Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
The deficiency of mass-transfer properties in ionic liquids (ILs) has become a bottleneck in developing the novel ILbased CO2 capture processes. In this study, the liquid-side mass-transfer coefficients (kL) were measured systematically
in a stirred cell reactor by the decreasing pressure method at temperatures ranging from 303 to 323 K and over a wide
range of IL concentrations from 0 to 100 wt %. Based on the data of kL, the kinetics of chemical absorption of CO2
with mixed solvents containing 30 wt % monoethanolamine (MEA) and 070 wt % ILs were investigated. The kL in IL
systems is influenced not only by the viscosity but also the molecular structures of ILs. The enhancement factors and the
reaction activation energy were quantified. Considering both the mass-transfer rates and the stability of IL in CO2
C 2014 American Institute of
absorption system, the new IL-based system MEA 1 [bmim][NO3] 1 H2O is recommended. V
Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 29292939, 2014
Keywords: ionic liquids, carbon dioxide, mass-transfer coefficient, kinetics, absorption
Introduction
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from burning fossil fuels
is considered as a main contributor for global warming and
climate change. Therefore, the removal of CO2 from gas
streams has been a hot spot, and many researchers are developing and improving efficient technologies for CO2 absorption. For gas streams with a high CO2 composition, physical
absorption using physical solvent such as methanol, sulfolane, and propylene carbonate is recommended. Alkanolamines including primary, secondary, tertiary, and hindered
amines are the widely used chemical solvents which can
enhance CO2 absorption rate and capacity.14 Among the
alkanolamines, aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA) is the
most used absorbent due to its high reaction rate, high
absorption capacity on a weight basis, high thermal stability,
and low cost. However, the MEA process has several drawbacks such as degradation of amine, corrosion, high energy
consumption during regeneration, and the loss of the amine
into gas stream.
Ionic liquids (ILs), entirely composed of ions, have been
paid much attention and are regarded as attractive solvents
for CO2 capture considering their unique characteristics like
negligible vapor pressure, tunable physicochemical properties
and relatively high CO2 solubility.57 Brenneckes research
group8 first reported that CO2 showed excellent solubility in
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to X. Zhang at
xpzhang@home.ipe.ac.cn (or) S. Zhang at sjzhang@home.ipe.ac.cn.
C 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers
V
AIChE Journal
2929
1
2
CO 2 1MEA !
k-1 MEAH COO
kB
P0CO 2 2PCO 2 VG
ZRTV L
(2)
DOI 10.1002/aic
k1 CMEA CCO 2
11 Pk21
k C
(8)
(10)
(3)
(7)
2
The base B can be MEA, OH2, H2O, CO 22
3 , andHCO 3 in
the MEA-IL-H2O system, because there is no chemical reaction between CO2 with conventional IL like [bmim][BF4].31
The reaction of CO2 with MEA can be deduced from Eqs. 6
and 7 by adopting the steady-state principle to the zwitterion
(6)
rCO 2 5
(5)
Theory
Liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient determination
CCO 2 5
V G KH
ZRTV L
EkL a
t
b
(12)
AIChE Journal
Criterion
Description
Ha >> 3
Ha > 3
0.3 < Ha < 3
Ha < 0.3
E 5 E1
E 5 Ha
E 5 Ha/tan h(Ha)
E 51
(13)
DMEA CMEA
mDCO 2 CCO 2
(14)
(15)
EkL 2
CMEA DCO 2
Value
4
8
105
Unit
cm
cm
mL
20
500
12.56
100250
mL
mL
cm2
Rpm
ILs after drying were confirmed to be < 200 ppm by KarlFisher titration. Deionized water was boiled to remove the
dissolved gases before utilization.
Parameters
Inner Diameter of Reactor
Height of Reactor
Total Volume of Reactor 1
Gas Pipeline
Volume of Liquid
Volume of Gas Reservoir
Interfacial Area
Stirrer Speed
(16)
Experimental Section
Materials preparation
CO2 gas was supplied by Beiwen Gas Co. with a
purity 99.99% and was used without further purification.
MEA (99.5%) was provided by Beijing Chemical Works.
