34

Listening Module
SECTION 1Questions110
SHORTSTAYACCOMMODATION
FirstName: 1
CountryofOrigin: 2
DateofArrival: 3
NumberofTenants: 4
LengthofStay:2week
PurposeofVisit: 5
TypeofAccommodation: 6
NumberofBedrooms:oneortwo
CarParking:offstreetand 7
GeneralArea:nearthebeach
OtherRequirements:near 8
NameofTown: 9
Client'sEmailsmac13@hotmail.com
PriceRange:upto$ 10 aweek
SECTION2Questions1120
11Refreshmentswillbeserved
Aatthefrontcounter.
Binthelobby.
Catthebackofthehall.
12NickNobleadvertised
Aontheradio.
Bonabillboard.
Cinthenewspaper.
13Theoriginalnumberoffoundingmemberswasabout
A12.
B20.
C200.
14Theclubprovidesactivitiesprimarilyforreasonablyfit
Amalesupto75.
Bfemaleswithyoungchildren.
Cmalesandfemalesofanyage.

Activity
Day(s)
Duration
ContactPerson
Tuesday&
about35hours coordinator
15
Saturday
Thursday&
upto3hours 17
16
Sunday
Sunday
leader
18
Saturday&
allweekend
19
20
Sunday
SECTION3Questions2130
GlobalizationandEducationalChange
GEC 692NewCode: 21

AimsAnalysisofeducationalpoodlesarisingfromglobalization
Chancetoresearchand 22 progressofeducationalchange
Lnvestigateinfluenceofcultureand 23 oneducation
Argueadvantagesanddisadvantagesofreorganizationofpublic
educationinowncountrywithregardtoglobalization
Considerthe 24 ofglobalizationondiversityofnational
curriculaacrossricherandpoorercountries
Assignment#1=powerpointpresentation(ungraded)+ 25 (30%)
Assignment#2=takepartin 26 (20%)+essay(50%)

Author
Title
Date
Comparaitve
2007
27
Education
EducationalIssues
Elliot
oftheNew
28
Millennium
Educationand
2009
29
globalization
York
2010
30
SECTION4Questions3140
Completethesummarybelow.
WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.
Everydaythehumanbodyisfightingoff 31 bydestructive
pathogens.Apersoningoodhealthhasnaturalprotectionintheformof
animmunesystemwhichworksbestagainstfamiliarmicroorganismswhich
mayhavebeenencounteredduringaprevious 32 orpassedonbythe
motherbeforeorafterbirth.
Vaccinationisawaytocause 33 immunisationbyintroducinga
smallamountofpathogenintothebodyjustenoughforthebody's 34
toreactbymakingantibodies.Passiveimmunizationcanbeusedasaway
oftreatingsomeonewhoisalreadysick.Proteinsfromanimal 35 are
introducedintothepatienttogivehimthenecessaryantibodiesto
fightthedisease.
Dr.EdwardJennetobservedthatpeoplewhohadsufferedand
recoveredfromaseriousdiseasecalledsmallpoxdidnotgetitagain.
Healsonotedthatvictimsofamilderdisease,cowpox,whichthey
caughtfrom 36 ,wereimmunetosmallpox.Hecarriedoutasuccessful
37 bydeliberatelygivingachildcowpoxinordertomakehimimmune
tosmallpox.
Completethediagrambelow.
ChooseyouranswersfromtheboxbelowandwritethelettersAF
nexttoquestions3840.


Aantibody
Bagglutination
Cantigen
Dgerms
Eplasma
FBlymphocyte

Reading Module
READINGPASSAGE1
AdisasterofTitanicproportions

At 11.39 p.m. on the evening of Sunday 14 April 1912, lookouts

Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee on the forward mast of the
Titanic sighted an eerie, black mass coming into view directly in
front of the ship. Fleet picked up the phone to the helm, waited
for Sixth Officer Moody to answer, and yelled Iceberg, right
ahead!The greatest disaster in maritime history was about to be
set in motion.
Thirty-seven seconds later, despite the efforts of officers in the
bridge and engine room to steer around the iceberg, the Titanic
struck a piece of submerged ice, bursting rivets in the ship's hull
and flooding the first five watertight compartments. The ship's
designer, Thomas Andrews, carried out a visual inspection of the
ship's damage and informed Captain Smith at midnight that the
ship would sink in less than two hours. By 12.30 a.m., the
lifeboats were being filled with women and children, after Smith
had given the command for them to be uncovered and swung out
15 minutes earlier. The first lifeboat was successfully lowered 15
minutes later, with only 28 of its 65 seats occupied. By 1.15 a.m.,
the waterline was beginning to reach the Titanic's name on the
ship's bow, and over the next hour every lifeboat would be
released as officers struggled to maintain order amongst the
growing panic on board.
The closing moments of the Titanic's sinking began shortly
after 2 a.m., as the last lifeboat was lowered and the ship's
propellers lifted out of the water, leaving the 1,500 passengers
still on board to surge towards the stern. At 2.17 a.m., Harold
Bride and Jack Philips tapped out their last wireless message
after being relieved of duty as the ship's wireless operators, and
the ship's band stopped playing. Less than a minute later,
occupants of the lifeboats witnessed the ship's lights flash once,
then go black, and a huge roar signaled the Titanic's contents
plunging towards the bow, causing the front half of the ship to
break off and go under. The Titanic's stern bobbed up
momentarily, and at 2.20 a.m., the ship finally disappeared
beneath the frigid waters.
What or who was responsible for the scale of this catastrophe?
Explanations abound, some that focus on very small details. Due
to a last minute change in the ship's officer line-up, iceberg
lookouts Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee were making do
without a pair of binoculars that an officer transferred off the
ship in Southampton had left in a cupboard onboard,
unbeknownst to any of the ship's crew. Fleet, who survived the
sinking, insisted at a subsequent inquiry that he could have

identified the iceberg in time to avert disaster if he had been in

possession of the binoculars.
Less than an hour before the Titanic struck the iceberg,
wireless operator Cyril Evans on the Californian, located just 20
miles to the north, tried to contact operator Jack Philips on the
Titanic to warn him of pack ice in the area. "Shut up, shut up,
you're jamming my signal", Philips replied. "I'm busy." The
Titanic's wireless system had broken down for several hours
earlier that day, and Philips was clearing a backlog of personal
messages that passengers had requested to be sent to family
and friends in the USA. Nevertheless, Captain Smith had
maintained the ship's speed of 22 knots despite multiple earlier
warnings of ice ahead. It has been suggested that Smith was
under pressure to make headlines by arriving early in New York,
but maritime historians such as Richard Howell have countered
this perception, noting that Smith was simply following common
procedure at the time, and not behaving recklessly.
One of the strongest explanations for the severe loss of life
has been the fact that the Titanic did not carry enough lifeboats
for everyone on board. Maritime regulations at the time tied
lifeboat capacity to ship size, not to the number of passengers on
board. This meant that the Titanic, with room for 1,178 of its
2,222 passengers, actually surpassed the Board of Trade's
requirement that it carry lifeboats for 1,060 of its passengers.
Nevertheless, with lifeboats being lowered less than half full in
many cases, and only 712 passengers surviving despite a two
and a half hour window of opportunity, more lifeboats would not
have guaranteed more survivors in the absence of better training
and preparation. Many passengers were confused about where to
go after the order to launch lifeboats was given; a lifeboat drill
scheduled for earlier on the same clay that the Titanic struck the
iceberg was cancelled by Captain Smith, in order to allow
passengers to attend church.
Questions16
Completethetablebelow.
ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthetextforeachanswer.
Writeyouranswersinboxes16onyouranswersheet.
Time
Person/s
Position
Action
Reported
41
42
11.39p.m.
sightingof
iceberg
Reportedhow
Ship's
longthe
43
Andrews
designer
Tianiccould
stayafloat
Ordered44
12.15a.m.
Smith
Captain
tobereleased
Relaydefinal
45
2.17a.m.
Bride&

philips

46

Questions713
Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgivenin
ReadingPassage1?
47Thebinocularsforthemenonwatchhadbeenleftinacrewlockerin
Southampton.
48Themissingbinocularswerethemajorfactorleadingtothecollision
withtheiceberg.
49PhilipsmissednotificationabouttheicefromEvansbecausethe
Titanic'swirelesssystemwasnotfunctioningatthetime.
50CaptainSmithknewtherewasiceinthearea.
51Howellbelievedthecaptain'sfailuretoreducespeedwasan
irresponsibleaction.
52TheTitanicwasabletoseatmorepassengersinlifeboatsthanthe
BoardofTraderequired.
53Alifeboatdrillwouldhavesavedmorelives.

