Geometry Chapter on Similarity

STD.
X
Mathematics II
Geometry
Sixth Edition: March 2016
Salient Features
Written as per the new textbook.
Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus.
Topicwise distribution of all textual questions and practice problems at
the beginning of every chapter
Covers solutions to all textual exercises and problem set.
Includes additional problems for practice.
Indicative marks for all problems.
Comprehensive solution to Question Bank.
Constructions drawn with accurate measurements.
Includes Board Question Papers of 2014, 2015 and March 2016.
Printed at: Repro India Ltd., Mumbai
part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
No
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P.O.No.11933
10205_10385_JUP
Preface
Geometry is the mathematics of properties, measurement and relationships of points, lines, angles, surfaces and
solids. It is widely used in the fields of science, engineering, computers, architecture etc. It is a vast subject dealing
with the study of properties, definitions, theorems, areas, perimeter, angles, triangles, mensuration, co-ordinates,
constructions etc.
The study of Geometry requires a deep and intrinsic understanding of concepts. Hence, to ease this task, we bring
to you Std. X: Geometry, a complete and thorough guide critically analysed and extensively drafted to boost
the confidence of the students. The question answer format of this book helps the student to understand and grasp
each and every concept thoroughly. The book is based on the new text book and covers the entire syllabus. At the
beginning of every chapter, topicwise distribution of all textual questions and practice problems has been
provided for simpler understanding of different types of questions. The book contains answers to textual exercises,
problems sets and Question bank. It also includes additional questions for practice. All the diagrams are neat and
have proper labelling. The book has a unique feature that all the constructions are as per the scale. Another feature
of the book is its layout which is attractive and inspires the student to read.
Marks are provided for each and every problem. However, marks mentioned are indicative and are subject to
change as per Maharashtra State Boards discretion.
There is always room for improvement and hence we welcome all suggestions and regret any errors that may have
occurred in the making of this book.
A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.
Best of luck to all the aspirants!

Yours faithfully,
Publisher
PER
Marking Scheme
Marking Scheme (for March 2014 exam and onwards)
Written Exam
Algebra
40 Marks
Time: 2 hrs.
Geometry
40 Marks
Time: 2 hrs.
* Internal Assessment
20 Marks
Total
100 Marks
* Internal Assessment
Home Assignment:
Test of multiple choice

question:
Total
10 Marks
10 Marks
20 marks
5-5 Home assignment for Algebra and

Geometry of 10 marks each would be given.
Marks obtained out of 100 would be converted
to marks out of 10.
Depending upon the entire syllabus, internal
test for Algebra and Geometry with 20 marks
each would be taken at the end of second
semester. Marks obtained out of 40 would be
converted to marks out of 10.
ALGEBRA AND GEOMETRY

Mark Wise Distribution of Questions
6 sub questions of 1 mark each:
6 sub questions of 2 marks each:
Marks
05
08
09
08
10
40
Attempt any 5
Attempt any 4
Attempt any 3
Attempt any 2
Attempt any 2
Total:
Marks with Option

06
12
15
12
15
60
Weightage to Types of Questions

Sr.
Type of Questions
No.
1. Very short answer
2. Short answer
3 . Long answer
Marks
Percentage of Marks
06
27
27
60
10
45
45
100
Algebra
Percentage marks
15
15
60
10
100
Geometry
Percentage marks
15
15
50
20
100
Total:
Weightage to Objectives
Sr.
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
Objectives
Knowledge
Understanding
Application
Skill
Total:
Unit wise Distribution: Algebra

Sr.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Unit
Marks with option
Arithmetic Progression
Quadratic equations
Linear equation in two variables
Probability
Statistics I
Statistics II
Total:
12
12
12
10
06
08
60
Unit wise Distribution: Geometry

Sr.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Unit
Marks with option
Similarity
Circle
Geometric Constructions
Trigonometry
Co-ordinate Geometry
Mensuration
Total:
12
10
10
10
08
10
60
Sr.No.
TopicName
PageNo.
Similarity
Circle
55
Geometric Constructions
101
Trigonometry
142
Co-ordinate Geometry
166
Mensuration
195
Question Bank (Hot Problems)
224
Model Question Paper - I
255
Model Question Paper - II
257
Board Question Paper : March 2014
259
Board Question Paper : October 2014
261
263
Board Question Paper : July 2015
265
267
01 Similarity
Chapter01:Similarity
Type of Problems
Properties of the Ratios of Areas of Two
Triangles
Basic Proportionality Theorem (B.P.T.)

and Converse of B.P.T.
Application of BPT (Property of Intercept
made by Three Parallel lines on a
Transversal and/or Property of an Angle
Bisector of a Triangle)
Similarity of Triangles
Exercise
1.1
Practice Problems
(Based on Exercise 1.1)
Problem set-1
1.2
Practice Problems
Problem set-1
1.2
Practice Problems
Problem set-1
1.2
1.3
Practice Problems
Problem set-1
Areas of Similar Triangles
Similarity in Right Angled Triangles and

Property of Geometric Mean
Pythagoras Theorem and Converse of

Pythagoras Theorem
Theorem of 30-60-90 Triangle,

Converse of 30-60-90 Triangle
Theorem and Theorem of 45-45-90
Triangle
Applications of Pythagoras Theorem
Apollonius Theorem
1.4
Practice Problems
Problem set-1
1.5
Practice Problems
1.7
1.5
Practice Problems
1.6
Problem set-1
1.6
Practice Problems
1.7
1.7
Practice Problems
Problem set-1
Q. Nos.
Q.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Q.1, 2, 3
Q.7 (iii.), 20
Q.1, 2, 6, 10
Q.4, 5, 6, 10
Q.6 (i.), 15, 18, 19, 21
Q.3, 4, 5, 7, 9
Q.7, 8, 9
Q.16, 22
Q.8
Q.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Q.11, 12, 13, 14, 15
Q.1, 2, 4 (i., ii.), 7 (i., ii.), 8, 9, 10, 24,
25
Q.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Q.16, 17, 18, 19, 20
Q.3, 4(iii.), 5, 6(ii., iii.), 17, 23
Q.2, 6 (i.)
Q.22
Q.4
Q.1, 3, 4, 5, 6(ii.), 7, 8
Q.21, 23, 24, 25
Q.2, 4
Q.11, 12
Q.1, 3, 5, 6, 7
Q.26, 27, 28, 29
Q.5
Q.1, 2, 3, 6
Q.30, 31, 32
Q.13, 14
Std.X:Geometry
Concepts of Std. IX
Similarity of triangles
For a given one-to-one correspondence between the
vertices of two triangles, if
i.
their corresponding angles are congruent and
ii.
their corresponding sides are in proportion then the 2
correspondence is known as similarity and the two
triangles are said to be similar.