Four different kinds of ILs ([bmim][BF4], [bmim][NO3],
[bmim][N(CN)2], and [omim][BF4]) with a purity of 99.0%
were purchased from Linzhou Keneng Technology Co. The
ILs were dried under vacuum for 48 h 333 K and then kept
in a drying cabinet before used. The water contents of the
Figure 1 presents the schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus. It mainly consists of a 316-L stainless steel
reactor with a magnetic stirrer, a gas reservoir, a vacuum
pump, a water bath, and two pressure sensors (Rosemount
3051) with an accuracy of 0.15 kPa in the experimental pressure range. The gas reservoir is applied in the present study
in order to preheat the CO2 and control the CO2 flow rates
into the reactor. Both the stirred cell reactor and the gas reservoir allow a maximum pressure of 10 MPa. The temperature in the reactor is maintained with an uncertainty
of 6 0.1 K using an external water bath which is connected
to the jackets of the reactor and the gas reservoir. Detailed
information about the equipment is presented in Table 2.
Before conducting the experiments, pure water with the similar volume of the absorbent was added to the reactor due to
its low viscosity. The specific stirrer speed range was
selected to ensure the smooth gasliquid interface by observation. Since the viscosities of the different absorbents used
in this study are all greater than that of water. Therefore, the
undisturbed gasliquid interface was created during the
experiments.
A series of experiments were conducted to study the
mass-transfer characteristics. For each experimental run,
about 20 mL freshly prepared absorbent was placed in the
reactor. The reactor was closed and kept under vacuum (2
kPa) at the operating temperatures to degas the absorbent as
well as to test the gas leak. This procedure lasted for 1 h to
ensure that the temperature equilibrium had been reached.
After that, the vapor pressure of the absorbent was recorded.
Then a certain amount of CO2 was introduced to the gas
DOI 10.1002/aic
2931
IL
H2O
[bmim][N(CN)2]
[bmim][BF4]
[bmim][NO3]
[omim][BF4]
95 wt% [bmim][BF4]
95 wt% [bmim][BF4]
95 wt% [bmim][BF4]
95 wt% [bmim][BF4]
95 wt% [bmim][BF4]
95 wt% [omim][BF4]
95 wt% [omim][BF4]
95 wt% [omim][BF4]
95 wt% [omim][BF4]
95 wt% [omim][BF4]
95 wt% [bmim][N(CN)2]
95 wt% [bmim][N(CN)2]
95 wt% [bmim][N(CN)2]
95 wt% [bmim][N(CN)2]
95 wt% [bmim][N(CN)2]
<
<
<
<
200ppm
200ppm
200ppm
200ppm
5 wt%
5 wt%
5 wt%
5 wt%
5 wt%
5 wt%
5 wt%
5 wt%
5 wt%
5 wt%
5 wt%
5 wt%
5 wt%
5 wt%
5 wt%
ll (mPa s)
T (K)
IL
H2O (wt %)
ql (gcm23)
ll (mPa s)
1.051521
1.191293
1.153284
1.093232
1.181645
1.178004
1.17438
1.170772
1.167171
1.090741
1.086471
1.0822
1.077929
1.073658
1.053407
1.050177
1.046963
1.043773
1.040592
18.1576
56.3556
89.9147
135.9992
18.8686
16.0355
13.8683
12.1043
10.665
42.6659
34.9096
28.9041
24.2954
20.6284
15.0254
12.9385
11.2712
9.905
8.7735
303
308
313
318
323
303
308
313
318
323
313
313
313
313
313
313
313
313
95 wt %[bmim][NO3]
95 wt %[bmim][NO3]
95 wt %[bmim][NO3]
95 wt %[bmim][NO3]
95 wt%[bmim][NO3]
90 wt%[bmim][NO3]
90 wt%[bmim][NO3]
90 wt%[bmim][NO3]
90 wt%[bmim][NO3]
90 wt%[bmim][NO3]
80 wt%[bmim][NO3]
70 wt%[bmim][NO3]
60 wt%[bmim][NO3]
50 wt%[bmim][NO3]
40 wt%[bmim][NO3]
30 wt%[bmim][NO3]
20 wt%[bmim][NO3]
10 wt%[bmim][NO3]
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1.14786
1.144616
1.141377
1.138161
1.134947
1.134676
1.131348
1.128034
1.12472
1.121408
1.118244
1.100881
1.083209
1.066967
1.050311
1.035238
1.019862
1.005944
35.7366
29.4877
24.6353
20.8564
17.8828
17.209
14.6742
12.645
11.001
9.6607
6.3143
3.9077
2.7534
2.1958
1.464
1.2402
0.9709
0.8194
Physical Properties
Density and viscosity
The densities of different IL systems were measured by a
density meter (Anton Paar DMA 5000, Anton Paar Co., Austria) with the accuracy of 6 0.000005 gcm23 at temperatures
ranging from 303 to 323 K. The viscosities were determined
by an Automated Microviscometer (Anton Paar AMVn,
Anton Paar Co., Austria) with a reproducibility <0.5% and a
repeatability <0.1%. The detailed density and viscosity data
of IL-H2O systems and MEA-IL-H2O systems are available
in Tables 3 and 4, respectively.
