M53 Lec1.5 IVT Squeeze Theorem Limits Involving Trigonometric Functions PDF

The Intermediate Value Theorem
The Squeeze Theorem

Limits and Continuity of Trigonometric Functions
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits
Mathematics 53
1 / 30
For today
Intermediate Value Theorem
The Squeeze Theorem
Limits and Continuity of Trigonometric Functions
Mathematics 53
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Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT)

Theorem
Let f be continuous on a closed interval [ a, b] with f ( a) 6= f (b). For every k
between f ( a) and f (b), there exists c in ( a, b) such that f (c) = k.
f (b)
k
(c, f (c))
c
c
a
k
(c, f (c))
f ( a)
Mathematics 53
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Remarks
The continuity of the function on [ a, b] in IVT is required. In general, the

theorem is not true for functions discontinuous on [ a, b].
The c in the conclusion of IVT may not be unique.
Mathematics 53
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Example
Consider the function f ( x ) =
Note that dom f =
x1
on the interval [1, 3].
x
R \ {0}. Then f is continuous on R \ {0} and in
particular, on [1, 3].
2
3
Therefore, IVT is applicable!
f (1) = 0 and f (3) =
Mathematics 53
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Example
Consider the function f ( x ) =
x1
on the interval [1, 3].
x
2
, there exists c (1, 3) such that f (c) = k.
3
1
1
Let k = . Then there exists c (1, 3) such that f (c) = .
2
2
Solving for c:
By IVT, for every k between 0 and
1
c1
= c = 2c 2 = c = 2.
= f (c) =
2
c
Note: c = 2 (1, 3)
Mathematics 53
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Example
Show that
3x4 4x2 + 5x 1 = 0
has a solution between 0 and 1.
Solution: Let f ( x ) = 3x4 4x2 + 5x 1 on [0, 1].
Goal: Show that there is a c (0, 1) such that f (c) = 0.
f is continuous on [0, 1]. (why?)

f (0) = 1 and f (1) = 3 and therefore, f (0) 6= f (1).
0 is between f (0) and f (1).
By IVT, there exists c (0, 1) such that f (c) = 0.
Mathematics 53
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Theorem (Squeeze Theorem)

Let f , g and h be defined on an open interval I containing a except possibly at a such that
1
f ( x ) g( x ) h( x ) for all c I \ { a}
lim f ( x ) = L and lim h( x ) = L
xa
xa
Then lim g( x ) = L.
xa
y = h( x )
y = g( x )
y = f (x)
Mathematics 53
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Example

1
Use the Squeeze Theorem to evaluate lim x cos
x
x 0
2
Solution: Note that
lim cos
x 0

1
dne
x
(why?)
For any real number x 6= 0,

1
1 cos
1
x

1
= x x cos
x2
x
2
Mathematics 53
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Example

1
Use the Squeeze Theorem to evaluate lim x cos
x
x 0
2
We have
lim ( x2 ) = 0 = lim x2
x 0
x 0
Therefore, by the Squeeze Theorem,
lim x2 cos
x 0

1
= 0.
x
Mathematics 53
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Remark
With suitable modifications in the conditions of the Squeeze Theorem, x a
may be replaced by x a , x a+ , x and x
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate lim
x +
sin x
x
Solution: We have
lim sin x dne (why?)
x +
lim x = +
x +
But for x > 0,
1 sin x 1 =
1
sin x
1
x
x
x
Also,
1
1
= 0 = lim
x + x
x
sin x
By the Squeeze Theorem, lim
= 0.
x + x
lim
x +
Mathematics 53
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Example
2[[ x ]] + 1
x
x
Evaluate lim
Solution: When x < 0:
x 1 [[ x ]] x
2x 2 2[[ x ]] 2x
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1
2x 1
2[[ x ]] + 1
2x + 1
x
x
x
2
2x 1
= lim
x
x
x
1
Therefore,
lim
1
x
= 2,
2+
2x + 1
= lim
x
x
x
1
lim
1
x
=2
2[[ x ]] + 1
= 2.
x
x
lim
Mathematics 53
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Theorem
sin x
=1
x 0 x
lim
The Squeeze Theorem is used to prove this statement. The following are
consequences of the above theorem:
Theorem
1
The trigonometric functions are continuous on their respective domains.
lim
x 0
1 cos x
=0
x
Mathematics 53
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1 cos x
= 0:
x
x 0