B
In the figure, for correspondence ABC PQR,
i.
A P, B Q, C R
ii.
CQ
6
R
AB
2 BC
6
2 AC
4 2
= ,
= = ,
= =
PQ
3 QR
9
3 PR
6 3
i.e.,
AB
BC
AC
=
=
PQ
QR
PR
Hence, ABC and PQR are similar triangles and are symbolically written as ABC PQR.
Test of similarity of triangles
1.
SSS test of similarity:

vertices of two triangles, the two triangles are similar
if the sides of one triangle are proportional to the
corresponding sides of the other triangle.
In the figure,
AB
1 BC
3 1 AC
2 1
= ,
= = ,
= =
PQ
2 QR
6
2 PR
4 2
AB
BC
AC
=
=
PQ
QR
PR
ABC PQR
2.
AAA test of similarity [AA test]:

A
if the angles of one triangle are congruent to the

corresponding angles of the other triangle.
In the figure,
B
C Q
if A P, B Q, C R
---- [By AAA test of similarity]
then ABC PQR
Note: AAA test is verified same as AA test of similarity.
3.
AB
BC
=
and B Q
PQ
QR
ABC PQR
22
---- [By SSS test of similarity]
SAS test of similarity:

if two sides of a triangle are proportional to the two
corresponding sides of the other triangle and the
corresponding included angles are also congruent.
In the figure,
AB
1 BC
2 1
= ,
= =
PQ
3 QR
6 3
A
3
1
B
C Q
---- [By SAS test of similarity]
Converse of the test for similarity:
i.
Converse of SSS test:
If two triangles are similar, then the corresponding sides are in proportion.
If ABC PQR then,
AB BC AC
=
=
PQ QR PR
---- [Corresponding sides of similar triangles]
ii.
Converse of AAA test:

If two triangles are similar, then the corresponding angles are congruent.
If ABC PQR,
then A P, B Q and C R
---- [Corresponding angles of similar triangles]
Note: Corresponding angles of similar triangles can also be written as c.a.s.t.
Corresponding sides of similar triangles can also be written as c.s.s.t.
1.1 Properties of the ratios of areas of two triangles
Property I
The ratio of areas of two triangles is equal to the ratio of the
product of their bases and corresponding heights.
[2 marks]
Given: In ABC and PQR, seg AD seg BC, BDC,
seg PS ray RQ, SQR
To prove that:
A(ABC)
BC AD
=
A(PQR)
QR PS
P
A
Proof:
1
2
---- (i)
1
2
---- (ii)
A(ABC) = BC AD
A(PQR) = QR PS
[Area of a triangle =
1
base height]
2
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get

1
BC AD
A(ABC)
= 2
1
A(PQR)
QR PS
2
A(ABC)
BC AD
=
A(PQR)
QR PS
For Understanding
When do you say the triangles have equal heights?
We can discuss this in three cases.
Case I
In the adjoining figure,
segments AD and PS are the corresponding heights of ABC and
PQR respectively.
B
If AD = PS, then ABC and PQR are said to have equal heights.
Case II
In the adjoining figure, ABC and XYZ have their one vertex on
one of the parallel lines and the other two vertices lie on the other
parallel line. Hence the two triangles are said to lie between the same
parallel lines and are said to have equal heights.
C S
A
Std.X:Geometry
Case III
In the adjoining figure, ABC, ACD and ABD have a common
vertex A and the sides opposite to vertex A namely, BC, CD and BD
respectively of these triangles lie on the same line. Hence, ABC,
ACD and ABD are said to have equal heights and BC, CD and
BD are their respective bases.
Property II
The ratio of areas of two triangles having equal base is equal to
the ratio of their corresponding heights.
Example:
ABC and DCB have a common base BC.
A(ABC)
AP
=
A(DCB)
DQ
A(ABC)
BC A(ABC) BC A(ACD)
CD
=
,
=
,
=
A(ACD)
CD A(ABD) BD A(ABD)
BD
Property IV
Areas of two triangles having equal bases and equal heights are
equal.
Example:
ABD and ACD have a common vertex A and their sides opposite to
vertex A namely, BD and DC respectively lie on the same line. Hence the
triangles have equal heights. Also their bases BD and DC are equal.
A(ABD) = A(ACD)
Exercise 1.1
1.
P C
In the adjoining figure, seg BE seg AB and seg BA seg AD.

If BE = 6 and AD = 9, find
A ABE
.
A(BAD)
[Oct 14, July 15] [1 mark]
Solution:
A ABE
BE
=
A( BAD) AD
A ABE 6
=
A( BAD) 9
A ABE 2
=
A(BAD)
3
44
Property III
The ratio of areas of two triangles having equal height is equal to
the ratio of their corresponding bases.
Example:
ABC, ACD and ABD have a common vertex A and their sides
opposite to vertex A namely, BC, CD, BD respectively lie on the
same line. Hence they have equal heights. Here, AP is common
height.
---- [Ratio of areas of two triangles having equal base

is equal to the ratio of their corresponding heights.]
2.
In the adjoining figure, seg SP side YK and

seg YT seg SK. If SP = 6, YK = 13, YT = 5 and
TK = 12, then find A(SYK) : A(YTK).
[2 marks]
Solution:
A(SYK)
YK SP
=
A(YTK)
TK YT
A(SYK) 13 6
=
A(YTK) 125
A(SYK) 13
=
A(YTK) 10
A(SYK) : A(YTK) = 13 : 10
S
T
6
12
5
P
13
---- [Ratio of areas of two triangles is equal to the ratio of the

product of their bases and corresponding heights.]
3.
In the adjoining figure, RP : PK = 3 : 2, then

find the values of the following ratios:
i.
A(TRP) : A(TPK)
ii.
A(TRK) : A(TPK)
iii. A(TRP) : A(TRK)
[Mar 14] [3 marks]
Solution:
RP : PK = 3 : 2
---- [Given]
Let the common multiple be x.
RP = 3x, PK = 2x
---- (i)
RK = RP + PK
---- [RPK]
R
P
RK = 3x + 2x
RK = 5x
---- (ii)
i.
A(TRP)
RP
=
A(TPK)
PK
A(TRP)
3x
=
A(TPK)
2x
A(TRP)
3
=
A(TPK) 2
A(TRP) : A(TPK) = 3 : 2
ii.
A(TRK)
RK
=
A(TPK)
PK
---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal heights

is equal to the ratio of their corresponding bases.]
A(TRK)
5x
=
A(TPK)
2x
---- [From (i) and (ii)]
A(TRK) 5
=
A(TPK)
2
A(TRK) : A(TPK) = 5 : 2
iii.
A(TRP)
RP
=
A(TRK)
RK
A(TRP)
3x
=
A(TRK)
5x
A(TRP)
3
=
A(TRK) 5
A(TRP) : A(TRK) = 3 : 5

---- [From (i)]

Std.X:Geometry
4.
The ratio of the areas of two triangles with the common base is 6 : 5. Height of the larger triangle is
9 cm. Then find the corresponding height of the smaller triangle.
[Mar 15] [3 marks]
Solution:
Let A1 and A2 be the areas of larger triangle and smaller triangle respectively and h1 and h2 be their
corresponding heights.
A1
6
=
A2
5
---- (i) [Given]
h1 = 9
---- (ii) [Given]
A1
h
= 1
A2
h2
---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal base

is equal to the ratio of their corresponding heights.]
9
h2
6
5
h2
h2
h2 = 7.5 cm
The corresponding height of the smaller triangle is 7.5 cm.
5.
In the adjoining figure, seg PR seg BC, seg AS seg BC and

seg QT seg BC. Find the following ratios:
[3 marks]
59
6
15
=
2
i.
A(ABC)
A(PBC)
iii.
A(PRC)
A(BQT)
ii.
A(ABS)
A(ASC)
iv.
A(BPR)
A(CQT)
P
B
Solution:
i.
A(ABC) AS
=
A(PBC)
PR
---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal bases is

equal to the ratio of their corresponding heights.]
ii.
A(ABS)
BS
=
A(ASC)
SC
---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal heights is

equal to the ratio of their corresponding bases.]
iii.
A(PRC)
RC PR
=
A(BQT)
BT QT
---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles is equal to the ratio of

iv.
A(BPR)
BR PR
=
A(CQT)
CT QT
---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles is equal to the ratio of

In the adjoining figure, seg DH seg EF and seg GK seg EF.

