Renewable Energy Technology Resources Bio-Energy

RENEWABLE ENERGY
TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES
BIO-ENERGY
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Prepared & Compiled By Rajendrasingh Pardeshi Mail Id: rajsinhpardeshi@gmail.com Cell: 9824273877
INTRODUCTION
It refers to the mass of biological material produced from the living processes.
This includes the materials derived from plants as well as from animals. We
extract biomass from numerous sources like: Plants, Trees , Agricultural crops,
Raw material from the forest, Household waste & Wood.
Contribution of biomass to our energy requirement comes in form of food & fuel.
There are several other requirements that are being served by use of biomass:
Shelter preparation
Fodder for animals
Nutrient for soil
The earliest inhabitants on the earth burned wood in their camp fires for heat &
since then it has been a source of energy for meeting human needs.
Biomass is a solar energy stored in organic matter. As trees & plants grow,
process of photosynthesis uses energy from the sun to convert CO2 of
atmosphere into carbohydrates ( sugar starch & cellulose). They are the organic
compounds that make up biomass.
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INTRODUCTION
Biomass is renewable energy source
because growth of new plants & trees
replenishes the supply. It is found in
almost all regions of world. It has been
used extensively in development of
societies since the beginning of
civilization.
Many people in developing countries
still depend on use of biomass for their
daily livelihood. They use it for food, fuel
as well as source of income.
It is estimated that biomass contributes

to about 14% of worlds total energy
requirement. In many developing
countries the contribution to total energy
requirement is as high as 90%.
NATURAL & MANAGED BIOMASS
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SYSTEMS
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INTRODUCTION
In addition to being useful for human
purposes, biomass acts as an essential
medium for sustaining earths
ecological balance. Through
photosynthesis process, it helps in
balancing the CO2 in the atmosphere,
enriches & conserves natural vegetation
& soil & at the same time provides long
term secondary energy.
As a renewable energy source, it should
be able to meet all our requirements in
various forms, provided the balance
between production & consumption
of biomass is maintained. But during
last several decades, human activities
have resulted in generation of CO2
which is much more than what biomass
can absorb.
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INTRODUCTION
A small fraction may accumulate over
centuries as peat, traditionally burned
for heating & over millions of years a
tiny portion has become major fossil
fuels : coal, oil & gas
HUGE FORESTS
GREW AROUND 300
MILLION YEARS
AGO COVERING
MOST OF EARTH
VEGETATION DIES
& FORMS PEAT
Significance of these processes is that if

we can intervene & capture some of
biomass at stage where it is acting as
store of chemical energy.
We can use it as fuel, a material that
can release useful energy through a
change in its chemical composition.
In many developing countries biomass
continues to account for large part of
their energy consumption for cooking,
heating
& light.
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PEAT IS
COMPRESSED
BETWEEN
SEDIMENT LAYERS
TO FORM LIGNITE
FURTHER
COMPRESSION
FORMS BITUMNOUS
& SUBITTUMNOUS
COAL
EVENTUALLLY
ANTHRACITE
FORMS
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INTRODUCTION
Biomass can also be burned to raise steam for electricity generation, or can be
converted into intermediate biofuels such as charcoal, biogas, bioethanol &
biodiesel.
These biofuels can be used to replace conventional heating fuels or to power
some form of engine for motive power or electricity generation.
In recent decades, terms such as modern bioenergy have come into use to
characterize biomass materials that are processed on a large, commercial
scale to produce fuel , usually in the more industrialized countries.
Provided our consumption does not exceed its natural level of production, burning
of biomass should generate no more heat & create no more carbon dioxide than
would have been formed in any case by natural processes.
So it seems that here we have truly sustainable energy source, with no harmful
global environmental effect.
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INTRODUCTION
BIOMASS BASIC DATA

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INTRODUCTION
The success of biomass systems is regulated by principles that are often
not appreciated:
1.Every biomass activity produces a wide range of products & services. For
instance where sugar is made from cane, many commercial products can be
obtained from the otherwise waste molasses and fibre. If the fibre is burnt, then
any excess process heat can be used to generate electricity. Washings and
ash can be returned to the soil as fertilizer.
2.Some high-value fuel products may require more low-value energy to
manufacture than they produce, e.g. ethanol from starch crops, hydrogen.
3.The full economic benefit of agro-industries is likely to be widespread and yet
difficult to assess. One of many possible benefits is an increase in local cash
flow by trade and employment.
4.Biofuel production is only likely to be economic if production process uses
materials already concentrated, probably as a by-product and so available at low
cost or as extra income for the treatment & removal of waste. Thus there has to be
a supply of biomass already passing near proposed place of production.
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INTRODUCTION
5. Biofuels are organic materials, so there is always the alternative of using these
materials as chemical feedstock or structural materials. For instance,
Palm oil is an important component of soaps;
Many plastic & pharmaceutical goods are made from natural products &
Building board is made from plant fibres constructed as composite materials.
6. The use of sustainable biofuels in place of fossil fuels abates the emission of
fossil-CO2 and so reduces the forcing of climate change. Recognition of
this is a key aspect of climate change policies.
7. The main dangers of extensive biomass fuel use are deforestation, soil
erosion and the displacement of food crops by fuel crops.
8. Poorly controlled biomass processing or combustion can certainly produce
unwanted pollution, especially from relatively low temperature
combustion, wet fuels and lack of oxygen supply to the combustion
regions. Modern biomass processes require considerable care and expertise.
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INTRODUCTION
This is causing global warming. Also there is an imbalance in production &
consumption of biomass. Therefore any future energy production based on
biomass needs to be designed carefully.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS ENERGY