1 cos x
1 cos x 1 + cos x
1 cos2 x
lim
= lim
= lim
x
x
1 + cos x
x 0
x 0
x 0 x (1 + cos x )

sin x sin x
= lim
x 1 + cos x
x 0
sin x
sin x
= lim
lim
x 0 x
x 0 1 + cos x

0
=1
=0
2
Proof of lim
Mathematics 53
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Examples
lim tan x = tan

x 4
=1
1 cos x
1 cos
2
=
=
x

lim sin x2 1 = sin(4 1) = sin 3
lim
x
x 2
Mathematics 53
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Example
sin (4x )
x
x 0
Evaluate: lim
Solution:
sin (4x )
= lim
lim
x
x 0
x 0
sin (4x ) 4
x
4
= lim
x 0
sin (4x )
(4) = 1(4) = 4
4x
Mathematics 53
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x
x
and lim
.
x 0 sin x
x 0 1 cos x
Consider lim
1
1
x
= lim
= =1
sin
x
1
x 0
x 0 sin x
x
lim
1
1
x
= lim
= 6= 0
1
cos
x
0
x 0
x 0 1 cos x
x
lim
Remark
1
x
=1
x 0 sin x
lim
x
6= 0
x 0 1 cos x
lim
Mathematics 53
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Example
x2
x 0 sin (3x2 )
Evaluate: lim
Solution:
x2
= lim
x 0 sin (3x2 )
x 0
lim
3
x2
sin (3x2 ) 3
1
3x2
1
=
3
x 0 sin (3x2 ) 3
= lim
Mathematics 53
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Example
sin x2 1
Evaluate: lim
x+1
x 1
Solution:
!

sin x2 1 x 1
x+1
x1

sin x2 1
= lim
( x 1) = 1(2) = 2
x2 1
x 1

sin x2 1
= lim
lim
x+1
x 1
x 1
Mathematics 53
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Example
sin(3x )
x 0 sin(5x )
Evaluate: lim
Solution:
sin(3x ) 3x 5
sin(3x )
5x
3
lim
= lim
= (1)(1)
3x
sin(5x ) 5
x 0 sin(5x ) 3x 5
x 0

3
3
=
5
5
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim
x 0+
tan(3x )
1 cos2 (2x )
Solution:
lim
x 0+
tan(3x )
1 cos2 (2x )
tan(3x )
sin2 (2x )
sin(3x )
3x 2x 2
= lim
x 0+ cos(3x ) sin2 (2x ) 3x 2x 2

2
sin(3x )
2x
1
3
= lim
3x
sin(2x )
x cos(3x ) 4
x 0+

3
1
2
= +
(1)(1)
+
4
(0 )(1)
= lim
x 0+
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim
x 0
1 cos x
x2
Solution:
lim
x 0
1 cos x
1 cos x 1 + cos x
= lim
1 + cos x
x 0
x2
x2
2
1 cos x
1
= lim
2
1 + cos x
x 0
x
sin2 x
1
2
1 + cos x
x 0 x

2
sin x
1
= lim
x
1 + cos x
x 0

1
2 1
= (1)
=
2
2
= lim
Mathematics 53
26 / 30
Example
Evaluate lim cos

x +

1
x
Solution:
1
=0
x + x
0 is in the domain of cos x
lim
Therefore,
lim cos
x +

1
= cos(0) = 1
x
Mathematics 53
27 / 30
Example

Evaluate lim tan
x 0
1 cos x
x
Solution:
1 cos x
=0
x
x 0
0 is in the domain of tan x
lim
Therefore,

lim tan
x 0
1 cos x
x
= tan(0) = 0
Mathematics 53
28 / 30
Example
Evaluate lim cot x

x +
Solution:
Note that
/ dom cot. But,
cos x
= +
lim cot x = lim
+
+
x sin x
x
1
0
Mathematics 53
29 / 30
Exercises

1. Use the Squeeze Theorem to evaluate lim x 1 cos 1x
x 0+
2. Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that f ( x ) = x2 3x + 1 has at

least one real zero between 0 and 1.
3. Evaluate the following limits:
1
4x
x 0 sin(5x )

sin 2x
lim
x
5x
sin3 (3x )
lim
x 0 x2 tan(2x )
lim
sin(2 x )
x2 x 2
2x sin x
lim
x 0 1 cos(4x )
sin x sin 1
lim
x1
x 1
lim
x 2
5
Mathematics 53
30 / 30

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The Intermediate Value Theorem

The Squeeze Theorem

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

Intermediate Value Theorem

The Squeeze Theorem

Limits and Continuity of Trigonometric Functions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

The continuity of the function on [ a, b] in IVT is required. In general, the

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

Consider the function f ( x ) =

Note that dom f =

R \ {0}. Then f is continuous on R \ {0} and in

particular, on [1, 3].

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

Consider the function f ( x ) =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

f is continuous on [0, 1]. (why?)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

Theorem (Squeeze Theorem)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

Solution: Note that

For any real number x 6= 0,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

Therefore, by the Squeeze Theorem,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

lim sin x dne (why?)

But for x > 0,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

Solution: When x < 0:

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

The trigonometric functions are continuous on their respective domains.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

lim tan x = tan

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

IVT, Squeeze, Trigonometric Limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)