Diffusivity
The diffusivities of CO2 in the MEA-IL-H2O systems
were determined by N2O analogy which presented the following relation
DCO 2 DCO 2 ;w
5
DN2 O DN2 O;w
c
DN2 O;w
l
5
DN2 O
lw
where l and lw are the viscosities of the MEA-IL-H2O solution and the water, respectively. According to the recommendation by Sada et al.,37 the value of c is 0.51 for MEA
solutions.
The commonly applied empirical correlation Wilke-Chang
equation38 was used to calculate the diffusivity of MEA in
MEA-IL-H2O systems
p
7:4 3 1028 uMIL-H 2 O T
(21)
DMEA 5
0:6
lIL-H 2 O VMEA
where MIL-H 2 O is the mean molecular weight of IL-H2O solutions, T is temperature, lIL-H 2 O is the viscosity of the IL-H2O
solutions, VMEA is molar volume of MEA at its normal boiling
point and u is the solvent association factor with a value of 2.6.
(17)
36
Versteeg and van Swaaij proposed the following expressions to calculate the diffusivities of N2O and CO2 in water
DCO 2 ;w 52:35 3 1026 e22119=T
(18)
26 22371=T
(19)
DOI 10.1002/aic
(20)
(22)
(23)
where Z1 and Z2 are the compressibility factors corresponding to the initial and equilibrium pressure in the
reactor.
To test the applicability of the present experimental setup,
the solubility of CO2 in [bmim][BF4] and [bmim][NO3] at
313 K were measured and compared with the data reported
by Brenneckes research group.39 Figure 2 shows that the
AIChE Journal
IL
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
H2O
MEA
(wt %) (wt %)
[bmim][BF4]
[bmim][BF4]
[bmim][BF4]
[bmim][BF4]
[bmim][BF4]
[bmim][N(CN)2]
[bmim][N(CN)2]
[bmim][N(CN)2]
[bmim][N(CN)2]
[bmim][N(CN)2]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
ql
(gcm23)
ll
(mPa s)
1.12344
1.119521
1.115614
1.111722
1.107814
1.037781
1.034288
1.090801
1.027323
1.023846
1.100548
1.096951
1.093341
1.089731
16.8857
13.8146
11.5129
9.7792
8.3422
11.7301
9.987
8.5885
7.4589
6.5283
17.9784
14.9258
12.5531
10.6855
results are in good agreement with the literature,39 confirming the accuracy of CO2 solubility in the present experimental setup. The CO2 solubility in different IL systems has
been illustrated in Figure 3. It shows that [bmim][BF4]
presents a greater capability of absorbing CO2 compared
with [bmim][NO3] when adding the same amount of water
(5 wt %) to the IL. Regarding the effect of water content on
the CO2 solubility, it presents that the CO2 solubility
decreases with the increasing water content from 5 to 10 wt
% in IL. Furthermore, the equilibrium pressure is approximately described as a linearly increasing function of the
mole fraction, which facilitates the calculation of Henrys
constant discussed in the next part.