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BIOENERGY PAST & PRESENT

FROM WOOD TO COAL:
Until recent times, history of human energy use, was essentially the history of
bioenergy. Although there is evidence of coal burning, as early as 3000 years
ago, its contribution remained relatively small until about 1800. indeed, bioenergy
was still dominant in many areas of life well into Industrial Revolution, with
Wood for heat
Whale oil or tallow candles from animal fats for light and
Grass & other agricultural crops as fuel for the main means of land transport &
haulage, horses & oxen.
Move from bioenergy to fossil fuel was key feature of Industrial Revolution.
The increased demand for coal led to deeper mines & the need to pump flood
water from great depths led to the first steam engine powered by coal.
By end of 19th century, coal was dominant in the worlds industrialized countries.
The 20th century saw the rise of oil & natural gas, but coal consumption also
increased seven fold between 1900 & 2008.
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FROM WOOD TO COAL:
Will the 21st century see the reversal of
this process with transition from coal
to biomass?
Data shows that this is theoretically
possible since annual energy storage in
biomass is approximately 5 times
annual world total primary energy
consumption
However, there are many practical &
economic factors that may limit the
uptake of modern bioenergy processes.
TYPICAL HEAT ENERGY CONTENT PER

UNIT OF DRY MASS & VOLUME OF
VARIOUS FORMS OF BIOMASS & FOSSIL
FUEL
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PRESENT BIOMASS CONTRIBUTIONS:
Obtaining reliable estimate of total worldwide energy contribution from many
sources of bioenergy is a task fraught with difficulties. Unlike fossil fuels, bioenergy
has few global companies producing detailed reports on production & consumption.
Indeed, use of traditional biomass often involves no financial transaction at
all, or trading is local, informal & largely unrecorded. Although the details may
be uncertain, biomass is the 4th largest source of energy over much of the world,
accounting for at least 10% of total human energy use.
HEAT CONTENT ( NET CALORIFIC VALUE) & CO2 EMISSION

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PRESENT BIOMASS
CONTRIBUTIONS:
Accounts for about 1/3rd of total
primary, energy consumption in
developing country (up to 90%in some
of poorest countries such as Uganda) &
total annual contribution continue to
rise. In industrialized world, energy
contribution from biomass is significant
& rising, particularly in countries with
large forestry industries or well
developed technologies for
processing residues & wastes.
In Sweden & Finland, where biomass
contributes at least 20% of primary
energy, use of residues in pulp & paper
industries is important.
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TYPES OF BIOMASS & THEIR APPLICATION

Biomass can be defined as any material
that is derived from biological
processes. Biomass has many
applications which include:
Food & fuel for our direct
consumption
Fodder for consumption of animals
Fertilizer for supply essential
nutrients to soil and
Feedstock for power generation
Biomass can mainly be divided into

three categories:
Wood biomass
Crop residues
Animal waste
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WOOD BIOMASS:
Includes biomass in form of trees from:
Forest
Farms
Commercial plantations
Use of woody biomass is mainly for
household & industrial application for
making furniture, shelter, agriculture
tools etc.
Woody biomass also has applications

supplying our energy needs. In rural
areas, it is used as fuelwood for
cooking purposes while in urban areas,
charcoal an upgraded form of woody
biomass is used for cooking.
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WOOD BIOMASS:
In recent years there has been increased interest in woody crops planted &
harvested entirely for energy productions. The commonest management for these
is short rotation forestry (SRF), the rotation being periodic cutting of the wood
for every 8 20 years, with the trees then being replanted or, for suitable species,
left to grow from stump.
This latter approach is also known as short rotation coppicing (SRC), referring
to centuries old practice of coppicing hazel, willow or other fast growing trees.
CROP RESIDUES:
This includes crops & plant residues produced in the field. These are the residues
that remain after taking out seeds from the crops. For instance, husk, bagasse,
cereal straw, nut shell etc.
The crop residues have several applications. It can be used for livestock feeding,
as manure together with animal dung as source of nutrients for soil.
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ANIMAL WASTE:
The animal dung & poultry manure
come in this category. Animal waste is
good source of nutrients & is used as a
fertilizer.
Animal dung is also used for cooking
either directly by burning or converting it
into biogas, which is then burned to
cook food. Thus, animal also fulfil our
energy needs.
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ENERGY CONTENT OF BIOMASS