If DH = 12 cm, GK = 20 cm and A(DEF) = 300 cm2, then find
i.
EF
ii.
A(GEF)
iii.
A( DFGE) [3 marks]
Solution:
6.
i.
66
1
Area of triangle =
base height
2
1
A(DEF) =
EF DH
2
1
300 =
EF 12
---- [Substituting the given values]
2
300 = EF 6
EF =
EF = 50 cm
300
6
12
E
K
H
20
ii.
A(DEF)
DH
=
A(GEF)
GK
---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal bases is equal
to the ratio of their corresponding heights.]
300
12
=
A(GEF) 20
300 20 = 12 A(GEF)
7.
300 20
= A(GEF)
12
300 20
A(GEF) =
12
A(GEF) = 500 cm2
---- (i)
iii.
A( DFGE) = A(DEF) + A(GEF)

A( DFGE) = 300 + 500
A( DFGE) = 800 cm2
---- [Area addition property]

---- [From (i) and given]
P
In the adjoining figure, seg ST || side QR. Find the following ratios. [3 marks]
i.
A(PST)
A(QST)
ii.
A(PST)
A(RST)
iii.
A(QST)
A(RST)
Solution:
i.
A(PST)
PS
=
A(QST) QS
ii.
A(PST)
PT
=
A(RST)
TR
iii.
[Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal heights Q

QST and RST lie between the same parallel lines ST and QR
Their heights are equal.
Also ST is the common base.
A(QST) = A(RST)
---- [Areas of two triangles having common base and equal heights
are equal.]
A(QST)
=1
A(RST)
1.2 Basic Proportionality Theorem (B.P.T)

If a line parallel to a side of a triangle intersects the other sides in two distinct points, then the line divides
these sides in proportion.
[Mar 14] [4 marks]
P
Given: In PQR, line l || side QR.
Line l intersects side PQ and side PR in points M and N
respectively, such that PMQ and PNR.
N
M
PM
PN
l
=
To Prove that:
MQ
NR
Construction: Draw seg QN and seg RM.

Proof:
In PMN and QMN, where PMQ,
A(PMN)
PM
=
A(QMN)
MQ
---- (i) [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal heights
In PMN and RMN, where PNR,

A(PMN)
PN
=
A(RMN)
NR
---- (ii) [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal heights
A(QMN) = A(RMN)
---- (iii) [Areas of two triangles having equal bases and equal
heights are equal.]
A(PMN)
A(PMN)
=
A(QMN)
A(RMN)
PM
PN
=
MQ NR
---- (iv) [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]

---- [From (i), (ii) and (iv)]
Std.X:Geometry
Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem:
If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side.
P
If line l intersects the side PQ and side PR of PQR in the
points M and N respectively such that
PM
PN
=
, then
MQ NR
line l || side QR.

Q
Applications of Basic Proportionality Theorem:

i.
Property of intercepts made by three parallel lines on a transversal:

The ratio of the intercepts made on a transversal by three parallel lines is equal to the ratio of the
corresponding intercepts made on any other transversal by the same three parallel lines. [3 marks]
Given: line l || line m || line n

The transversals x and y intersect these parallel lines at points A, B, C and P, Q, R respectively.
To Prove that:
AB PQ
=
BC QR
Construction: Draw seg AR to intersect line m at point H.

Proof:
In ACR,
seg BH || side CR
---- [Given]
AB
AH
=
BC
HR
In ARP,
seg HQ || side AP
---- (i) [By B.P.T.]

---- [Given]
QR
RH
=
PQ
HA
---- [By B.P.T.]
PQ
AH
=
QR HR
---- (ii) [By invertendo]
PQ
AB
=
QR
BC
m
n
ii.
Property of an angle bisector of a triangle:

In a triangle, the angle bisector divides the side opposite to the angle in the ratio of the remaining
sides.
[Mar 15] [5 marks]
Given: In ABC, ray AD bisects BAC
To Prove that:
BD AB
=
DC AC
Construction: Draw a line parallel to ray AD, passing through point C.

Extend BA to intersect the line at E.
Proof:
In BEC,
seg AD || side EC
---- [By construction]
88
BD AB
DC AE
---- (i) [By B.P.T.]
line AD || line EC on transversal BE

BAD AEC
line AD || line EC on transversal AC.
CAD ACE
Also, BAD CAD
---- (iii) [Alternate angles]

---- (iv) [ Ray AD bisects BAC]
AEC ACE
---- (v) [From (ii), (iii) and (iv)]
---- (ii) [Corresponding angles]
In AEC,
AEC ACE
AE = AC
---- [From (v)]

---- (vi) [Sides opposite to congruent angles]
BD AB
DC AC
---- [From (i) and (vi)]
Exercise 1.2
1.
Find the values of x in the following figures, if line l is parallel to one of the sides of the given triangles.
[Oct 12, Mar 13] [1 mark each]
B
6
l
3
A
P
x
5 Y
(i)
Solution:
i.
In ABC,
line l || side BC
AP
AY
=
PB
YC
3
5
=
x
6
x =
x = 10 units
ii.
In RST,
line l || side TR
Q
3.9
4.5
C
T
1.3
P
8
M
R
(ii)
(iii)
---- [Given]
---- [By B.P.T.]
65
3
SQ
SP
=
QR
PT
---- [Given]
---- [By B.P.T.]
x
1.3
=
4.5
3.9
x=
1.3 4.5
3.9
x=
13 45
39 10
x = 1.5 units
iii.
In LMN,
line l || side LN
MQ
MP
=
QN
PL
8
x
=
3
2
38
=x
2
x=34
x = 12 units
---- [Given]
---- [By B.P.T.]
Std.X:Geometry
E and F are the points on the side PQ and PR respectively of PQR. For each of the following
cases, state whether EF || QR.
[2 marks each]
i.
PE = 3.9 cm, EQ = 1.3 cm, PF = 3.6 cm and FR = 2.4 cm.
ii.
PE = 4 cm, QE = 4.5 cm, PF = 8 cm and RF = 9 cm.
iii. PQ = 1.28 cm, PR = 2.56 cm, PE = 0.18 cm and PF = 0.36 cm.
P
Solution:
PE
3.9 3
3.9
i.
=
=
---- (i)
2.
EQ
1.3
PF
3.6
3
=
=
FR
2.4
2
1.3
Q
In PQR,
PE
PF
EQ
FR
seg EF is not parallel to seg QR.
ii.
PE
4
8
=
=
QE
4.5
9
PF
8
=
FR
9
2.4
R
P
---- (i)
---- (ii)
4.5
PE
PF
=
QE
FR
seg EF || seg QR
---- [By converse of B.P.T.]
iii.
EQ + PE = PQ
EQ = PQ PE
= 1.28 0.18 = 1.10
FR + PF = PR
FR = PR PF
= 2.56 0.36 = 2.20
---- [PEQ]
In PQR,
3.6
---- (ii)
---- [PFR]
PE
0.18
18
9
=
=
=
EQ
1.10
110
55
---- (i)
PF
0.36
36
9
=
=
=
FR
2.20
220
55
---- (ii)
P
1.28
0.18
E
0.36
F
2.56
In PQR,
PE
PF
=
EQ
FR
seg EF || side QR
In the adjoining figure, point Q is on the side MP such that MQ = 2 and MP = 5.5.
Ray NQ is the bisector of MNP of MNP.
Find MN : NP.
[2 marks]
Solution:
QP + MQ = MP
---- [MQP]
QP + 2 = 5.5
M
QP = 5.5 2
2
QP = 3.5
In MNP,
ray NQ is the angle bisector of MNP
---- [Given]
3.
10
10
MQ
MN
=
QP
NP
---- [By property of angle bisector of a triangle]
Q
5.5
MN
2
20 4
=
=
=
NP
3.5 35 7
MN
4
=
NP
7
MN : NP = 4 : 7
In the adjoining figure, ray YM is the bisector of XYZ,

where XY YZ.
Find the relation between XM and MZ.
[2 marks]
Solution:
In XYZ,
Ray YM is the angle bisector of XYZ
---- [Given]
4.
X
M
Y
---- (i) [By property of angle bisector of a triangle]
XM
XY
=
MZ
YZ
seg XY seg YZ
XY = YZ
---- [Given]
XY
=1
YZ
XM
=1
MZ
---- (ii)
XM = MZ
seg XM seg MZ
In the adjoining figure, ray PT is the bisector of QPR. Find the

value of x and the perimeter of PQR.
[Mar 14] [3 marks]
Solution:
In PQR,
Ray PT is the angle bisector of QPR.
5.
PQ
QT
=
PR
TR
5.6
4
=
x
5
5.6 5 = 4 x
5.6 5
=x
4
x = 7 cm
PR = 7 cm
---- [By property of angle bisector of a triangle]
6.
In the adjoining figure, if ML || BC and NL || DC.