T (K)
323
303
308
313
318
323
313
313
313
313
313
313
313
H2O
MEA
(wt %) (wt %)
IL
65
60
60
60
60
60
70
50
40
30
20
10
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
0
P5
5
10
10
10
10
10
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
1.086125
1.099964
1.096386
1.092818
1.089262
1.085702
1.100226
1.076913
1.063372
1.048568
1.033771
1.018496
1.003422
9.1984
15.0702
12.5408
10.5835
9.0515
7.8079
17.7662
6.8974
4.9402
3.7014
2.9002
2.3417
1.9631
A2
BP
ln 11
B
Z
(25)
(26)
where
0:42748R2 TC2:5
PC
0:08664RTC
b5
PC
a5
(27)
(28)
and
ll
(mPa s)
RT
a
2
V2b T 0:5 VV1b
A2 5
f PeCO 2 ; T
/CO 2 PeCO 2
H5 lim
5
~
xCO 2 !0
xCO 2
xCO 2
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
ql
(gcm23)
a
R2 T 2:5
(29)
b
RT
(30)
B5
w,
DOI 10.1002/aic
2933
([bmim]1 < [omim] 1) when they have same anion. For the
ILs with same cation, the CO2 solubility increases in the
order of [NO3]2 < [N(CN)2]2 < [BF4]2. A typical plot for
kL determination in pure ILs at 313 K has been presented in
Figure 5. It displays that the right-hand side of Eq. 4 can be
depicted as a good linear function of time in all cases, which
verifies the reliability of the method for calculating kL used
in this work. Figure 5 also shows that the slopes are ranked
as [bmim][NO3] < [bmim][N(CN)2] < [bmim][BF4] < [omim]
[BF4], indicating that the maximum kL exists in [omim][BF4]
while the minimum is in [bmim][NO3]. However, the order
of kL is not consistent with the order of the viscosities of ILs
which have been presented in Table 3. According to the traditional ideas, the kL mainly depends on the diffusivity of
CO2 in the liquid. In other words, the kL is influenced by the
viscosity. Therefore, the kL in [bmim][N(CN)2] should be
greater than that in [bmim][BF4] when only the effect of viscosity is taken into consideration. As described previously
about the anionic structure of ILs, the CO2 solubility in
[bmim][N(CN)2] is lower than that in [bmim][BF4] which
shows the same tendency as kL. From the viewpoint of
molecular dynamics, CO2 is located in the interstices formed
by the strong Coulombic interactions between cations and
2934
DOI 10.1002/aic
AIChE Journal
Solvent
Water
Water
Water
Water
[bmim][BF4]
[bmim][BF4]
95 wt % bmim[BF4]
1 5 wt % H2O
95 wt % bmim[NO3]
15 wt % H2O
90 wt % bmim[NO3]
1 5 wt % H2O
kL 3 105
(m s21)
Reference
4.19
1.6
7.113.6
2.8
0.751.39
1.28
1.52
Lu et al.32
Konduru et al.45
Qin et al.46
Bishnoi et al.47
Sanchez et al.30
This work
This work
0.55
This work
0.64
This work
Figure 8. kL in different IL-H2O systems over the temperature range from 303 to 323 K.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is
available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
Figure 12. Enhancement factors in different MEA-ILH2O systems from 303 to 323 K.
Figure 10. Effect of IL concentration on the Henrys
constant and kL in IL-H2O system.
AIChE Journal
DOI 10.1002/aic
2935
H2O
wt
wt
wt
wt
wt
wt
wt
wt
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
[bmim][NO3]
0
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
MEA
(wt %)
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
CMEA
(molm23)
DCO 2 31010
(m2s21)
DMEA 3 1010
(m2 s21)
kL 3 106
(ms21)
k2
(Lmol21 s21)
kps (s21)
Ha
Ei
5403.86
5384.78
5367.48
5289.36
5222.85
5150.14
5077.46
5002.44
4928.4
6.23
7.44
8.12
10.1
11.98
13.88
15.72
17.53
19.18
0.11
0.91
1.71
2.97
4.24
5.44
6.26
8.73
18.27
7.31
7.5
8.63
11.71
13.32
15.06
16.17
17.16
18.46
0.08
0.27
0.79
2.53
3.92
7.01
15.99
24.72
57.26
0.45
1.43
4.25
13.35
20.47
36.06
81.18
123.67
282.19
2.29
4.36
6.81
9.92
11.75
14.86
22.09
27.14
39.86
11.62
88.20
180.87
273.38
350.38
391.74
415.36
514.49
988.53
2936
DOI 10.1002/aic
ensure an undisturbed interface. It is found that a higher stirrer speed can result in a higher speed of pressure drop in the
reactor, which can be attributed to a greater kL.