Biomass can have different origin i.e. woody biomass, crop residues, animal dung
etc. The constitutes of each of these varies, which causes variation in the energy
contained in the fuel. Therefore, when we consider use of biomass for energy
application, we should know what is typical energy content of fuel being used.
Energy content of biomass is measured in terms of calorific value, which is a
measure of amount of heat available in fuel.
Biomass normally contains carbon, oxygen, moisture, ash, etc. Energy content of
a biomass varies depending on its ingredients.
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ENERGY CONTENT OF BIOMASS

Presence of carbon in biomass is main source of heat energy in biomass.
Moisture & ash content do not contribute to any energy. High moisture & ash
content means lower energy contents.
Typically woody biomass has low ash content (about 1%) while crop residues
have ash contents in range of 5 to 20%.
ENERGY CONTENT OF BIOMASS FUELS FOR VARIOUS MOISTURE &

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ASH CONTENT
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BIOMASS AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY

CONVERSION OF BIOMASS INTO A SUITABLE FORM
Some biomass types like fuelwood can be used directly for generating energy but
most require some modification (conversion from one form to another). This is
required for many reasons:
Moisture content inhibits easy conversion & also result in energy losses.
Drying or reduction in moisture content before use increases its energy value.
A biomass type that usually does not have a homogeneous form causes
difficulty in handling, pumping & transporting. Converting biomass into fluid
like liquid or gas improves its handling characteristics.
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TYPES OF CONVERSION PROCESS
There are number of processes by
which it is converted to suitable form, for
instance, conversion into
Gaseous form (e.g. biogas),
Liquid form (e.g. ethanol)
Solid form (e.g. charcoal)
Thermochemical Process:
Heat is provided to biomass in order to
change its chemical composition. Using
this process, it can be converted to
charcoal or producer gas. Temperature
range from hundred to several hundred
degree centigrade.
BIOFUEL PRODUCTION PROCESS
Dry homogeneous input is preferred.

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Thermochemical Process:
Pyrolysis. Biomass is heated either in
the absence of air or by partial
combustion of some of biomass in a
restricted air or oxygen supply. Products
are extremely varied, consisting of
gases, vapours, liquids and oils, & solid
char & ash. Output depends on
Temperature,
Type of input material and
Treatment process.
BIOMASS CONVERSION PROCESS &

PRODUCTS
In some processes the presence of

water is necessary and therefore the
material need not be dry. If output of
combustible gas is the main product,
the process is called gasification.
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Biochemical Process (Aerobic & Anaerobic):
In this process, change in chemical composition occurs due to application of
biological agent. Using this process, biomass can be converted into biogas &
ethanol.
When biochemical process takes place in absence of oxygen (in case of biogas
production) then it is called an anaerobic process & when it takes in presence of
oxygen then it is called aerobic process
Mechanical Process:
In this process, change in chemical composition is obtained by mechanical
processing. Using this process, vegetable oils can be extracted from biomass.
Using appropriate conversion processes, biomass can be converted into all forms
of fuels, namely:
Solid fuel
Liquid fuel and
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Gaseous
fuel
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5:51 AM

DIRECT COMBUSTION OF BIOMASS
It is one of the simplest ways to make use of biomass. But this way of using
biomass is very inefficient because the biomass does not go through any
conversion process before final use ( such as moisture reduction, easiness with
handling, increase in energy content).Several improvements can be applied to
biomass in order to improve the efficiency. This includes:
Chopping
Drying
briquetting
For instance, if wet biomass is used directly for combustion, this results in loss of
heat energy in volatizing the moisture content of wood.
Reducing the size of biomass by increasing its density (briquetting) allows one to
use smaller equipment for same energy output. Smaller equipment will have lower
cost & lower amount of heat losses from it.
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RENEWABLE ENERGY

It is estimated that biomass contributes

Significance of these processes is that if

BIOMASS BASIC DATA

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS ENERGY

BIOENERGY PAST & PRESENT

BIOENERGY PAST & PRESENT

TYPICAL HEAT ENERGY CONTENT PER

BIOENERGY PAST & PRESENT

HEAT CONTENT ( NET CALORIFIC VALUE) & CO2 EMISSION

BIOENERGY PAST & PRESENT

TYPES OF BIOMASS & THEIR APPLICATION

Biomass can mainly be divided into

TYPES OF BIOMASS & THEIR APPLICATION

Woody biomass also has applications

TYPES OF BIOMASS & THEIR APPLICATION

TYPES OF BIOMASS & THEIR APPLICATION

ENERGY CONTENT OF BIOMASS

ENERGY CONTENT OF BIOMASS

ENERGY CONTENT OF BIOMASS FUELS FOR VARIOUS MOISTURE &

BIOMASS AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY

BIOMASS AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY

BIOFUEL PRODUCTION PROCESS

Dry homogeneous input is preferred.

BIOMASS AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY

BIOMASS AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY

BIOMASS CONVERSION PROCESS &

In some processes the presence of

BIOMASS AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY

BIOMASS AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY

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