Then prove that
Proof:
In ABC,
seg ML || side BC
AM
AL
=
MB
LC
In ADC,
seg NL || side DC
P
5.6 cm
Q
4 cm
5 cm
---- [ PR = x]
Now, QR = QT + TR
---- [QTR]
QR = 4 + 5
QR = 9 cm
Perimeter of PQR = PQ + QR + PR
= 5.6 + 9 + 7 = 21.6 cm
The value of x is 7 cm and the perimeter of PQR is 21.6 cm.
AM AN
=
.
AB AD
[3 marks]
M
A
---- [Given]
---- (i) [By B.P.T.]
N
D
---- [Given]
11
Std.X:Geometry
AN
AL
=
ND
LC
---- (ii) [By B.P.T.]
AM
AN
=
ND
MB
MB
ND
=
AM
AN
---- [By invertendo]
MB AM
ND AN
=
AM
AN
---- [By componendo]
AB
AD
=
AM
AN
---- [AMB, AND]
AM
AN
=
AB
AD
7.
As shown in the adjoining figure, in PQR, seg PM is the median.

Bisectors of PMQ and PMR intersect side PQ and side PR in
points X and Y respectively, then prove that XY || QR. [3 marks]
In PMQ,
---- [Given]
MP PX
=
MQ QX
In PMR,
ray MY is the angle bisector of PMR.
MP PY
=
MR RY
---- [Given]
---- (ii) [By property of angle bisector of a triangle]
But, seg PM is the median

M is midpoint of seg QR.
MQ = MR
---- [Given]
---- (iii)
PX PY
=
QX RY
---- [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
In PQR, seg XY || seg QR
8.
ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and its diagonals intersect each other at the point O.
Show that
AO CO
=
.
BO DO
12
12
ABCD is a trapezium.
side AB || side DC and seg AC is a transversal.
BAC DCA
---- (i) [Alternate angles]
In AOB and COD,
BAO DCO
---- [From (i) and AOC]
AOB COD
---- [Vertically opposite angles]
AOB COD
---- [By AA test of similarity]
AO
BO
=
CO
DO
AO
CO
=
BO
DO
[3 marks]
B
Proof:
ray MX is the angle bisector of PMQ.
Proof:
Draw line XY.
---- [c.s.s.t.]
---- [By alternendo]
O
D
9.
In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a trapezium.

Side AB || seg PQ || side DC and AP = 15, PD = 12, QC = 14, then
find BQ.
[2 marks]
Solution:
Side AB || seg PQ || side DC
AP BQ
=
PD QC
15 Q
=
12 14
15 14
BQ =
12
B
Q
P
D
---- [Given]
---- [By property of intercepts made by three parallel lines on a transversal]

---- [ AP = 15, PD = 12 and QC = 14]
BQ = 17.5
10.
Using the converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem, prove that the

line joining the midpoints of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to
the third side and is half of it.
[4 marks]
Given:
In ABC, P and Q are midpoints of sides AB and AC respectively.
To Prove: seg PQ || side BC
1
PQ = BC
2
Proof:
AP = PB
AP
=1
PB
---- [P is the midpoint of side AB.]

---- (i)
AQ = QC
---- [Q is the midpoint of side AC.]
AQ
=1
QC
---- (ii)
In ABC,
AQ
AP
=
QC
PB
seg PQ || side BC
In ABC and APQ,
ABC APQ
BAC PAQ
ABC APQ

---- (iii) [By converse of B.P.T.]
---- [From (iii), corresponding angles]
---- [Common angle]
AB BC
AP PQ
---- [c.s.s.t.]
BC
AP PB
=
PQ
AP
---- [APB]
BC
AP AP
=
PQ
AP
---- [ AP = PB]
BC
2AP
=
PQ
AP
BC
2
=
PQ
1
PQ =
1
BC
2
13
Std.X:Geometry
1.3 Similarity
Two figures are called similar if they have same shapes not necessarily the same size.
Properties of Similar Triangles:
1.
2.
3.
Reflexivity: ABC ~ ABC. It means a triangle is similar to itself.

Symmetry: If ABC ~ DEF, then DEF ~ ABC.
Transitivity: If ABC ~ DEF and DEF ~ PQR, then PQR ~ ABC.
Exercise 1.3
1.
Study the following figures and find out in each case whether the triangles are similar. Give reason.
[2 marks each]
P
M
D
a
3
2
R
T
70 A
P
2b
T
2.5
6
2a
55 a
R
4
Q
a
55
M
N
N
K
X
S
3b
7.5
(iii)
(i)
(ii)
Solution:
i.
MTP and MNK are similar.
Reason:
MN = MT + TN
---- [MTN]
MN = 2 + 4 = 6 units
MT
2
1
=
=
MN
6
3
MK = MP + PK
MK = 3 + 6 = 9 units
MP
3
1
= =
MK
9
3
---- (i)
---- [MPK]
---- (ii)
In MTP and MNK,

MT
MP
=
MN
MK
ii.
14
14
TMP NMK
MTP MNK
PRT and PXS are not similar.
Reason:
PX = PR + RX
PX = a + 2a = 3a
PR
a
1
=
=
PX
3a
3
RT
2b
2
=
=
XS
3b
3
PR
RT
PX
XS

---- [Common angle]
---- [By SAS test of similarity]
---- [PRX]
---- (i)
---- (ii)
The corresponding sides of the two triangles are not in proportion.

PRT and PXS are not similar.
iii.
DMN and AQR are similar.

Reason:
In DMN and AQR,
DMN AQR
DNM ARQ
DMN AQR
---- [Each is 55]

---- [Each is of same measure]
In the adjoining figure, ABC is right angled at B.

D is any point on AB. seg DE seg AC.
If AD = 6 cm, AB = 12 cm, AC = 18 cm. Find AE.
[2 marks]
Solution:
In AED and ABC,
AED ABC
---- [Each is 90]
DAE BAC
---- [Common angle]
AED ABC
2.
AE
ED
AD
=
=
AB
BC
AC
AE
AD
=
AB
AC
AE
6
=
12
18
18
12 D
---- [c.s.s.t.]
6 12
18
AE =
AE = 4 cm
A
3.
In the adjoining figure, E is a point on side CB produced of an isosceles

ABC with AB = AC. If AD BC and EF AC,
prove that ABD ECF.
[3 marks]
Proof:
In ABC,
seg AB seg AC
---- [Given]
E
B C
---- (i) [By isosceles triangle theorem]
In ABD and ECF,
ABD ECF
---- [From (i)]
ADB EFC
---- [Each is 90]
ABD ECF
4.
D is a point on side BC of ABC such that ADC = BAC. Show that AC2 = BC DC.
[3 marks]
Proof:
A
In ACB and DCA,
BAC ADC
---- [Given]
ACB DCA
---- [Common angle]
ACB DCA
AC
BC
AB
=
=
DC
AC
DA
AC
BC
=
DC
AC
---- [c.s.s.t.]
AC2 = BC DC
15
Std.X:Geometry
5.
A vertical pole of length 6 m casts a shadow of 4 m long on the ground. At the same time, a tower casts
a shadow 28 m long. Find the height of the tower.
[3 marks]
P
Solution:
AB represents the length of the pole.
A
AB = 6 m
BC represents the shadow of the pole.
BC = 4 m
6m
PQ represents the height of the tower.
QR represents the shadow of the tower.
QR = 28 m
ABC PQR
Q
B
C
4m
28 m
R
---- [ vertical pole and tower are similar figures]
AB
BC
AC
=
=
PQ
QR
PR
AB BC
PQ QR
6
4
=
PQ
28
6
1
=
PQ
7
6 7 = PQ
PQ = 42 m
Height of the tower is 42 m.
---- [c.s.s.t.]
Triangle ABC has sides of length 5, 6 and 7 units while PQR has perimeter of 360 units. If ABC is
similar to PQR, then find the sides of PQR.
[3 marks]
Solution:
Since, ABC PQR
6.
AB
BC
AC
=
=
PQ
QR
PR
5
6
7
=
=`
PQ
QR
PR
---- [c.s.s.t.]
By theorem on equal ratios,