READINGPASSAGE2
Threedimensionalfilms
AInthetheatreoftheAmbassadorHotelinLosAngeles,onthe
eveningof27September1922,anewformoffilmmakingmadeits
commercialdebut:3D[1].Thefilm,ThePowerofLove,wasthenshownin
NewYorkCitytoexhibitorsandpress,butwassubsequentlynotpicked
upfordistributionandisnowbelievedtobelost.Thefollowingthree
decadeswereaperiodofquietexperimentationfor3Dpioneers,asthey
adaptedtonewtechnologiesandsteadilyimprovedtheviewing
experience.In1952the"goldenera"of3Disconsideredtohave
begunwiththereleaseofBwanaDevil,andoverthenextseveralyears
audiencesmetwithastringoffilmsthatusedthetechnology.Overthe
followingdecadesitwaxedandwanedwithinfilmmakingcircles,peaking
inthe1970sandagaininthe1990swhenIMAXgainedtraction,butitis
onlyinthelastfewyearsthat3Dappearstohavefirmlyentered
mainstreamproduction.
BReleasedworldwideinDecember2009,thefantasyfilmAvatar
quicklybecamethehighestgrossingfilmevermade,knockingTitanic
fromthetopslot.Avatar,setin2154onaplanetinadistantsolar
system,wentontobecometheonlyfilmtohaveearnedUS$2billion
worldwide,andisnowapproachingthe$3billionmark.Themainreason
foritsrunawaypopularityappearstobeitsvisualsplendour;though
mostcriticspraisedthefilm,itwasmostlyonaccountofitsground
breakingspecialeffects.KennethTuranoftheLosAngelesTimespraised
Avatar's"powerful"visualaccomplishments,butsuggestedthedialogue
was"flat"andthecharacterisations"obvious".Afilmanalystat
ExhibitorRelationshasagreed,notingthatAvatarhascementedtheuse
of3Dasaproductionandpromotionaltoolforblockbusterfilms,
ratherthanasamerenicheornoveltyexperiment."Thisiswhyall
these3Dvenueswerebuilt",hesaid."Thisistheone.The
behemoth...Theholygrailof3Dhasfinallyarrived".
CThosewhoembrace3Dnotethatitspicesupatriptothecinema
byaddingamoreactive"embodied"layerofexperienceinsteadofthe
viewerpassivelyreceivingthefilmthrougheyesandearsonly.A
bloggeronAnimationIdeaswrites,"...when3Disdonewelllikein
theflyingscenesinUp,HowtoTrainYourDragonandAvatar,thereis
anaddedfeelingofvertigo.Ifyouhaveanyfearofheights,the3D
reallyaddstothiselement..."KevinCarrarguesthatthebacklash
against3DissimilartothatwhichoccurredagainstCGI[2]several
yearsago,andpointsoutthatCGIisnowwidelyregardedaspartofthe
filmmaker'sartistictoolkit.Healsonotesthatnewtechnologyis
frequentlyseentobea"gimmick"initsearlydays,pointingoutthat
manycommentatorsslappedthefirst"talkie"filmsoftheearly1920s
withthissamelabel.
DButnoteveryonegreetstheriseof3Dwithopenarms.Some
ophthalmologistspointoutthat3Dcanhaveunsettlingphysicaleffects
formanyviewers.Dr.MichaelRosenberg,aprofessoratNorthwestern
University,haspointedoutthatmanypeoplegothroughlifewithminor
eyedisturbancesaslightmuscularimbalance,forexamplethatdoesnot
interruptdaytodayactivities.Intheexperienceofa3Dmovie,
however,thisproblemcanbeexacerbatedthroughtheviewertryingto
concentrateonunusualvisualphenomena.Dr.DeborahFriedman,fromthe

UniversityofRochesterMedicalCenter,notesthattheperceptionof
depthconjuredthroughthreedimensionsdoesnotcomplementtheangles
fromwhichwetakeintheworld.Eyestrains,headachesandnauseaare
thereforeaproblemforaround15%ofa3Dfilmaudience.
EFilmcriticRogerEbertwarnsthat3Disdetrimentaltogood
filmmaking.Firstly,heargues,thetechnologyissimplyunnecessary;
2Dmoviesare"already"3D,asfarasourmindsareconcerned.Adding
theextradimensionwithtechnology,insteadoflettingourmindsdothe
work,canactuallybecounterpurposefulandmaketheoveralleffect
seemclumsyandcontrived.Ebertalsopointsoutthatthespecial
glassesdimtheeffectbysoakinguplightfromthescreen,making3D
filmsaslightlydullerexperiencethantheymightotherwisebe.
Finally,Ebertsuggeststhat3Dencouragesfilmmakerstoundercut
dramaandnarrativeinfavourofsimplypilingonmoregimmicksand
specialeffects."Hollywoodisracingheadlongtowardthekiddie
market,"hesays,pointingtoDisney'sannouncementthatitwillno
longermaketraditionalfilmsinfavourofanimation,franchises,and
superheroes.
FWhetherornot3Dbecomesapowerfulforceforthefilmmaker's
visionandthefilmgoingexperience,orgoesdowninhistoryasan
overhyped,expensivenovelty,thetechnologycertainlyshowsnosigns
offadinginthepopularitystakesatthemoment.ClashoftheTitans,
AliceinWonderlandandHowtoTrainYourDragonhaveallrecently
benefitedattheboxofficeduetotheaddedsalesthat3Dprovides,
andwithAvatar'srecordsettolastsometimeasatotemof3D's
commercialpossibilities,studiosarenotpreparedtobackdown.
iConstructionofspecialcinemasfor3D
iiGoodreturnsforecastforimmediatefuture
iiiThegreatest3Dfilmofalltime
ivEndoftraditionalmoviesforchildren
vEarlydevelopments
viNewtechnologydiminishestheart
viiThegoldenageofmovies
viiiIndefenceof3D
ix3Disheretostay
xUndesirablevisualeffects
54SectionA
55SectionB
56SectionC
57SectionD
58SectionE
59SectionF
Questions2026
Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions2026)andthelistof
peoplebelow.
Mattcheachstatementwiththecorrectperson,AG.
Writethecorrectletter,AG,inboxes2026onyouranswersheet.
NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.
NBSomeoptionsmaynotbeused.
ListofPeople
AKennethTuran
BExhibitorRelations'analyst
CAnimationIdeas'blogger

DKevinCart
EDrMichaelRosenberg
FDrDeborahFriedman
GRogerEbert
603Dconflictswithourmentalconstructofoursurroundings.
613Dencouragesanoveremphasisonquickvisualthrills.
62Effectiveuseof3Dtechnologymayincreaseoursensationof
elevation.
633Dviewingcanworsenanexistingvisualdisorder.
64Avataristhemostpowerfulexampleof3Dyettoarriveincinemas.
65Avatar'sstrengthisfoundinitsvisualsplendour,notinaspectsof
story.
66Peoplealreadyhavethementalcapacitytoseeordinarymoviesin
threedimensions.
EADINGPASSAGE3
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions2740whicharebasedon
ReadingPassage3below.
Doeswaterhavememory?