Effect of IL Concentration. The ratio of IL to H2O in the
absorbent, which is an important parameter for CO2 absorption process, was studied over a wide range of IL concentrations from 0 to 100 wt %. Figure 10 shows that the Henrys
constant decreases, namely the CO2 solubility increases with
continuously adding IL [bmim][NO3] into the system. However, from the viewpoint of mass transfer, the kL decreases
with the increase of IL concentrations which can be ascribed
to the increase of viscosity. Therefore, when determining the
suitable ratio of IL to H2O in the absorbent for CO2 physical
absorption, both the thermodynamic and dynamic factors
should be taken into consideration.
Kinetic parameters
Enhancement Factor. The enhancement factor was calculated by Eq. 12. The liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient
obtained in the IL-H2O systems was applied to determine E
in the MEA-IL-H2O systems. Similar approximation has
been reported in different research groups,32,4547 who used
water as liquid phase to determine kL in studying the kinetics
of CO2 chemical absorption into different amine aqueous
systems. The available kL values of absorbing CO2 in water
and in IL have been presented in Table 5. It shows that the
mass-transfer process of absorbing CO2 is faster in water
than in IL, which can be attributed to the higher viscosity of
IL. Adding water to IL can decrease the viscosity, which
will speed up the mass-transfer process.
A typical plot for enhancement factor determination in the
MEA-IL-H2O system at 313 K has been presented in Figure
11. It shows an excellent linear trend, which ensure the accuracy of the method used in the present study to calculate E.
The values of experimental enhancement factors in different
MEA-IL-H2O systems are shown in Figure 12. The enhancement factors increase with the increase of temperature. The
enhancement factor nearly doubles at 323 K compared with
that at 303 K. Figure 12 also displays that the enhancement
factors are ranked as 65 wt% [bmim][N(CN)2] < 65 wt%
[bmim][NO3] < 60 wt% [bmim][NO3] < 65 wt% [bmim]
[BF4]. Interestingly, when adding [bmim][N(CN)2] into
MEA aqueous system, the enhancement factors are mostly
below 3, indicating that the reaction regime has changed
from fast regime (E 5 Ha) to intermediate between slow
(E 5 1) and fast regime. However, for other MEA-IL-H2O
systems, the reaction regime keeps in the fast regime. Therefore, in view of the dynamics, the IL [bmim][N(CN)2] is not
suitable to be added into the MEA aqueous system.
AIChE Journal
Table 7. Available Ea Values of the Reaction Between CO2 and MEA in the Literature
Temperature (K)
298323
293333
303313
298333
MEA Concentration
21
0.512 mol L
39 mol L21
0.10.5 mol L21
3,5, 7 wt %
Reactor
Ea (kJmol21)
Reference
44.88
36.68
51.9
31.61
Ying et al.2
Aboudheir et al.49
Liao et al.50
Ramachandran et al.51
(31)
The kps was studied in the MEA-[bmim][NO3]-H2O system over a wide range of IL concentrations from 0 to 70
wt%. According to the literature,48 the reaction rate of CO2
in water is very slow (k 5 0.026 s21 at 298 K), which is
much slower than the reaction in MEA-[bmim][NO3]-H2O
system. This can be ascribed to the fact that the MEA[bmim][NO3]-H2O system has a stronger alkalinity
(pH 5 12.58 at 298 K) than water. Due to the negligible contribution, the reaction of CO2 with water can be neglected.
The detailed kinetic parameters in MEA-[bmim][NO3]-H2O
systems at 313 K has been displayed in Table 6. It clearly
shows that the calculated Hatta number and infinite enhancement factor satisfy the criterion of Eq. 13, ensuring the validation of the fast pseudofirst-order reaction regime in this
work. According to Table 6, DMEA changes stronger than kL
andDCO 2 . It has been illustrated in the previous description
that kL in IL systems is influenced not only by the viscosity
but also the molecular structures of ILs. Therefore, the viscosity has a stronger impact on DMEA than kL, which results
in the greater change of DMEA. As for the comparison of
DMEA and DCO 2 , it can be referred to Eqs. 1721. It displays
that DMEA andDCO2 are inversely proportional to lIL-H 2 O and
l0.51, respectively. The values of lIL-H 2 O and l are very
close. Therefore, the greater change of DMEA can be attributed to the fact that the viscosity exerts a stronger influence
on DMEA. Moreover, DMEA, DCO 2 and kL increase with
decreasing the IL concentrations in the systems, which
strengthen the reaction rates.