each ratio =
567
PQ QR PR
18
360
1
=
20
5
6
7
1
=
=
=
PQ
QR
PR
20
5
1
=
PQ
20
16
16
---- [From (i)]
---- [From (i)]
QR = 6 20
QR = 120 units
7
1
=
PR
20
---- (i)
PQ = 20 5
PQ = 100 units
6
1
=
QR
20
---- [ Perimeter of PQR = PQ + QR + PR= 360]
---- [From (i)]
PR = 7 20
PR = 140 units
PQR has sides PQ, QR and PR of length 100 units, 120 units and 140 units respectively.
iii.
A(PBC)
25
=
A(PQA)
1
A(PBC) A(PQA)
25 1
=
A(PQA)
1
---- [By dividendo]
A(QBCA)
24
=
A(PQA)
1
A(PQA)
1
=
A(QBCA)
24
A(PQA) : A( QBCA) = 1 : 24
7.
In the adjoining figure, DE || BC and AD : DB = 5 : 4.

Find: i. DE : BC
ii.
DO : DC
iii.
Solution:
i.
DE || BC
AB is a transversal
ADE ABC
In ADE and ABC,
ADE ABC
DAE BAC
ADE ABC
AD
DE
=
AB
BC
AD
5
=
DB
4
DB
4
=
AD
5
DB AD
45
=
AD
5
AB
9
=
AD
5
AD
5
=
AB
9
DE
5
=
BC
9
DE : BC = 5 : 9
ii.
In DOE and COB,

EDO BCO
DOE COB
DOE COB
DO
DE
=
OC
BC
DO
5
=
OC
9
OC
9
=
DO
5
OC DO
95
=
DO
5
DC
14
=
DO
5
DO
5
=
DC
14
A(DOE) : A(DCE)
[5 marks]
D
---- [Given]
---- (i) [Corresponding angles]
E
O
---- [From (i)]

---- [Common angle]
---- (ii) [c.s.s.t.]
---- [ADB]
---- (iii) [By invertendo]
---- (iv) [From (ii) and (iii)]
---- [Alternate angles on parallel lines DE and BC]

---- [c.s.s.t.]
---- [From (iv)]
---- [DOC]
---- (v) [By invertendo]
DO : DC = 5 : 14
41
Std.X:Geometry
iii.
A(DOE)
DO
=
A(DCE)
DC
---- [Ratio of areas of two triangles having equal heights is

equal to the ratio of the corresponding bases]
A(DOE)
5
=
A(DCE)
14
---- [From (v)]
A(DOE) : A(DCE) = 5 : 14
In the adjoining figure, seg AB || seg DC.

Using the information given, find the value of x.
[3 marks]
Solution:
Side DC || Side AB on transversal DB.
ABD CDB
---- (i) [Alternate angles]
In AOB and COD,
ABO CDO
---- [From (i), D O B]
AOB COD
AOB COD
8.
OA
OB
=
OC
OD
---- [c.s.s.t]
3 x 19
x3
=
3
x 5
3(3x 19) = (x 3)(x 5)

9x 57 = x2 8x + 15
x2 8x 9x + 15 + 57 = 0
x2 17x + 72 = 0
(x 9)(x 8) = 0
x 9 = 0 or x 8 = 0
x = 9 or x = 8
9.
Using the information given in the adjoining figure, find F.
C
O
[3 marks]
A
F
3 3 cm
80
60
C 6 3 cm
6 cm
12 cm
3.8 cm
Solution:
AB
3.8
1
=
=
DE
7.6
2
---- (i)
BC
6
1
=
=
EF
12
2
---- (ii)
3 3
CA
1
=
=
FD
2
6 3
---- (iii)
[Substituting the given values]
7.6 cm
D
In ABC and DEF,
AB
BC
CA
=
=
DE
EF
FD
ABC DEF
C F
In ABC,
A + B + C = 180
80 + 60 + C = 180
C = 180 140
C = 40
F = 40
42
42
---- [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]

---- [By SSS test of similarity]
---- (iv) [c.a.s.t]
---- [Sum of the measures of all angles of a triangle is 180.]
---- (v)
---- [From (iv) and (v)]
A vertical stick 12 m long casts a shadow 8 m long on the ground. At the same time a tower casts the
shadow of length 40 m on the ground. Determine the height of the tower.
[2 marks]
P
Solution:
Let AB represent the vertical stick, AB = 12 m.
A
BC represents the shadow of the stick, BC = 8 m.
PQ represents the height of the tower.
QR represents the shadow of the tower, QR = 40 m.
12 m
10.
ABC PQR
AB
BC
AC
=
=
PQ
QR
PR
12
8
=
PQ
40
PQ = 12 5 = 60
The height of the tower is 60 m.
---- [c.s.s.t.]
B
8m
C Q
40 m
11.
In each of the figures, an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse. The lengths of different segments are
marked in each figure. Determine the value of x, y, z in each case.
[3 marks each]
A
Solution:
4
i.
In ABC, mABC = 90
---- [Given]
D
x
seg BD hypotenuse AC
---- [Given]
5
---- [By property of geometric mean]
BD2 = AD DC
y
y2 = 4 5
C
B
z
y = 45
---- [Taking square root on both sides]
y= 2 5
---- (i)
In ADB,
mADB = 90
---- [ Seg BD hypotenuse AC]
AB2 = AD2 + BD2
---- [By Pythagoras theorem]
x = (4) + y
2

2
x = 4 + (2 5 )
---- [From (i)]
x = 16 + 20
x2 = 36
x =6
In BDC,
mBDC = 90
---- [ Seg BD hypotenuse AC]
BC2 = BD2 + CD2
z = y + (5)
2

2
z = (2 5 ) + (5)
---- [From (i)]
z = 20 + 25
z2 = 45
z=
z= 3 5
x = 6, y = 2 5 and z = 3 5
9 5
43
Std.X:Geometry
ii.
In PSQ,
m PSQ = 90
---- [ Seg QS hypotenuse PR]
PQ2 = PS2 + QS2

(6)2 = (4)2 + y2
36 = 16 + y2
y2 = 36 16
y2 = 20
y = 4 5
y = 2 5
In PQR,
seg QS hypotenuse PR
QS2 = PS SR
y2 = 4 x
2 5
20 = 4x
x=
x=5
In QSR,
m QSR = 90
= 4x

P
4
S
---- (i)
---- [Given]
---- [By the property of geometric mean]
---- [From (i)]
20
4
---- (ii)
---- [ Seg QS hypotenuse PR]
2
QR = QS + SR
z2 = y2 + x2
z2 = (2 5 )2 + (5)2
z2 = 20 + 25
z2 = 45
z = 9 5
z=3 5
x = 5, y = 2 5 and z = 3 5

ABC is a right angled triangle with A = 90. A circle is inscribed in it. The lengths of the sides
containing the right angle are 6 cm and 8 cm. Find the radius of the circle.
[4 marks]
Construction: Let P, Q and R be the points of contact of tangents AC, AB and BC respectively and draw
segments OP and OQ.
C
Solution:
In ABC,
BAC = 90
---- [Given]
6 cm
BC2 = AC2 + AB2