The practice of homeopathy was first developed by the German

physician Samuel Hanuman. During research in the 1790s,
Hahnemann began experimenting with quinine, an alkaloid
derived from cinchona bark that was well known at the time to
have a positive effect on fever. Hahnemann started dosing
himself with quinine while in a state of good health, and reported
in his journals that his extremities went cold, he experienced
palpitations, an "infinite anxiety", a trembling and weakening of
the limbs, reddening cheeks and thirst" in short", he concluded,
"all the symptoms of relapsing fever presented themselves
successively..." Hahnemann's main observation was that things
which create problems for healthy people cure those problems in
sick people, and this became his first principle of homeopathy:
simila s/m/1/bus (with help from the same). While diverging from
the principle of apothecary practice at the timewhich was
contraria contraries (with help from the opposite)the efficacy of
similasimilibus was reaffirmed by subsequent developments in
the field of vaccinations.
Hahnemann's second principle was minimal dosing
treatments should be taken in the most diluted form at which
they remain effective. This negated any possible toxic effects of
similasimilibus.
In 1988 the French immunologist Jacques Benefits took
minimal dosing to new extremes when he published a paper in
the prestigious scientific journal Nature in which he suggested
that very high dilutions of the anti-leg antibody could affect
human basophile granulocytes, the least common of the
granulocytes that make up about 0.01% to 0.3% of white blood
cells. The point of controversy, however, was that the water in
Benveniste's test had been so diluted that any molecular

evidence of the antibodies no longer existed. Water molecules,

the researcher concluded, had a biologically active component
that a journalist later termed "water memory". A number of
efforts from scientists in Britain, France and the Netherlands to
duplicate Benveniste's research were unsuccessful, however, and
to this day no peer-reviewed study under broadly accepted
conditions has been able to confirm the validity of "water
memory".
The third principle of homeopathy is "the single remedy".
Exponents of this principle believe that it would be too difficult, if
not impossible, to ascertain the potential effects of multiple
homeopathic remedies delivered simultaneously. If it did work,
they suggest, one could not know quite why it worked, turning
homeopathy into an ambiguous guessing game. If it did not work,
neither patient nor practitioner would know whether the
ingredients were all ineffective, or whether they were only
ineffective in combination with one another. Combination
remedies are gaining in popularity, but classical homeopaths who
rely on the single remedy approach warn these are not more
potent, nor do they provide more treatment options. The
availability of combination remedies, these homeopaths suggest,
has been led by consumers wanting more options, not from
homeopathic research indicating their efficacy.
Homeopathy is an extremely contentious form of medicine,
with strong assertions coming from both critics and supporters of
the practice. "Homeopathy: There's nothing in it" announces the
tagline to 10:23, a major British anti-homeopathy campaign. At
10.23 a.m. on 30 January 2010, over 400 supporters of the 10:23
stood outside Boots pharmacies and swallowed an entire bottle
each of homeopathic pills in an attempt to raise awareness about
the fact that these remedies are made of sugar and water, with
no active components. This, defenders of homeopathy say, is
entirely the point. Homeopathic products do not rely on
ingredients that become toxic at high doses, because the water
retains the "memory" that allows the original treatment to
function.
Critics also point out the fact that homeopathic preparations
have no systematic design to them, making it hard to monitor
whether or not a particular treatment has been efficacious.
Homeopaths embrace this uncertainty. While results may be less
certain, they argue, the non-toxic nature of homeopathy means
that practitioner and patient can experiment until they find
something that works without concern for side effects.
Traditional medicine, they argue, assaults the body with a
cocktail of drugs that only tackles the symptoms of disease,
while homeopathy has its sights aimed on the causes.
Homeopaths suggest this approach leads to kinder, gentler, more

effective treatment.
Finally, critics allege that when homeopathy has produced
good results, these are exceedingly dependent on the placebo
effect, and cannot justify the resources, time and expense that
the homeopathic tradition absorbs. The placebo effect is a term
that describes beneficial outcomes from a treatment than can be
attributed to the patient's expectations concerning the treatment
rather than from the treatment itself. Basically, the patient
"thinks" himself into feeling better. Defenders suggest that
homeopathy can go beyond this psychological level. They point
to the successful results of homeopathy on patients who are
unconscious at the time of treatment, as well as on animals.
Questions2732
Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,AK,below.
Writethecorrectletter,AK,inboxes2732onyouranswersheet.
Aavoidtheunpredictableoutcomesofcombiningmanyremediesat
once.
Bexplainthesuccessof18thcenturyapothecarymedicine.
Cproducefeverlikesymptomsinahealthyperson.
Dkeepantibodymoleculesactiveinpartsaslowas0.01%.
Esupportthenotionofficialsimilibus.
Foffermoreremedialchoice.
Gproducealesseffectivedose.
Hrecreatetheoriginalresults.
Iretainqualitiesofanantibodytowhichtheywerepreviously
exposed.
Jsatisfythedemandofbuyers.
Ktreateffectivelysomeonewithafever.
67Inthelate18thcentury,Hahnemanndiscoveredthatquininewasable
to
68Theeffectivenessofvaccinationsalsohelpsto
69BenefitsarguedinthejournalNaturethatwatermoleculespossess
theabilityto
70AttemptstoverifyBenveniste'sfindingswereunableto
71Thepurposeofthesingleremedyisto
72Classicalhomeopathssuggestcombinationremedieshavebeencreated
to
Questions3340
Completethetablebelow.
ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthetextforeachanswer.
Writeyouranswersinboxes3340onyouranswersheet.
Argunentsagainsthomeopathy Argumentsforhomeopathy
Doesnotbecome74 when
Hasno73ingredients
takeninlargequantities.
Remedidscanbetrialedwith
Lackofa75 makessuccess noriskof77;trdatments
tackletacklecausesandnot
or76
just78.
Toomuchrekianceonthe79
Proventoworkonpeoplewhl
.Workspsychologicallybut
are80.
notphysically.

Writing ModuleM
81WRITINGTASK1
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.
Thelinegraphbelowshowstheaveragedailymaximumtemperatures
forAucklandandChristchurch,twocitiesinNewZealand,andLondonand
Edinburgh,twocitiesintheUnitedKingdom.
Summarizetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemain
features,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.
Writeatleast150words.

82WRITINGTASK2
Youshouldspendabout40minutesonthistopic.
Writeaboutthefollowingtopic:
Childrennowadayswatchsignificantlymoretelevisionthaninthe
past,whichreducestheiractivitylevelsaccordingly.Whyisthisthe
case?
Whatmeasurescanyousuggesttoencouragehigherlevelsof
activityamongchildren?
Givereasonsforyouranswerandincludeanyrelevantexamplesfrom
yourownexperience.
Writeatleast250words.

Speaking Module
83Part1IntroductionandInterview
Introduction(compulsory)
Goodmorning/afternoon.Mynameis______.Canyoutellmeyourfull
name,please?
WhatshouldIcallyou?

Couldyoutellmewhereyou'refrom?
CanIseeyouridentification,please?
Thankyou.NowinthisfirstpartI'dliketoaskyousomequestions
aboutyourself.
Interview(choose1)
Let'stallaboutwhereyoulive.
Doyouliveinahouseoranapartment?
Howmanyotherpeopledoyoulivewith?
Doyouenjoylivinginthistypeofaccommodation?Why/Whynot?
Whattypeofaccommodationiscommoninyourtown?Why?
Let'stallaboutwhatyoudo.
Whatareyoustudyingcurrently?
Arethereanysubjectswhichyoudonotenjoyasmuchasothers?
Why?
Doyouhavetocompletealotofhomework?
Whatdoyouplantodoafteryoufinishyourstudies?
Interview(choose2)
Now,let'stalkaboutkeepingintouchwithfriends.
Howdoyounormallykeepincontactwithfriends?Why?
Whatdoyouenjoyaboutthiswayofkeepingintouch?
?Isthereanythingyoudon'tlikeaboutthismethodofkeepingin
touch?Why?
Doyoueverfinditdifficulttokeepintouchwithfriendsusing
thismethod?Why/Whynot?
Let'stalkaboutart.
Doyouenjoylookingatart?Why/Whynot?
Whattypeofartdoyoulikebest?Why?
Haveyoueverbeentaughttodoanytypeofart?
Doyouknowanyartists?
Nowlet'stalkaboutcolours.
Whichcoloursdoyoulikethemost?Why?
Haveyoualwayslikedthesecolours?Why?
Domostofyourfriendslikesimilarcolours?
Docertaincolourshaveanyspecialsignificanceinyourculture?
Why?
84 Part2IndividualLongTurn
Now,I'mgoingtogiveyouatopicandI'dlikeyoutotalkaboutit
foronetotwominutes.Beforeyoutalk,you'llhaveoneminutetothink
aboutwhatyou'regoingtosay.Youcanmakesomenotesifyouwish.Do
youunderstand?
Here'ssomepaperandapencilformakingnotesandhere'syour
topic:
I'dlikeyoutodescribeanimportantdecisionyouhavemade.
Describeanimportantdecisionyouhavemade.
Youshouldsay:
whatthedecisionwasandwhyitwasimportant
howyoumadeyourdecision
howithadaneffectonyourlife
andsaywhetherornotyouthinkyoumadetherightdecision.
Roundingoffquestions:
Doyouoftenmakedecisionsinthisway?
Doyoufinditdifficulttomakebigdecisions?

