Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Group Members:
Lab Marks:
#
Name
1 Abdullah
Student #
10083852
# Prela
Alhenaki
2 Mohaned Allaf
8
10081184
Agatha Wong
1
10082596
1
2
3
4
Bwalya
6
10091340
Introduction:
Experime
Question
Qualit
Tot
nts
al
The purpose of this lab is to be familiarized with lab equipment used to display the simulated results in
the software lab previously used. This lab is consisted of analyzing the Power Density of signals using a
hardware-based setup. A spectrum analyzer and an oscilloscope were used to analyze certain signals. A
time varying signal was input to the spectrum analyzer and then it gave out an estimate of the Power
Spectral Density (PSD) (the power of the signal as a function of frequency).
7 Post-laboratory Questions
7.1 Sinusoidal input
Q1: Compare the measured PSD of the sinusoid of the 0.2 Vp 10 kHz sinusoids with your theoretical
predictions. Explain any differences in the amplitudes or frequencies.
Q2: What happens to the PSD when the amplitude of the sinusoid was increased from 0.2 Vp to 0.8 Vp
and how does that compare with theory?
The theoretical predictions can be seen in the pre-lab. To calculate PSD, the following equation is used
A square wave only outputs the odd frequencies, therefore (n) will only increment by odd numbers. The
function generator was set to 5kHz, peak square output of 0.2 V, and a frequency span of 10kHz/v.
theoretical results were found to be P out = 0.01 watt with error of 10% due to calibration errors associated
with the hardware devices in the lab.
Harmonic# (n)
1
3
5
7
Theoretical value
0.01
0.002
0.006
0.003
Measured value
0.0097
0.0032
0.0051
0.0029
Rectangular wave
Q5. Compare the measured PSD of the sinusoid of the 0.2 Vp 5 kHz rectangular wave with 25% duty
cycle with your theoretical predictions. Explain any differences in the amplitudes or frequencies. What
effect does the duty cycle have on the PSD?
The function generator was set to 5kHz with peak rectangular output of 0.2V, and duty cycle of 25%
using frequency span of 10 kHz/v. Decreasing the duty cycle to 25% increases the frequency while the
amplitude remains the same, and vice versa. Since the duty cycle is adjusted to 25%, for every nth
harmonic that is divisible by 4, its corresponding power component will be 0.
Triangular wave
Q6. Compare the measured PSD of the sinusoid of the 0.2 Vp 5 kHz triangle wave with your theoretical
predictions. Explain any differences in the amplitudes or frequencies.
Harmonic# (n)
1
2
3
Theoretical value
0.0082
0.0025
0.0035
Measured value
0.0071
0.00273
0.0021
As seen above, the theoretical and the measured values are close but not the same due to the same error of
calibration and the hardware devices accuracy in the lab.
Conclusion
The main objective of the lab was to analyze and understand the signals using their PSD values. In the pre
lab, many input signals and derivations were done and tested in this lab. The corresponding PSD from the
experiment for each case was analyzed and compared to the theoretical PSD from the prelab. There were
differences between the theoretical and the measured PSD values, errors may occur in the calibration of
the hardware devices in the lab.