R
BC2 = (6)2 + (8)2

2
BC = 36 + 64
x
O
P
BC2 = 100
x
BC = 10 units
---- (i) [Taking square root on both sides] x
Let the radius of the circle be x cm.
A x Q
B
OP = OQ = x
---- [Radii of same circle]
8 cm
In OPAQ,
OPA = OQA = 90
---- [Radius is to the tangent]
PAQ = 90
---- [Given]
POQ = 90
---- [Remaining angle]
OPAQ is a rectangle
---- [By definition]
But, OP = OQ
---- [Radii of same circle]
OPAQ is a square
---- [A rectangle is a square if its adjacent sides are congruent]
OP = OQ = QA = AP = x
---- [Sides of a square]
12.
44
44
Now, AQ + BQ = AB
x + BQ = 8
BQ = 8 x
AP + CP = AC
x + CP = 6
CP = 6 x
BQ = BR = 8 x
CP = CR = 6 x
BC = CR + BR
10 = 6 x + 8 x
2x = 4
x=2
The radius of the circle is 2 cm.
---- [AQB]
---- [APC]
---- (ii) [Length of tangent segments drawn from a external point
---- (iii) to the circle are equal.]
---- (iv) [CRB]
---- [From (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)]
13. In PQR, seg PM is a median. If PM = 9 and PQ2 + PR2 = 290, find QR.
Solution:
In PQR,
seg PM is the median
---- [Given]
2
2
2
2
PQ + PR = 2PM + 2MR
---- [By Apollonius theorem]
290 = 2(9)2 + 2MR2

290 = 2(81) + 2MR2
290 = 162 + 2MR2
2MR2 = 290 162
2MR2 = 128
[2 marks]
P
9
Q
128
2
MR2 =
MR2 = 64
MR = 8
---- (i) [Taking square root on both sides]
Also, QR = 2MR
---- [ M is the midpoint of seg QR]
QR = 2 8
QR = 16
---- [From (i)]
14.
From the information given in the adjoining figure,
Prove that: PM = PN = 3 a, where QR = a.

[4 marks]
a
Proof:
In PMR,
QM = QR = a
---- [Given] M
a
Q
Q is midpoint of seg MR.
seg PQ is the median
PM2 + PR2 = 2PQ2 + 2QM2

---- [By Apollonius theorem]
PM2 + a2 = 2a2 + 2a2

2
2
2
2
2
PM + a = 4a
PM = 4a a2
PM2 = 3a2
Similarly, we can prove
PN =
PM = 3 a
P
a
S
a
3a
PM = PN =
3a
45
Std.X:Geometry
15.
D and E are the points on sides AB and AC such that AB = 5.6, AD = 1.4,
AC = 7.2 and AE = 1.8. Show that DE || BC.
[2 marks]
Proof:
DB = AB AD
---- [ADB]
DB = 5.6 1.4
DB = 4.2 units
AD
1.4
1
=
=
DB
4.2
3
---- (i)
Also, EC = AC AE
EC = 7.2 1.8
EC = 5.4 units
AE
1.8
1
=
=
EC
5.4
3
D
A
---- [AEC]
1.8 E
C
7.2
---- (ii)
In ABC,
AD
AE
=
DB
EC
seg DE || seg BC
16.
In PQR, if QS is the angle bisector of Q, then show that

A PQS
A QRS
PQ
QR
[3 marks]
(Hint: Draw QT PR)

Proof:
In PQR,
Ray QS is the angle bisector of PQR
PQ
PS
=
QR
SR
T
S
---- [Given]
Height of PQS = Height of QRS = QT
A(PQS)
PS
=
A(QRS)
SR
A(PQS)
PQ
=
A(QRS)
QR
---- (ii) [Ratio of areas of two triangles having equal heights is

equal to the ratio of their corresponding bases]
17.
In the adjoining figure, XY || AC and XY divides the triangular region ABC into two equal areas.
Determine AX : AB.
[4 marks]
A
Solution:
seg XY || side AC on transversal BC
X
XYB ACB
---- (i) [Corresponding angles]
In XYB and ACB,
XYB ACB
---- [From (i)]
Y
B
C
ABC XBY
---- [Common angle]
XYB ~ ACB
A(XYB)
XB2
=
A(ACB)
AB2
Now, A(XYB) =
46
46
A(XYB)
1
=
A(ACB)
2
XB2
1
=
AB2
2
1
XB
=
AB
2
---- (ii) [By theorem on areas of similar triangles]

1
A(ACB)
2
---- [ seg XY divides the triangular region ABC into two equal
areas]
---- (iii)
---- [From (ii) and (iii)]
1
XB
=1
AB
2
AB XB
=
AB
AX
=
AB
AX : AB =
---- [Subtracting both sides from 1]
2 1
2
2 1
2
---- [AXB]
2 1 : 2
Let X be any point on side BC of ABC, XM and XN are drawn

parallel to BA and CA. MN meets produced BC in T. Prove that
[4 marks]
TX2 = TBTC.
Proof:
In TXM,
seg BN || seg XM
---- [Given]
18.
TN
TB
=
NM BX
In TMC,
seg XN || seg CM
M
N
T
---- (i) [By B.P.T.]
---- [Given]
TN
TX
=
NM CX
---- (ii) [By B.P.T.]
TB
TX
=
BX
CX
BX
CX
=
TB
TX
BX TB
CX TX
=
TB
TX
TX
TC
=
TB
TX
---- [TBX, TXC]
TX2 = TBTC
Two triangles, ABC and DBC, lie on the same side of the base BC.
From a point P on BC, PQ || AB and PR || BD are drawn. They A
intersect AC at Q and DC at R.
Prove that QR || AD.
[3 marks]
Proof:
In CAB,
seg PQ || seg AB
---- [Given]
19.
CQ
CP
=
AQ
PB
In BCD,
seg PR || seg BD
CP
CR
=
PB
RD
R
Q
B
---- (i) [By B.P.T.]
---- [Given]
---- (ii) [By B.P.T.]
In ACD,
CQ
CR
=
AQ
RD
seg QR || seg AD
47
Std.X:Geometry
20.
In the figure, ADB and CDB are on the same base DB.
If AC and BD intersect at O, then prove that
A ADB
A CDB
A
AO
CO
O M
[3 marks]
Proof:
A(ADB)
AN
=
A(CDB) CM
21.
In ANO and CMO,

ANO CMO
AON COM
ANO CMO
AN
AO
=
CM
CO
A(ADB)
AO
=
A(CDB)
CO
----(i) [Ratio of areas of two triangles with the same

base is equal to the ratio of their corresponding
heights]
---- [Each is 90]
---- (ii) [c.s.s.t.]

In ABC, D is a point on BC such that
[5 marks]
A
BD
AB
=
DC
AC
---- (i) [Given]
AC = AE
---- (ii) [By construction]
BD
AB
=
DC
AE
---- (iii) [Substituting (ii) in (i)]
seg AD || seg EC
On transversal BE,
BAD BEC
BAD AEC
On transversal AC,
CAD ACE
In ACE,
seg AC seg AE
AEC ACE
BAD CAD
Ray AD is the bisector of BAC
---- (v) [Alternate angles]

---- (vi) [By isosceles triangle theorem]
---- [From (iv), (v) and (vi)]
F
A
AB BE
Hint : For the bisector of A which is exterior of BAC, AC CE
[5 marks]
Construction: Draw seg CP || seg AE meeting AB at point P.
Proof:
In ABC,
Ray AD is bisector of BAC
---- [Given]
48
48
---- [Corresponding angles]

---- (iv) [ B A E]
The bisector of interior A of ABC meets BC in D. The

bisector of exterior A meets BC produced in E. Prove that
AB
BD
=
AC
CD
CD
BD
=
.
CE
BE
BD
AB
=
. Prove that AD is the bisector of A.
DC
AC
(Hint: Produce BA to E such that AE = AC. Join EC)

Proof:
seg BA is produced to point E such that AE = AC and seg EC is drawn.
22.
---- (i) [By property of angle bisector of triangle]
In ABE,
seg CP || seg AE
---- [B. P. T]
---- (ii)
seg CP || seg AE on transversal BF.