85Part3TwowayDiscussion
We'vebeentalkingaboutanimportantdecisionyoumadeandnowI'd
liketodiscusswithyouoneortwomoregeneralquestionsrelatedto
this.Let'sconsiderfirstthetopicofimportantpersonaldecisions.
Describesomeoftheimportantlifedecisionspeopleneedtomakeat
variouspointsintheirlives.
Somepeoplethinkthatanimportantdecisionshouldbemadequickly
andbasedonintuitionwhileothersbelieveaninformedchoiceis
better.What'syourview?
Doyouthinkthatindividualsnowadayshavemoreorfewerimportant
choicestomakethaninthepast?Why?
Now,let'stalkaboutdecisionmakingingeneral.
Whatkindsofdecisionsaremoredifficult:thosewhichsolely
affectyouorthosewhichalsohaveanimpactonotherpeople?
Inyouropinion,istheresuchathingastoomuchchoice?
Howeffectivedoyoubelieveitistomakedecisionsbasedon
discussionswithotherpeople?

Listening Module
SECTION 1Questions110
1Sylvia
[]110
AGENT:Goodmorning.AceAccommodation;howcanIhelpyou?
SYLVIA:Goodmorning.I'dliketoorganizesomeshortstayaccommodation
ontheGoldCoast,please.
AGENT:Certainly.WhoamIspeakingto?
SYLVIA:MissMackinlay.SylviaMackinlay.
AGENT:Couldyouspellyourfamilynameformeplease?
SYLVIA:It'sMACKINLAY.
Listencarefullyandanswerquestions1to5.
AGENT:Goodmorning.AceAccommodation;howcanIhelpyou?
SYLVIA:Goodmorning.I'dliketoorganizesomeshortstayaccommodation
ontheGoldCoast,please.
AGENT:Certainly.WhoamIspeakingto?
SYLVIA:MissMackinlay.SylviaMackinlay.
AGENT:Couldyouspellyourfamilynameformeplease?
SYLVIA:It'sMACKINLAY.
AGENT:Thankyou.AndyourfirstnameisSylvia?
SYLVIA:Yes.
AGENT:Isthatwithan'i'ora'y'?
SYLVIA:A'y'theoldfashionedway.That'sSYLVIA.
AGENT:Thankyou,MissMackinlay.Now,justforourrecords,canyou
tellmewhatcountryyoulivein?
SYLVIA:Ofcourseit'sEnglandactually.

AGENF:Ithoughtso.Now,whenareyoucoming?
SYLVIA:Well,atthemomentwe'replanningonarrivingonJuly26th.
AGENT:Ooh,the25th,that'sthelastdayofthepublicholidayandit
mightbedifficulttofindsomethingavailableonthatdate.
SYLVIA:No,we'recomingonthe26thofJuly.
AGENT:Oh,wellthat'sfinethen.We'llhavelotsofgoodplacesvacant
bythenalthoughyouwouldn'tbeabletomoveinuntillateafternoon
becauseourcleaningcrewwillneedtimetogeteverythingreadyfor
you.
SYLVIA:Thatsuitsusourflightwon'tgetinuntilearlyevening
anyway.
AGENT:Howmanyofyouwilltherebe?
SYLVIA:Justmysisterandmyself.
AGENT:Andhowlongdoyouintendtostayfor?
SYLVIA:Oh,onlyacoupleofweeks,we'dliketostaylongerbutwe'll
havetogetbacktowork.
AGENT:So,you'renotcomingonbusinessthen?
SYLVIA:No,it'sjustaholiday.Why?Whatdifferencedoesthatmake?
AGENT:Oh,you'dbesurprised.Businesspeoplehavedifferentneedsyou
know,wirelessinternet,evenfaxmachinesandphotocopiers.
SYLVIA:No,wewon'tneedanyofthatstuffwe'llbecomingtorelax,
andgetawayfromallthatkindofthing.
Nowlistenandanswerquestions6to10.
AGENT:Good.Now,whatexactlyareyoulookingfor?Ahouse,aduplexor
anapartment?
SYLVIA:What'saduplex?
AGENT:Oh,that'swhatyoumightcallatownhouseoraunityouknow,
twohousessemidetachedonthesameproperty.
SYLVIA:Oh,Isee.Ithinkanapartmentwillsuitusjustfine.
AGENT:Andhowmanybedrooms?Two?
SYLVIA:Oneortwoitdependsonthesize.MysisterandIdon'tmind
sharingifit'sadecentsizebedroomwithtwobeds.
AGENT:Well,thatmakesiteasier.
AGENT:Andcarparking?Willyourequirealockupgarage?They'rea
littlehardertofindwithanapartment.
SYLVIA:We'llhaveahirecarandasfarasIknowthereareno
regulationsconcerningcarparking.Ithinkaslongasit'snotparked
onthestreetandit'ssecurethereshouldn'tbeanyproblems.
AGENT:Okay.Now,I'massumingyouwantsomethingbythebeach?
SYLVIA:Yes,that'stheidea.Wewanttoenjoythesurf,sandand
sunshine.
AGENT:Okay,butbeforewesettleonanareaanddiscussyourprice
range,I'llneedtoknowaboutothernecessities.
SYLVIA:Whatdoyoumean?
AGENT:Well,forexample,doyouwanttobeclosetoashoppingmallor
thecasinoorthefunparks?Ordoyouwanttobeinacomplexwithor
nearaswimmingpool?
SYLVIA:No,noneofthatreallymatterstousbutwe'dliketohave
reasonableaccesstothemotorwaysothatwecandriveuptoBrisbaneto
visitfriendsthere.
AGENT:Well,therearequiteafewlovelysmalltownstochoosefrom.
There'sMainBeachwhichisnorthofSurfers'ParadiseorMermaidWaters
whichisabitfurthersouthorPalmBeachwhichisquiteabitfurther