Activation Energy. The calculated values of kinetic
parameter k2 were applied to determine the activation energy
(Ea) using the Arrhenius equation. A typical Arrhenius plot
for calculating activation energy in MEA-[bmim][NO3]-H2O
systems from 303 to 323 K has been depicted in Figure 13.
The values in Figure 13 have been correlated to calculate the
activation energy as follows:
absorbent: 30 wt % MEA 1 65 wt % [bmim][NO3] 1 5 wt
% H2O
AIChE Journal
lnk 2 5
29275
128:311
T
(32)
27661
124:105
T
(33)
Conclusions
Mixing ILs with amine is considered as a promising way
to make ILs being directly applicable in a carbon capture
system. The lack of mass-transfer study, especially the
liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient, has become a bottleneck
in developing such novel CO2 capture process. In this work,
the liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient was determined by
the decreasing pressure method in a stirred cell reactor with
an undisturbed gasliquid interface at temperatures ranging
from 303 to 323 K. The kinetics of chemical absorption of
CO2 with aqueous mixed solvents was studied in ILs-based
systems containing 30 wt % MEA and 070 wt % ILs.
The results demonstrate that kL is influenced both by the
viscosity and the molecular structure of ILs. The kL
decreases while CO2 solubility increases with the increase of
IL concentrations. The kinetics of the reaction between CO2
and different MEA-IL-H2O systems were studied over a
wide range of IL concentrations from 0 to 70 wt %. The
[bmim][N(CN)2] IL is not suitable to be added into the aqueous MEA system because of greatly slowing the reaction
rates. The new system MEA 1 [bmim][NO3] 1 H2O is recommended as a promising candidate for CO2 absorption.
The overall reaction rates increase with decreasing the IL
concentrations in the MEA-[bmim][NO3]-H2O systems. The
Ea values of the reaction of CO2 absorption with the MEA[bmim][NO3]-H2O systems are greater but the same order of
magnitude as the available Ea data in the literature using
MEA aqueous system.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge gratefully for the financial supports from the National Basic Research Program of China
(973 Program) (2013CB733506, 2014CB744306), the Key
Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China
(No.21036007) and the National Natural Science Foundation
DOI 10.1002/aic
2937
Notation
List of symbols
a=
A=
C=
D=
E=
Ea =
E1 =
f=
H=
Ha =
k1 =
k2 =
KH =
kL =
kps =
M=
n=
N=
P=
Pc =
Pe =
P0 =
PVapor =
r=
R=
t=
T=
Tc =
V=
x=
Z=
Abbreviations
EOS =
IL =
MEA =
TSIL =
equation of state
ionic liquid
monoethanolamine
task-specific ionic liquid
Greek letters
q=
l=
u=
m=
b=
x=
density, gcm23
viscosity, mPa s
fugacity coefficient
stoichiometric coefficient
parameter
mass fraction, wt %
Subscripts
G = gas phase
L = liquid phase
Literature Cited
1. Camacho F, Sanchez S, Pacheco R, Sanchez A, La Rubia M. Thermal effects of CO2 absorption in aqueous solutions of 2-amino-2methyl-1-propanol. AIChE J. 2005;51:27692777.
2. Ying J, Eimer DA. Determination and measurements of mass transfer kinetics of CO2 in concentrated aqueous monoethanolamine solutions by a stirred cell. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2013;52:25482559.
2938
DOI 10.1002/aic
3. Garca-Abun A, G
omez-Daz D, Navaza JM, Vidal-Tato I. Kinetics
of carbon dioxide chemical absorption into cyclic amines solutions.
AIChE J. 2011;57:22442250.
4. G
omez-Daz D, Navaza JM. Kinetics of carbon dioxide absorption
into aqueous glucosamine solutions. AIChE J. 2008;54:321326.
5. Huang Y, Dong HF, Zhang XP, Li CS, Zhang SJ. A new fragment
contribution-corresponding states method for physicochemical properties prediction of ionic liquids. AIChE J. 2013;59:13481359.
6. Zhang X, Liu Z, Wang W. Screening of ionic liquids to capture CO2
by COSMO-RS and experiments. AIChE J. 2008;54:27172728.
7. Ficke LE, Brennecke JF. Interactions of ionic liquids and water.
J Phys Chem B. 2010;114:1049610501.