FAE APC
seg CP || seg AE on transversal AC.
CAE ACP
Also, FAE CAE
APC ACP
In APC,
APC ACP
AP = AC
BE AB
CE AC
BD BE
CD CE
BD CD
=
BE CE
23.
BC BP
CE AP
BC CE BP AP
CE
AP
BE AB
CE AP
---- (iii) [Corresponding angles]

---- (iv) [Alternate angles]
---- (v) [Seg AE bisects FAC]
---- (vi) [From (iii), (iv) and (v)]
---- [From (vi)]
---- (vii) [By converse of isosceles triangle theorem]
---- (viii) [From (ii) and (vii)]
---- [From (i) and (viii)]
---- [By alternendo]
F
In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a square. BCE on side BC

and ACF on the diagonal AC are similar to each other. Then,
show that A(BCE) =
1
A(ACF).
2
[3 marks]
Proof:
ABCD is a square.
AC = 2 BC
---- [Given]
---- (i) [ Diagonal of a square =
BCE ACF
---- [Given]
A(BCE)
(BC) 2
=
A(ACF)
(AC) 2
---- (ii) [By theorem on areas of similar triangles]
A(BCE)
(BC) 2
=
A(ACF)
( 2.BC) 2
A(BCE)
BC 2
=
A(ACF)
2BC 2
A(BCE)
1
=
A(ACF)
2
A(BCE)
24.
Two poles of height a meters and b metres are p meters

apart. Prove that the height h drawn from the point of
intersection N of the lines joining the top of each pole to the foot
2 side of square]
1
A(ACF)
2
of the opposite pole is

Proof:
Let RT = x and TQ = y.
In PQR and NTR,
PQR NTR
PRQ NRT
ab
metres.
ab
[4 marks]
S
P
N
h
R
T
p
---- [Each is 90]

---- [Common angle]
49
Std.X:Geometry
PQR NTR
PQ
QR
=
TR
NT
a
p
=
h
x
ph
x=
a
---- [By A A test of similarity]

---- [c.s.s.t.]
---- (i)
In SRQ and NTQ,

SRQ NTQ
SQR NQT
SRQ ~ NTQ
---- [Each is 90]

---- [Common angle]
QR
SR
=
QT
NT
---- [c.s.s.t]
p
b
=
y
h
y=
ph
b
x+y=
---- (ii)
ph
ph
+
a
b
p = ph
a b
p
ba
=
ph
ab
1 ab
h
ab
ab
h=
metres
a+b
---- [Adding (i) and (ii)]

---- [R T Q]
A
In the adjoining figure, DEFG is a square and BAC = 90.
G
F
Prove that: i.
AGF DBG
ii.
AGF EFC
2
iii. DBG EFC
iv.
DE = BDEC
[5 marks]
B
Proof:
D
E
i
DEFG is a square.
---- [Given]
seg GF || seg DE
---- [Opposite sides of a square]
seg GF || seg BC
---- (i) [BDEC]
In AGF and DBG,
GAF BDG
---- [Each is 90]
AGF DBG
---- [Corresponding angles of parallel lines GF and BC]
AGF DBG
---- (ii) [By AA test of similarity]
25.
ii
iii.
50
50
In AGF and EFC,

GAF FEC
AFG ECF
AGF EFC
---- [Each is 90]

---- [Corresponding angles of parallel lines GF and BC]
---- (iii) [By AA test of similarity]
Since, AGF DBG

and AGF EFC
DBG EFC
---- [From (ii)]

---- [From (iii)]
---- [From (ii) and (iii)]
iv.
Since, DBG EFC

BD
DG
=
FE
EC
---- [c.s.s.t.]
DG FE = BD EC
But, DG = EF = DE
DE DE = DB EC
DE2 = BDEC
---- (iv)
---- (v) [Sides of a square]
---- [From (iv) and (v)]
One-Mark Questions
1.
In ABC and XYZ ,
7.
AB
BC
AC
=
=
,
YZ
ZX
XY
then state by which correspondence are

ABC and XYZ similar.
Solution:
ABC XYZ by ABC YZX.
T
In the figure, RP : PK = 3 : 2.
A TRP
.
Find
A TPK
K
R
P
Solution:
Ratio of the areas of two triangles having
equal heights is equal to the ratio of their
corresponding bases.
2.
In the adjoining figure, find

P
A TRP
3
RP
=
=
A TPK
2
PK
S
Solution:
Ratio of the areas of two triangles having
equal bases is equal to the ratio of their
corresponding heights.
PQ
A PQR
=
ST
A RSQ
8.
Find the diagonal of a square whose side is

10 cm.
[Mar 15]
Solution:
Diagonal of a square =
Write
the
statement
of
Basic
Proportionality Theorem.
Solution:
If a line parallel to a side of a triangle intersects the
other sides in two distinct points, then the line
divides those sides in proportion.
A PQR
.
A RSQ
3.
2 side.
2 (10) = 10 2 cm
What is the ratio among the length of the

sides of any triangle of angles 30 60 90?
Solution:
The ratio is 1 : 3 : 2.
Adjacent sides of parallelogram are 11 cm

and 17 cm respectively. If length of one
diagonal is 26 cm, then using which
theorem/property can we find the length of
the other diagonal?
Solution:
We can find the length of the other diagonal by using
Apollonius theorem.
5.
10.
4.
What is the ratio among the length of the

sides of any triangle of angles 45 45 90?
Solution:
The ratio is 1 : 1 : 2 .
6.
State the test A

by which the
given triangles
are similar.
B
9.
In the adjoining figure, A

using given information, 60
find BC.
B
24
30
Solution:
C
Solution:
ABC EDC by SAS test of similarity.
BC =
=
E
3
AC
2
---- [Side opposite to 60]
3
24
2
BC = 12 3 units
51
Std.X:Geometry
11.
Find the value of MN, so that

A(ABC) = A(LMN).
A
P
M
Find the diagonal of a square whose side is

16 cm.
[July 15]
Solution:
Diagonal of a square = 2 side.
8 cm
D
5
BasedonExercise1.1
1
1
BC AD = MN LP
2
2
1
1
5 8 = MN 4
2
2
1.
MN =
MN = 10 cm
ii.
If the sides of a triangle are 6 cm, 8 cm and

10 cm respectively, determine whether the
triangle is right angled triangle or not.
[Mar 14]
Solution:
Note that,
62 + 82 = 102,
By converse of Pythagoras theorem, the given

triangle is a right angled triangle.
iii.
12.
Sides of the triangle are 7 cm, 24 cm and

25 cm. Determine whether the triangle is
right-angled triangle or not.
[Oct 14]
Solution:
The longest side is 25 cm.
(25)2 = 625
.(i)
Now, sum of the squares of the other two sides
will be
(7)2 + (24)2 = 49 + 576
= 625
.(ii)
2
2
2
(25) = (7) + (24)

.[From (i) and (ii)]
Yes, the given sides form a right angled
triangle.
.[By converse of Pythagoras theorem]
In the following figure
seg AB seg BC,
seg DC seg BC.
If AB = 2 and DC = 3,
find
A(ABC)
.
A(DCB)
A PQR
A PQS
A PQR
S
12
A PQS
[3 marks]
A PSR
The ratio of the areas of two triangles with the

equal heights is 3 : 4. Base of the smaller
triangle is 15 cm. Find the corresponding base
of the larger triangle.
[2 marks]
3.

and seg DF seg BC.
Find
i.
ii.
iii.
A ABC
A DBC
A DBF
A DFC
seg AE seg BC
A
A AEC
[2 marks]
A DBF
BasedonExercise1.2
A
4.

seg EF || side AC,
AB = 18, AE = 10,
B
BF = 4.Find BC.
E
C
[3 marks]
[Mar 15]
C
3
D
Solution:
Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal base
is equal to the ratio of their corresponding heights.
52
52
A PSR
2.
13.
14.
In the adjoining figure, QR = 12 and SR = 4.