south?
SYLVIA:MermaidWaterssoundsdelightful.Isitclosetothemotorway?
AGENT:Well,notreally,theM1isactuallyclosesttoPalmBeachand
pricesarelikelytobemorereasonabletheretoo.
SYLVIA:That'ssettledthen,PalmBeachitis.
AGENT:Now,ifyou'lljustgivemeyouremailaddress,Icansendyou
informationaboutthetownandlotsofphotos.
SYLVIA:Well,myemailisSMAC13athotmaildotcom.
AGENT:And,onefinalthing,howmuchareyoulookingtospendperweek
onaccommodation?Doyouwantsomethingattheluxuryendofthemarket
youknow,newlyredecorated,greatviews,allthemodcons...
SYLVIA:Notnecessarily.Couldwegetsomethingclean,comfortableand
reasonablefor$1200aweek?
AGENT:Couldyoustretchthatto1500aweek?I'vegotapropertyin
mindthatyou'llabsolutelylovebutyou'dhavetogoto15001200
wouldn'tcoverit.
SYLVIA:Alright,then.Butthat'sourtoplimit.
AGENT:Good.I'llgetontothisstraightawayandthereshouldbe
somethinginyourinboxshortly.2England 326th(of)July/July
26th/26July/July26 4two/2 5(on)holiday 6apartment
7secure 8(the)motorway/(the)M1/motorwayaccess 9Palm
Beach 101500
SECTION2Questions1120
11B
[]1114
I'dliketowelcomeyoualltoourActiveOutdoorClub.I'llstart
bytellingyoualittlebitaboutthehistoryoftheclubandallthat
itcanofferandtherewillbeachanceforyoutoaskquestionsover
teaandcoffeeinthelobbyafterwards.You'llalsobeabletopickup
pamphletsfromthetableatthebackofthehalland,ifyouwishto
purchaseanyofourproducts,Billwillserveyouatthefrontcounter.
Asmostofyouprobablyknow,theclubwasfoundedbyNickNoble
about30yearsago.Hethoughtofplacinganadvertisementinthelocal
newspaperorerectingabillboardsomewherebutitwastheradiothathe
decidedontoreachthemostpeopleyouknow,otherpeoplewhomightbe
interestedinoutdoorpursuits,justbasicactivitieslikewalkingor
trampinganythingactivethatcouldtakeplaceinsomeofthebeautiful
outdoorsettingsthatthiscountryhastooffer.
Nickwasoverwhelmedbytheresponsehegotandtheclubsoongrew
fromadozenorsofriendsandenthusiaststoaround200members20
yearsago,andsteadilysincethentoreachamembershipofover2,500
now.Youdon'thavetobeahardenedathleteorextremeadventureonthe
contrary,it'sagroupthatencouragesfriendshipandfellowshipthrough
socialandrecreationalactivities.Theclubtriestocaterforall
levelsofmaturityandbothgendersinfact,anyonewhohasthephysical
abilityandamoderatelevelofhealthandfitnesstoparticipatein
openairactivityonaregularbasis.Ithinkouryoungestmemberisa
5yearoldboyandouroldestmemberisa75yearoldman.Ofcoursewe
havemorechallengingopportunitiesforthosewhoareuptoitbutall
excursionsaregradedaccordingtolevelofdifficult3,andtherewill
alwaysbesomethingforthosefamilieswithsmallchildren.Moreabout
thatlater...

I'msureyourealizethatit'spartofthefocusoftheclubto
ensurethatournaturalenvironmentiskeptaspristineaspossible.We
allhaveakeeninterestinconservationandmanyofourmembers
contributetheirtime,orgiveamonetarydonation,toorganizations
thatworktoenhanceandbeautifyournaturalheritage.12A 13A
14C
15tramping
[]1520
Okay,nowgoingbacktothegradesofactivity...Firstofall,
tramping.Thisisverypopularwithsinglesandcoupleswithoutchildren
butiscertainlynotrestrictedtothosegroups.Trampingisarranged
forTuesdaysandSaturdaysthroughouttheyear.Mosttrampsareofa
durationof3to5hoursdependingontheweatherandtheterrain,and
ofcourse,thetimeofyear.Youwouldneedtocheckthenewsletteror
thewebsitetofindoutplaceandtimeand,ifyouwishtoparticipate,
phonethecoordinatorwhocangiveyoumoreinformation.
I'llmoveonnowtowalkingwhichisverypopularwithfamiliesbut
opentoeveryoneandwalksarearrangedforeveryThursdayandevery
Sundayoverthecourseoftheentireyear.Walkslastnomorethan3
hours,althoughtheThursdaywalksmightbeshorter;andagain,you
wouldhavetocheckthenewsletterfordetailsofthetimeandareato
meetandgetintouchwiththewalkingorganizertoconfirmyour
participation.
Now,theWanderersarewhatyoumightcallasubgroupoftheActive
OutdoorClub.Thisgroupwassetuptocaterforthelessactive,more
elderly,orfamilieswithveryyoungchildrenwhostillwanttoenjoy
thegreatoutdoorsbutwithoutquitesomuchexertion.Bearinmindthat
thelengthoftheseactivitiesisvariablebutwe'realwayshomebefore
dark.Anymemberoftheclubiswelcometojoinintheiractivitiesona
Sundaywhichincludevisitingsomeofourmorebeautifulparksand
botanicalgardens,beachwalks,picnicsandevenboattripstovisit
someofthesmallislandsoffthecoast.Oftenguidedtourscanbe
arrangedifthereisenoughinterest.Ifyou'dliketoseewhatthe
Wanderersareupto,checkthewebsiteandthenphonetheleaderfor
moreinformation.
I'llbetyou'reallreadyforthatcupofteanow,butbeforeI
finish,Ireallymustmentionsomethingthatcanbealotoffun,a
greatopportunitytoformneworstrengthenexistingfriendships,anda
chancetoexploreapartofthecountrythatyoumayneverhaveseen
before.Theseareour"MysteryWeekends".TheCommitteeputsalotof
timeandeffortintotheorganizationoftheseweekendsawaynotonly
forhealthandsafetyreasonsbutalsotoensurethateverythingruns
smoothlyandeveryonehasagoodtime.Therewillbeachargetocover
travelandaccommodationcostsbut,apartfromthat,it'sanaffordable
andexcitingweekendawayfromthecity.Formoreinformationcallthe
chairmanofthecommitteeyou'llfindhisphonenumberinthe
newsletter.
So,that'sallIhavetosayatthispointpleaseenjoythe
refreshments,chatwithothers,andfeelfreetoaskquestions.Allthe
committeemembersarewearinglargerednamebadgessothey'reeasyto
find.16walking/walks 17organizer/organizer 18variable
19Mystery 20chairman
SECTION3Questions2130

21ED995
[]2126
ADVISOR:Comeinandtakeaseat.
STUDENT:Thankyou.
ADVISOR:Now,you'vemadeanappointmenttoseemewithregardtooneof
thepapersyouwanttoenrolinnextsemester.
STUDENT:Yes,that'sright.It'sthe"globalizationandEducational
Change"paper,GEC692.
ADVISOR:Ah,well,Iknowtheoneyoumeanbutallthecodenumbersare
goingtochangenextsemesterso,thoughthecoursenamewillstaythe
same,thecodewillbeED995.Nowyouhavetoworryaboutthat.
STUDENT:Butthecontentwillbethesame,right?
ADVISOR:Oh,yes,toalargeextent.Theobjectivesarestilltoprovide
youwiththeskillsandknowledgeforanalyzingthechallengesthat
globalizationposesforeducation.
STUDENT:Yes,that'swhatI'mreallyinterestedinthefutureof
educationnotwherewearenow,butwherewe'reheading.
ADVISOR:Well,you'llmostlikelyenjoythecoursebecauseit'llgive
youtheopportunitynotjusttoexplore...butalsotodocument...the
advancementofneweducationaldevelopments.
STUDENT:And,there'llbequitealotofanalysisinvolved?
ADVISOR:Yes,obviously,butonceyou'veexaminedhoweducationhasbeen
affectedbyculturalvaluesandsocioeconomicstructures,you'llgoon
todebatetheprosandconsoftherestructuringofpubliceducationin
viewofrapidglobalization.
STUDENT:Iseebut,whenyousay'publiceducation',doyoumean
worldwide?
ADVISOR:No,no.Thatwouldbefartoolargeanundertakingforjustone
paper.You'dprobablychoosetoworkwiththeeducationsystemwithin
yourownstateorcountry.
STUDENT:Soundsinteresting.Butisn'titabitrestrictive?
ADVISOR:Notatall.Fromthereyou'dmoveontoexploretheimpactof
internationalizationoncurriculumdiversityinbothdevelopingand
developedcountries.Haveyouhadachancetolookattheassessment
criteriayet?
STUDENT:Actually,Ihave,anditmakesmeabitnervousjustthinking
aboutit.
ADVISOR:Why'sthat?
STUDENT:Well,Iseethatthefirstassignmentstartswithan
illustratedpowerpointpresentationtotherestoftheclass.I've
neverdoneonebefore.
ADVISOR:Noneedtoworry.Youcangethelpwiththat.Anyway,this
presentationisn'tgradedit'swhatwecallaformativeassessmentthe
feedbackyougetwillhelpyoutofinalizethewrittenreview.
STUDENT:That'sareviewofthoseacademicarticlesinthefirstpartof
thereadinglist,right?
ADVISOR:Yes.Butyouonlyhavetochoosefiveofthem.Thatfirst
assignmentisworth30%.
STUDENT:Andthesecondassignment?
ADVISOR:Therearetwopartstothatalsoandbotharegraded.Twenty
markswillgotowardsyourparticipationinaseminarandthenthere'sa
5,000wordessaywhichwillbegradedoutof50.