8. Blanchard LA, Hancu D, Beckman EJ, Brennecke JF. Green processing using ionic liquids and CO2. Nature. 1999;399:2829.
9. Chen Y, Zhang S, Yuan X, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Dai W, Mori R. Solubility of CO2 in imidazolium-based tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids.
Thermochim Acta. 2006;441:4244.
10. Bates ED, Mayton RD, Ntai I, Davis JH. CO2 capture by a taskspecific ionic liquid. J Am Chem Soc. 2002;124:926927.
11. Zhang J, Zhang S, Dong K, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Lv X. Supported
absorption of CO2 by tetrabutylphosphonium amino acid ionic
liquids. Chem Eur J. 2006;12:40214026.
12. Gurkan BE, de la Fuente JC, Mindrup EM, Ficke LE, Goodrich BF,
Price EA, Schneider WF, Brennecke JF. Equimolar CO2 absorption
by anion-functionalized ionic liquids. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132:
21162117.
13. Zhang Y, Zhang S, Lu X, Zhou Q, Fan W, Zhang X. Dual aminofunctionalised phosphonium ionic liquids for CO2 capture. Chem
Eur J. 2009;15:30033011.
14. Zhang J, Jia C, Dong H, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhang S. A novel dual
amino-functionalized cation-tethered ionic liquid for CO2 capture.
Ind Eng Chem Res. 2013;52:58355841.
15. Camper D, Bara JE, Gin DL, Noble RD. Room-temperature ionic
liquid-amine solutions: Tunable solvents for efficient and reversible
capture of CO2. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2008;47:84968498.
16. Ahmady A, Hashim MA, Aroua MK. Absorption of carbon dioxide
in the aqueous mixtures of methyldiethanolamine with three types of
imidazolium-based ionic liquids. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2011;309:76
82.
17. Zhang F, Fang C, Wu Y, Wang Y, Li A, Zhang Z. Absorption of
CO2 in the aqueous solutions of functionalized ionic liquids and
MDEA. Chem Eng J. 2010;160:691697.
18. Ahmady A, Hashim MA, Aroua MK. Density, viscosity, physical
solubility and diffusivity of CO2 in aqueous MDEA1 [bmim][BF4]
solutions from 303 to 333K. Chem Eng J. 2011;172:763770.
19. Zhao Y, Zhang X, Zeng S, Zhou Q, Dong H, Tian X, Zhang S. Density, viscosity, and performances of carbon dioxide capture in 16
absorbents of amine1 ionic liquid1 H2O, ionic liquid1 H2O, and
amine1 H2O systems. J Chem Eng Data. 2010;55:35133519.
20. Tagawa A, Dohi N, Kawase Y. Volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer
coefficient in aerated stirred tank reactors with dense floating solid
particles. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2012;51:19381948.
21. Poncin S, Nguyen C, Midoux N, Breysse J. Hydrodynamics and volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient of a stirred vessel
equipped with a gas-inducing impeller. Chem Eng Sci. 2002;57:
32993306.
22. Alves SS, Maia CI, Vasconcelos JMT. Gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient in stirred tanks interpreted through bubble contamination
kinetics. Chem Eng Process. 2004;43:823830.
23. Martin M, Montes F, Galan MA. Mass transfer rates from bubbles in
stirred tanks operating with viscous fluids. Chem Eng Sci. 2010;65:
38143824.
24. Dong HF, Wang XL, Liu L, Zhang XP, Zhang SJ. The rise and
deformation of a single bubble in ionic liquids. Chem Eng Sci. 2010;
65:32403248.
25. Wang XL, Dong HF, Zhang XP, Xu Y, Zhang SJ. Numerical simulation of absorbing CO2 with ionic liquids. Chem Eng Technol.
2010;33:16151624.
26. Wang XL, Dong HF, Zhang XP, Yu L, Zhang SJ, Xu Y. Numerical
simulation of single bubble motion in ionic liquids. Chem Eng Sci.
2010;65:60366047.
27. Zhang X, Dong HF, Huang Y, Li CS, Zhang XP. Experimental study
on gas holdup and bubble behavior in carbon capture systems with
ionic liquid. Chem Eng J. 2012;209:607615.
28. Zhang X, Dong H, Bao D, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhang S. Effect of
small amount of water on CO2 bubble behavior in ionic liquid systems. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2014;53:428439.
AIChE Journal
AIChE Journal
DOI 10.1002/aic
2939