Find values of
P
i.
58
4
2 16 = 16 2 cm
Additional Problems for Practice
Solution:
A(ABC) = A(LMN)
A(ABC) 2
=
A(DCB) 3
15.
4 cm
A(ABC)
AB
=
A(DCB)
DC
5.

seg DE || side AC and
seg DC || side AP.
Prove that
BE BC
=
EC CP B
A
D
P
C
[3 marks]
6.
7.

P
PM = 10, MR = 8,
10
QN = 5, NR = 4.
M
State
with
reason
8
whether
Q
N4
5
line MN is parallel to
side PQ or not?
[2 marks]
P
6
S
In the following
figure, in a PQR,
seg RS is the
bisector of PRQ,
PS = 6,
SQ = 8,
PR = 15. Find QR.
13.
In the map of a triangular field, sides are

shown by 8 cm, 7 cm and 6 cm. If the largest
side of the triangular field is 400 m, find the
remaining sides of the field.
[3 marks]
14.
EFG RST and EF = 8, FG = 10, EG = 6,

RS = 4. Find ST and RT.
[2 marks]
15.
In ABCD,
[Oct 09] [4 marks]
side BC || side AD.
D
A
Diagonals AC and BD
intersect each other at
P
P.
15
8
Q
1
3
If AP = AC, then
[Mar 15][2 marks]

8.
Bisectors of B and C in ABC meet each

other at P. Line AP cuts the side BC at Q.
Then prove that
9.
10.
AP AB AC
=
.
PQ
BC
In the figure given

below Ray LS is
the bisector of
MLN,
where
seg ML seg LN,
find the relation
between MS and
SN.
[3 marks]
1
BP.
2
If PQR PMN and
[2 marks]
S
N
[3 marks]
17.
LMN RST and A(LMN) = 100 sq. cm,

A(RST) = 144 sq. cm, LM = 5 cm. Find RS.
[2 marks]
18.
ABC and DEF are equilateral triangles.

A(ABC) : A(DEF) = 1 : 2 and AB = 4 cm.
Find DE.
[2 marks]
19.
If the areas of two similar triangles are equal,

then prove that they are congruent. [4 marks]
20.

seg DE || side AB,
DC = 2BD,
A(CDE) = 20 cm2.
Find A( ABDE).
BasedonExercise1.3
11.
12.
QR 3
= . Find ST
TR 2
and SR.
A
E
BasedonExercise1.5
C
[4 marks]

MPL NQL,
MP = 21, ML = 35,
NQ = 18, QL = 24.
Find PL and NL.
M
In the adjoining
figure, PQR and
RST are similar
under PQR
STR, PQ = 12,
Q
PR = 15,
QR
.
MN
9A(PQR) = 6A(PMN), then find
P
5 Y
BasedonExercise1.4
16.
In the given figure, line l || side BC,

AP = 4, PB = 8, AY = 5 and YC = x. Find x.
B
[July 15] [2 marks]
l
8
4
prove that DP =
21.
N
[2 marks]
P
22.
T
R
S
[2 marks]
In the adjoining
figure,
PQR = 90,
seg QS side PR.
Find values of x, y
and z.
In the adjoining
figure,
PRQ = 90,
seg RS seg PQ.
Prove that :
P
PS
PR 2
=
QS
QR 2
S
10
R
[3 marks]
[3 marks]
53
Std.X:Geometry
23.
24.
In the adjoining
P
figure,
30
PQR = 90,
PSR = 90.
Q
Find:
i.
PR and ii. RS
40

ABCD is a trapezium, seg AB || seg DC,
seg DE side AB, seg CF side AB.
7
D
C
29.
[3 marks]
E
F
Find: i. DE and CF
ii.
iii. AB.
BF
[5 marks]
Starting from Anils house, Peter first goes

50 m to south, then 75 m to west, then 62 m to
North and finally 40 m to east and reaches
Salims house. Then find the distance between
Anils house and Salims house.
[5 marks]

S = 90, T = x,
R = (x + 30),
RT = 16.
Find: i. RS
ii. ST
(x+30) 16
[3 marks]
27.
DEF
is
an
equilateral triangle.
seg DP side EF,
and EPF.
Prove that :
E
DP2 = 3 EP2
32.
In ABC, ABC = 90, AB = 12, BC = 16

and seg BP is a median. Find BP. [3 marks]
Answers to additional problems for practice

1.
i.
2.
20 cm
3.
i.
16.
F
[Oct 08] [4 marks]

28.

PQRV is a trapezium, seg PQ || seg VR.
SR = 6, PQ= 9, Find VR.
P
60
V
45
6 R
[Mar 13] [3 marks]
54
54
4.
6.
7.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
R
[3 marks]
Adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 11 cm

and 17 cm. Its one diagonal is 12 cm. Find its
other diagonal.
[4 marks]
iii.
31.
In PQR, seg PM is a median. PM = 10 and

[2 marks]
PQ2 + PR2 = 362. Find QR.
BasedonExercise1.6
26.
30.
In the adjoining
figure, PQR is an
equilateral triangle,
seg PM side QR.
Prove that:
PQ2 = 4QM2
BasedonExercise1.7
17
10
25.
48
17.
18.
20.
21.
23.
24.
25.
26.
28.
30.
31.
32.
1
3
ii.
AE
DF
EC AE
BF DF
2
3
iii.
2
1
ii.
BF
FC
9 units
Yes, line MN | | side PQ
20 units
seg MS seg SN
10 unit
PL = 28 units and NL = 30 units
ST = 8 units and SR = 10 units
Remaining sides of field are 350 m and
300 m.
ST = 5 units and RT = 3 units
4
3
6 cm
4 2 cm
25 cm2
x = 4 5 units, y = 12 units and z = 6 5 units
i.
50 units
ii.
14 units
i.
DE = 8 units and CF = 8 units
ii.
BF = 15 units
iii. AB = 28 units
37 m
i.
8 units
ii.
8 3 units
(15 + 6 3 ) units
18 units
26 cm
10 units

Geometry Chapter on Similarity

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Basic Proportionality Theorem (B.P.T.)

Areas of Similar Triangles

Similarity in Right Angled Triangles and

Pythagoras Theorem and Converse of

Theorem of 30-60-90 Triangle,

triangles are said to be similar.

SSS test of similarity:

AAA test of similarity [AA test]:

if the angles of one triangle are congruent to the

---- [By SSS test of similarity]

SAS test of similarity:

---- [By SAS test of similarity]

---- [Corresponding sides of similar triangles]

Converse of AAA test:

Dividing (i) by (ii), we get

In the adjoining figure, seg BE seg AB and seg BA seg AD.

[Oct 14, July 15] [1 mark]

---- [Ratio of areas of two triangles having equal base

In the adjoining figure, seg SP side YK and

---- [Ratio of areas of two triangles is equal to the ratio of the

In the adjoining figure, RP : PK = 3 : 2, then

---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal heights

---- [From (i) and (ii)]

---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal heights

---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal heights

---- (i) [Given]

---- (ii) [Given]

---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal base

In the adjoining figure, seg PR seg BC, seg AS seg BC and

---- [From (i) and (ii)]

---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal bases is

---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal heights is

---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles is equal to the ratio of

---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles is equal to the ratio of

In the adjoining figure, seg DH seg EF and seg GK seg EF.

---- [Substituting the given values]

A(GEF) = 500 cm2

A( DFGE) = A(DEF) + A(GEF)

---- [Area addition property]

[Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal heights Q

1.2 Basic Proportionality Theorem (B.P.T)