STUDENT:Thanks.22document 23socioeconomicstructures
24impact 25writtenreview 26seminar
27Tower
[]2730
ADVISOR:IsthereanythingelseIcanhelpyouwith?
STUDENT:Yes,thereadinglistisquitelong.WheredoyouthinkI
shouldstart?
ADVISOR:Well,I'dsuggestyouleavethearticlesuntilthesemesteris
underway,butagoodpreparationwouldbetolookatsomeofthemajor
texts:theseoneshere.
STUDENT:Inanyparticularorder?
ADVISOR:YoucouldstartwiththisonebyTowerhereatthebottomof
thepage.
STUDENT:Sorry?Who?
ADVISOR:TowerTOWER,2007:ComparativeEducation.Thatshouldgive
youagoodbasis.ThenmoveontoElliot:EducationalIssuesoftheNew
Millenniumbutbesuretogetthe2008editionnottheoriginal1998
editionbecausesomuchhaschangedsince1998.Theneweditionhas
extensiverevisionsandalotofnewmaterial.
STUDENT:Okay,sothat'sTowerfirst,thenElliot.IthinkIcould
handleacouplemoreoverthesummerbreak.
ADVISOR:Well,inthatcase,lookforBrown'sEducationand
globalizationpublishedin2009actuallytherearequiteafewbooksby
BrownbutI'dstartwiththatoneandleavehisotherstillmuch
later...andI'dalsoreallyrecommendthisonehere:globalizationand
KnowledgePolicybyYorkpublishedquiterecentlyinfact2010.282008
29Brown 30KnowledgePolicy
SECTION4Questions3140
31attacks
[]3137
Goodafternoonandthankyouforyourwarmwelcome.Thiswillbethe
firsttalkinaseriesoffiveonHealthinterventionsprotectionand
prevention.CouldIstartbyaskingforashowofhandshowmanyofyou
hadafluvaccinationatthebeginningofwinter?Mum...Ithoughtso.
Youyoungonesalwaysthinkyou'reindestructible.
Well,asyouarenodoubtawarediseasespreadinggermsorpathogens
areeverywhere.Onadailybasisthehumanbodyhastowardoffattacks
byvariousharmfulbacteriaandviruses.Ahealthybodyhasagood
defencesystemagainstmanyofthesegermsbutthedefenceonlyoperates
wellagainstmicroorganismsthatithasalreadyencountered,inwhich
caseitissaidtobeimmune.Therearetwowaysinwhichhumansacquire
naturalimmunity:actively,whenapersonhasfirstsufferedandthen
recoveredfromanillness,andpassively,whenreadymadeprotectionis
transferredintothebody,forexample,fromthematernalbloodviathe
umbilicalcordtoanunbornchild,orthroughbreastmilk.
Now,artificiallyacquiredimmunitycanhelpthebodytofight
diseasesowecanuseactiveimmunizationasapreventativemeasure.
Thisiswhenapersonisvaccinatedagainstanillnessbyinjectionor
oralingestionofatinyamountofweakenedorinactivegermsnotenough
toactuallycausehimorhertocontracttheillnessbutsufficientfor
thebody'sdefencesystemtorecognizeandrespondtothethreatby
formingantibodies.

Interventionusingpassiveimmunization,ontheotherhand,isa
methodofcuringanillnessafteritistoolateforprevention.Itis
lesseffectivethanactiveimmunizationandtakeslongertowork.Itis
usedwhenthebodyhasalreadybeeninvadedbybacteriaandtheperson
isill.Inthiscasethereisnotimeforthebodytomakeantibodiesof
itsownsoproteinsusuallytakenfromthebloodofanimalsareinjected
toequipthepatientwiththeessentialantibodiestocombatthe
particularillness.
Let'shaveaquicklookatabitofhistory:Thediscoveryof
vaccinationtoboostthebody'simmunesystembymakingitsensitiveto
particulardiseasecausingbacteriawasmadebyaneighteenthcentury
EnglishdoctorcalledEdwardJeanne.Henoticedthatsurvivorsof
smallpox,acommonbutextremelydangerousdisease,nevercontractedthe
diseaseasecondtime.Inotherwords,theywereimmune.Hestudieda
similardiseaseincowscalledcowpoxandrealizedthatpeoplein
contactwiththeinfectedcowsbecameillwithsymptomsresembling
smallpox.However,thisdiseasewasquitemildbycomparisonandthose
whocontractedcowpoxwerethenimmunetosmallpox.Heconductedan
experimentbyinjectingachildwithasmallamountofpustakenfroma
cowpoxpustule.Thechildsubsequentlybecameillbutsoonrecovered.
Later,heinjectedthechildwithpusfromasmallpoxpustuleandthe
childdidnotgetsick.Hehaddevelopedimmunitytothemoredangerous
disease.Thenantibodiesproducedtofightthecowpoxbacteriahadbeen
abletofightoffthesmallpoxbacteria.
Whatareantibodies?Well,antibodiesaremadebywhitebloodcells
calledBlymphocytes.Andthisisdoneinresponsetothepresenceof
antigens,orotherbacterialtoxins,whichhavebeenreleasedbythe
microorganisms(whatwecommonlyrefertoas'germs')thathave
invadedthebody.TheseYshapedantibodies(oryoucanthinkofthem
as'antitoxins')maystopthetoxinsorrepairthedamagetheyhave
donebywhatisknownastheantigenantibodyreactionwhichtakesplace
withintheplasmaoftheblood.Acorrectantibody(forthatdisease)
clingstoaparticularantigeninordertorenderitharmless.Large
numbersofthesepairsclumptogethertoformabiggerunit.Thisis
calledagglutinationandisabletobeseenbythenakedeyewhichis
veryhelpfulfordoctorsandotherspecialiststodeterminewhich
illnessesapatientisimmuneto.
Inoculation,oractivevaccination,canprotectpeoplefromserious
diseases.Thevaccinemaymakeapersonfeelunwellforafewdayswhen
theimmunesystemstartstoproduceantibodiestomatchtheintroduced
antigen.Thisiscalledaprimaryreaction.Ifthatparticularantigen
shouldeverenterthebodyagainlater,asecondaryreactiontakes
place.Thebodyisthenabletoproducelargenumbersofcorresponding
antibodieswithinashorttimesotheinvadingantigensarequickly
wipedoutwithoutthepersonsufferinganyharmfromthe
disease.32illness/disease 33active 34defence/immunesystem
35blood 36infectedcows 37experiment
38
[]3840
Goodafternoonandthankyouforyourwarmwelcome.Thiswillbethe
firsttalkinaseriesoffiveonHealthinterventionsprotectionand
prevention.CouldIstartbyaskingforashowofhandshowmanyofyou
hadafluvaccinationatthebeginningofwinter?Mum...Ithoughtso.

