continuation)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim f ( x ) = 0

As x 3 , f ( x ) 0, passing through negative values as it approaches 0.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

Approaching 0 through positive/negative values

If f ( x ) approaches 0 through positive [negative] values,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim f ( x ) = 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

(t + 4), t + 4 < 0t < 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

The Greatest Integer Function

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

The Greatest Integer Function

lim [[2x 1]] = lim 1 = 1

lim [[2x 1]] = lim 0 = 0

lim [[2x 1]] = lim 1 = 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

[[ f ( x )]] splits at the points which make f ( x ) an integer.

x approaches a in the given direction, [[ f ( x )]] takes on a

Z, then [[ f (x)]] is constant near a (that is, from both directions)

and the constant value is

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

Thus, to evaluate limits involving [[ f ( x )]], one may do the following:

replace [[ f ( x )]] by n if f ( x ) n+ as x a+/ .

replace [[ f ( x )]] by n 1 if f ( x ) n as x a+/ .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

Note that as x 5+ , 5x 1 . Thus,

Note that as x 5 , 5x 1+ . Thus, lim

The previous computations show that

does not exist.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

One-sided limits and Infinite Limits

lim [[3x 1]] =

lim [[5 x ]] = lim (4) = 4

lim [[3x 1]] = lim (3) = 3