Youyoungonesalwaysthinkyou'reindestructible.
Well,asyouarenodoubtawarediseasespreadinggermsorpathogens
areeverywhere.Onadailybasisthehumanbodyhastowardoffattacks
byvariousharmfulbacteriaandviruses.Ahealthybodyhasagood
defencesystemagainstmanyofthesegermsbutthedefenceonlyoperates
wellagainstmicroorganismsthatithasalreadyencountered,inwhich
caseitissaidtobeimmune.Therearetwowaysinwhichhumansacquire
naturalimmunity:actively,whenapersonhasfirstsufferedandthen
recoveredfromanillness,andpassively,whenreadymadeprotectionis
transferredintothebody,forexample,fromthematernalbloodviathe
umbilicalcordtoanunbornchild,orthroughbreastmilk.
Now,artificiallyacquiredimmunitycanhelpthebodytofight
diseasesowecanuseactiveimmunizationasapreventativemeasure.
Thisiswhenapersonisvaccinatedagainstanillnessbyinjectionor
oralingestionofatinyamountofweakenedorinactivegermsnotenough
toactuallycausehimorhertocontracttheillnessbutsufficientfor
thebody'sdefencesystemtorecognizeandrespondtothethreatby
formingantibodies.
Interventionusingpassiveimmunization,ontheotherhand,isa
methodofcuringanillnessafteritistoolateforprevention.Itis
lesseffectivethanactiveimmunizationandtakeslongertowork.Itis
usedwhenthebodyhasalreadybeeninvadedbybacteriaandtheperson
isill.Inthiscasethereisnotimeforthebodytomakeantibodiesof
itsownsoproteinsusuallytakenfromthebloodofanimalsareinjected
toequipthepatientwiththeessentialantibodiestocombatthe
particularillness.
Let'shaveaquicklookatabitofhistory:Thediscoveryof
vaccinationtoboostthebody'simmunesystembymakingitsensitiveto
particulardiseasecausingbacteriawasmadebyaneighteenthcentury
EnglishdoctorcalledEdwardJeanne.Henoticedthatsurvivorsof
smallpox,acommonbutextremelydangerousdisease,nevercontractedthe
diseaseasecondtime.Inotherwords,theywereimmune.Hestudieda
similardiseaseincowscalledcowpoxandrealizedthatpeoplein
contactwiththeinfectedcowsbecameillwithsymptomsresembling
smallpox.However,thisdiseasewasquitemildbycomparisonandthose
whocontractedcowpoxwerethenimmunetosmallpox.Heconductedan
experimentbyinjectingachildwithasmallamountofpustakenfroma
cowpoxpustule.Thechildsubsequentlybecameillbutsoonrecovered.
Later,heinjectedthechildwithpusfromasmallpoxpustuleandthe
childdidnotgetsick.Hehaddevelopedimmunitytothemoredangerous
disease.Thenantibodiesproducedtofightthecowpoxbacteriahadbeen
abletofightoffthesmallpoxbacteria.
Whatareantibodies?Well,antibodiesaremadebywhitebloodcells
calledBlymphocytes.Andthisisdoneinresponsetothepresenceof
antigens,orotherbacterialtoxins,whichhavebeenreleasedbythe
microorganisms(whatwecommonlyrefertoas'germs')thathave
invadedthebody.TheseYshapedantibodies(oryoucanthinkofthem
as'antitoxins')maystopthetoxinsorrepairthedamagetheyhave
donebywhatisknownastheantigenantibodyreactionwhichtakesplace
withintheplasmaoftheblood.Acorrectantibody(forthatdisease)
clingstoaparticularantigeninordertorenderitharmless.Large
numbersofthesepairsclumptogethertoformabiggerunit.Thisis
calledagglutinationandisabletobeseenbythenakedeyewhichis

veryhelpfulfordoctorsandotherspecialiststodeterminewhich
illnessesapatientisimmuneto.
Inoculation,oractivevaccination,canprotectpeoplefromserious
diseases.Thevaccinemaymakeapersonfeelunwellforafewdayswhen
theimmunesystemstartstoproduceantibodiestomatchtheintroduced
antigen.Thisiscalledaprimaryreaction.Ifthatparticularantigen
shouldeverenterthebodyagainlater,asecondaryreactiontakes
place.Thebodyisthenabletoproducelargenumbersofcorresponding
antibodieswithinashorttimesotheinvadingantigensarequickly
wipedoutwithoutthepersonsufferinganyharmfromthedisease.39
40

Reading Module
READINGPASSAGE1
41Fleet 42Lookout 43midnight/12.00a.m. 44lifeboats
45wirelessoperators 46(wireless)message 47FALSE
48NOTGIVEN 49FALSE 50TRUE 51FALSE 52TRUE
53NOTGIVEN
READINGPASSAGE2
54 55iii 56viii 57 58vi 59ii 60
61 62 63 64 65 66
EADINGPASSAGE3
67 68 69 70 71 72 73active
74toxic 75systematicdesign 76monitor 77sideeffects
78symptoms 79placeboeffect 80unconscious

Writing ModuleM
81Thelinegraphshowsdifferentaveragedailytemperaturesthroughout
theyearforAucklandandChristchurch,NewZealandandLondonand
Edinburgh,UnitedKingdom.
AucklandandChristchurchbothrecordedwarmertemperaturesduring
JanuaryandFebruaryofapproximately24and23respectively.The
temperaturesinbothcitiesthendroppedsteadily,reachingalowof
15inAucklandinJulyand11inChristchurchinJulyandAugust
beforebeginningtorisebackuptojustover20inDecember.
Incontrast,thedataforLondonandEdinburghshowsatemperature
slightlyabove5duringJanuary,priortoclimbingtoapeakofabout
23duringJulyinLondonandapproximately18inEdinburghduring
thesamemonth.Thetemperaturesforbothcitiesthendipto
approximately7and6inDecemberrespectively.
Overall,theaveragedailymaximumtemperaturesofthetwocitiesin
NewZealandshowcompletelytheoppositepatterntothetwoBritish
cities,althoughBritishcitieshadlowertemperaturesthanNewZealand
onthewhole,regardlessofseason.(168words) 82Televisionhas
becomeanintegralfeatureofalmosteveryhouseholdintheworld.Asa
result,childrenundoubtedlyspendmoretimewatchingtelevisionthan
previousgenerationsandlesstimebeingactive.Thereareseveral
reasonsforthisphenomenon,butalsoanumberofstrategiesto
encouragechildrentobemoreactive.
Firstly,televisionshavebecomemuchmoreaccessiblethroughprice
reductions.Also,interestingprogrammerswhichtargetchildren,suchas
cartoons,haveincreasedinnumberandimprovedinquality,andthis
attractsagreaternumberofchildrenviewers.Theotherreasonforthe

increaseintelevisionviewingisrelatedtotheamountoftimeyoung
peopleandchildrenhavethesedays.Oftenbythetimetheyhavestudied
afullday,theyaresimplytootiredtogooutsideandplayordo
sports.
However,itisstillvitalthatchildrenspendenoughtimeoutdoors
playingandbeingactive.Oneapproachwhichcouldbetakentomotivate
youngchildrenistotakethetimetodofunoutdooractivitieswith
them,suchasiceskatingorgoingtothebeachforaswim.Running
children'soutdoorfungroupsandcampsisanotherwaytoencourage
youngpeopletobeactive.Aswellasthis,schoolscanrunphysical
educationclassesaspartoftheircurriculum,toensuretherecommended
levelsofactivityarecompletedeachday.Finally,television
programmerscanbuildawarenessandideasforphysicalactivitiesinto
theirshows.
Allinall,thereductioninthepriceoftelevisions,combinedwith
highqualityofchildren'sprogramshascontributedtotheproblem.
However,asdiscussedabove,thereareseveralinitiativeswhichcould
helptocombattheissueofincreasedtelevisionviewinganddecreased
physicalactivitiesintoday'schildren.

Speaking Module
83AtthemomentI'mlivinginanapartmentdowntown.
Myuncleandaunt,aswellastheiryoungson.
Yes,Ireallyenjoyapartmentlivingbecauseit'ssafe,easyand
convenient.
HighriseapartmentbuildingsaredefinitelythemostcommonwhereI
live.Probablybecausethat'salltherereallyisuntilyougettothe
outskirtsofthecity.
I'mstudyingmedicineatuniversity.
No,notreally.Ireallyenjoyeveryclassalthoughsometeachers
arebetterthanothers.
Yes.Theyrequireustomemorizealot,ofcourse,andthattakesup
alotofmyfreetime.
IhopeIcanjoinavolunteerorganizationandgetsomeexperience
thatway.That'swhyI'malsolearningEnglish.
MainlythroughFacebookandsocialnetworkingsiteslikethat.For
meit'stheeasiestwayandallofmyfriendsareonthere.
Justthatit'ssoeasyandyoucanlogonanytimeofthedayand
catchupwithwhatyourfriendsaredoingallovertheworld.
Notreally.Somepeoplesaytheyspendtoomuchtimeonline,staring
atacomputerscreen.ButIdon'tmindthat.It'sjusttheway
socializingworksnow.
TheonlythingIwouldsayisthatIthinkitismoredifficultto
keepintouchwithpeopleoneonone,asit'squiteagroupformof
communicating.Althoughinsayingthatyoucanalways'privatemessage'
peopleanywaywhichissimilartoemail.SometimesIfinditannoying
whenpeopledon'tchecktheirpagesveryoften.
Itdependsonthetypeofart.idefinitelyenjoyphotographic
exhibitionsandmodemart,butI'mnotreallykeenontheclassic,old
fashionedtypesofpaintingsandsoon.Ifindlandscapesreallyboring
andIhatesketchesandartwithnocolourorlife.
AsIsaid,IenjoymodemartthemostbecauseIthinkitismore
interesting.
Wehadartasanelectiveathighschool,andwelearnedtodoall

sortsworkingwithclay,photography,paintingandsketching.Ourart
teacherwasreallypassionateaboutallformsofart.
Thatdependsonhowyoudefineanartist.Idon'tknowanyone
famous,ifthat'swhatyoumeanbutIdoknowsomeuniversitystudents
whoIthinkareverytalented.Oneisaphotographerwhoonlytakes
extremecloseupsofpeoplesothatonetinyaspectoftheirfaceis
shown.Theresultsarefascinating.
Ilovebluebecauseitisthecolouroftheseaandthesky.My
otherfavouritecolourisgreenbecauseIconnectitwithNatureas
well.
No,actuallywhenIwasalittlegirlIusedtolovepinkand
purple.I'mnotsurewhy,probablybecausetheyarethoughtofasquite
femininecoloursIguess.
Ihaven'treallythoughtaboutthat.Ithinkeveryonehastheirown
preferences,particularlyrelatedtowhattheywear.Manyofmyfriends
wearalotofblackbutI'mnotsureifthatistheirfavoritecolouras
such.
Somecolourshaveameaningofgoodluck,includingred,which
symbolizeswealthandgoodfortune.Othercolourslikewhitestandfor
purity,butbeyondthatIcan'treallythinkofanystrongmeaningsor
significance. 84AnimportantdecisionImadewasquiterecently,
aboutthreeyearsago.MyfamilywasverykeenformetostudyEnglish
abroadandgaintheadvantagesoflearningaboutforeigncultureatthe
sametime.Iwasalsoreallyexcitedabouttheprospectoftravelingand
improvingmyEnglish,butIdidn'twanttoleaveasmywifewasherein
Chinaandcouldn'tcomewithme.Then,justaswehadtomakethefinal
decisionandcommittobuyingaticket,wefoundoutthatmywifewas
pregnant.So,Italkedandtalkedwithherandalsowithmyparents,
becauseIvaluetheiropinionalso,andfinallyIdecidedthatI
wouldn'tgoabroadtostudyasIdidn'twanttomissthebirthofmy
childandalsoIwantedtosupportmywifethroughherpregnancy.They
reallyhelpedmetomakemydecisionjustbylisteningtometalkit
throughandgivingtheirownopinionsandideas.Thealternativethatwe
cameupwithwasthatIwouldstudyhereatnightandworkveryhardon
myEnglish,withperhapsanopportunitytostudyatstgraduatelevel
overseasinsteadofjuststudyingEnglish.Mydaughterwasbornovertwo
yearsagoandIthinkitwasthebestdecisionIevermade.Andithas
workedoutreallywell,asnowwearegoingtotravelaltogetherasa
familytoliveinOxfordintheUK,whereIamgoingtocompleteanMBA.
Andmywifehasanexcellentjobofferthereaswell.Itwasahuge
decisionatthetimebutI'msoconfidentthatitwastherightonefor
myfamilyandme.
Yes.Ialwaysfindithelpfultotalkmydecisionthroughwith
someone.
Yes,sometimesIdoanditcantakemeabitoftimetothinkthings
over. 85Well,Ithinktherearemanybutpossiblythemost
importantdecisionsareinyoungadulthoodwhenpeopleusuallymakelots
ofchoicesabouttheirfuturewhichcareertochoose,choicesabout
marriageandstartingafamilyandsoon.Thesearethedecisionswhich
havesuchalonglastingimpactontherestoflife,sotheyare
incrediblyimportant.Thentherearethedecisionswhichcomelater,
maybeaboutfinancesandretirementandthattypeofthing.Andwhen
we'reyounger,Isupposeourchoicesareinsomewaymadeforusbyour

parentswhodecidewhichkindergartenorschoolwewillattend.
Personally,Ibelieveit'sacombinationofthetwo.Icertainly
thinkyouneedtohaveallpossibleinformationavailabletoyoubefore
adecisioncanbemade,butIalsothinkthatacertaindegreeof
intuition,or'gutfeeling'canreallyhelptoguidethedecision
makingprocess.It'sunexplainable,butIknowthatsomeofmybest
decisionshavebeenbasedonintuitionmorethananythingelse.
Today'ssocietycertainlyconfrontspeoplewithmoreimportant
decisionsthaninthepast.Forastart,thereissomuchmorechoicein
lotsofdifferentareas,likeintheareaofcareerandoccupationfor
instance.Myparentsorgrandparents'generationoftenhadthesamejob
forfortyorfiftyyears,butpeoplenowadayscommonlyhavefourorfive
differentcareers.Inthisareaalonethereissomuchmorechoiceand
freedomandIthinkthat'spartofthereasonwhytherearemore
importantdecisionstobemadenow,alongwiththefactthatconstant
changeispartofmodemlife.
Ithinkit'smoredifficulttomakedecisionswhicharegoingto
haveaneffectonotherpeople'slives,butIalsothinkthatthis
relatestomostdecisionswemakedecisionsveryrarelyonlyimpacton
oneperson.Anyway,itisobviouslyamatterofdegree,forinstanceif
youarethemanagerofalargecompanyandyouhavetodecidehowmany
redundanciesarenecessarytokeepthebusinessfromfailing,then
that'sadecisionwhichwillhaveahugeimpactonmanypeople.Onthe
otherhand,ifyouaredecidingwhichhousetobuythenthatprobably
onlyaffectsyouandyourfamily.OverallIthinkit'swisetoconsider
thepotentialimpactofyourdecisioninanycase.
Idefinitelybelievethatthereistoomuchchoiceforyoungpeople
nowadays,andthiscreatesalotofpressureforthem.
Whetheritisintermsofwhatcareerpathtotakeorwheretolive
andstudy,thereareanoverwhelmingnumberofchoicesavailabletothis
generationandIthinkitcanbeextremelydifficulttofeelasthough
onehasmadetherightchoice,whateverthatis.However,choice
providesuswithoptionsandfreedomaswell,soIbelieveit's
importanttovaluethat.
Iknowthatforsomepeoplethismethodofmakingdecisionsisvery
effective,astheygainperspectivefromtalkingwithsomeoneelseand
thisprocessclarifiestheirownthoughtprocess.However,Ibelieve
thatchoices,inparticularpersonalchoices,arebestmademethodically
andcarefully,butalone.Sometimespeoplehavedifferentmotivesfor
givingadviceandtheycannotalwaysbetrustedtogiveyouneutral
advice.