Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Serway
Chris Vuille
Chapter Four
3.1 Force
3.1 Force
FLOOR
Fnett F 0
Newtons second law of motion
the rate of a change of momentum of an object with
time is directly proportional to the net force acting
on it
Fnett F ma
Newtons third law of motion
for every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction; action and reaction forces act on different
objects
Ffloor Fball
Weight, w
Weight is the force exerted on that object by
gravity.
W = mg
Mass is measured in Kilogram (Kg)
Mass is not weight
Mass is a property of an object.
W
Normal Force, N
N
object
floor
Friction Force, ff
-Always oppose the motion direction
-Exist at rough surface
F
ff
Ff N
Coefficent
of friction
Normal Force
Tension, T
T1
T2
F F
nett
ma
15
F ma
m kg m
kg 2 2
s
s
EXCERCISE
Draw Free Body Diagram for figure below
a)
c)
b)
d)
F 110 N
0.059 m s
m
1850 kg
20
F ma
is equivalent to
may
max
21
Example
A man is stranded on a raft (total mass of man and raft is 1300kg). By paddling,
he causes an average force = 17N to be applied in the positive x-direction. The
wind also exert =15N at angle 67 from x-axis. Ignoring any resistance from the
water, find x and y component of the rafts acceleration.
22
Example
The net force on the raft can be calculated
in the following way:
Force
x component
y component
+17 N
0N
+(15 N) cos67
+(15 N) sin67
+23 N
+14 N
23
Acceleration in x-direction
ax
23 N
2
0.018 m s
1300 kg
Acceleration in y-direction
ay
14 N
2
0.011 m s
1300 kg
24
Example
A traffic light weighing 1.0 x 102 N hands from a vertical
cable tied to two other cables that are fastened to
support, as in Figure 1. The upper cables make angles of
37.0 and 53.0 with the horizontal. Find the tension in
each of three cables.
37.0o
53.0o
T1
T3
T1
T2
T2
37.00
T3
53.0 0
T3
Figure 1
W = mg
Solution
Fx = 0:
T1 cos 143 + T2 cos 53 = 0
Fy = 0
- 0.799T1 + 0.602T2 = 0
T3 - Fg= 0
T1= 0.753T2.(1)
T3 = Fg = 1.0 x 102 N
Fy = 0 :
Force
xcomponent
ycomponent
T1
T1 cos 143
T1 sin 143
T2
T2 cos 53.0
T2 sin 53.0
T3
- 100
Example:
Three wooden blocks connected by a rope of negligible mass are
being dragged by a horizontal force, F in figure below.
m1
T1
m2
T2
m3
27
SOLUTION:
a. For the block, m1 = 3 kg
m1
T1
T1
m2
T2
T2
a
m3
F
F
F T1 m1a
x 1000 T1 3a
T1 3a 1000
x
F
F
T1 T2 m2 a
T1 T2 15a
T1 T2 15a
(1)
(2)
T2 m3 a
T2 30a
(3)
28
SOLUTION:
T1 45a 0
Eq. (1)(4) :
(4)
1000
a
48
a 20.8 m s 2
T1 936 N
T2 624 N
29
Example:
Two blocks, A of mass 10 kg and B of mass 30 kg, are side by side
and in contact with each another. They are pushed along a smooth
floor under the action of a constant force F of magnitude 200 N
applied to A as shown in figure below. Determine
a. the acceleration of the blocks,
Solution :
F m
mB a
F mA mB a
x
200 10 30a
2
a 5.0 m s
30
SOLUTION:
b. For the object A,
FBA
FAB
FBA 150 N
F FBA mAa
FAB mB a
FAB 305.0
FAB 150 N
31
EXAMPLES
Suppose a 2-kg object is pulled up an inclined plane with a force of 50 N. The
surface has a coefficient of friction of 0.2. Find the acceleration of the object.
a
50 N
FN
y
x
50 N
25 0
Object is along the incline, hence a = ax and ay = 0
Fx = max ;
Ff
25 o
25o
Fy = may = 0 ;
FN + (-W cos 25) = 0
FN (2)(9.8)cos 25 = 0
a = 19.08 ms-2
FN = 17.76 N (2)
EXAMPLES
Two objects of masses m1 = 10 kg and m2 = 15 kg are connected
by a light string which passes over a smooth pulley as shown in
figure below. Calculate
a. the acceleration of the object of mass 10 kg.
b. the tension in the each string.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
m1
Solution :
a. For the object m1= 10 kg,
m2
T1
T1 m1 g m1a
where
T1 T2 T
T 10g 10a
W1 m1 g
(1)
33
SOLUTION:
a. For the object m2= 15 kg,
T2
F
F
m2 g T2 m2 a
15g T 15a
T 15g 15a
Eq. (1) + (2) :
5 g 59.81
a
25
25
a 1.96 m s 2
W2 m2 g
y
(2)
T 109.81 101.96
Therefore
T 118N
T1 T2 T 118 N
34
Example
Solution:
a)T mg 0
T 3(9.8)
T 29.4N
FN
mg
b)T FN mg
29.4 FN 50
mg
FN 50 29.4
20.6 N
box
Exercise
Exercise..
Exercise
Figure 4-32
47
48
49
Frictional Forces
Strings and Springs
Translational Equilibrium
Connected Objects
Circular Motion
Frictional Forces
Friction has its basis in surfaces that are not completely smooth:
6-1 Frictional
Frictional Forces
Forces
Kinetic friction: the friction experienced by surfaces sliding against one another
The static frictional force depends on the normal force:
(6-1)
The constant
6-1 Frictional
Frictional Forces
Forces
6-1 Frictional
Frictional Forces
Forces
Frictional Forces
The static frictional force keeps an object from starting to move when a force is
applied. The static frictional force has a maximum value, but may take on any value
from zero to the maximum, depending on what is needed to keep the sum of
forces zero.
Frictional Forces
(6-2)
where
(6-3)
The static frictional force is also independent of the area of contact and the
relative speed of the surfaces.
The constant
Translational Equilibrium
(6-5)
Translational Equilibrium
Connected Objects
When forces are exerted on connected objects, their accelerations are
the same.
If there are two objects connected by a string, and we know the force
and the masses, we can find the acceleration and the tension:
Connected Objects
We treat each box as a separate system:
6-4 Connected
Connected Objects
Objects
If there is a pulley, it is easiest to have the coordinate system follow the string:
Circular
Motion
3.1.5 Circular
Motion
Uniform Circular Motion
Centripetal Acceleration
Centripetal Force
2r
v
T
Example
Solutions
830 revolutions in one minute
1
3
1.2 10 min/ revolution
830 revolutions / min
T= 1.2 X 10-3 min, which corresponds to 0.072s
2r 2 (0.29m)
v
25m / s
T
0.072s
4. Centripetal acceleration ,
it points toward the center of
the circle.
Centripetal Acceleration
Magnitude ac of the centripetal acceleration
depends on the speed v of the object and the
radius r of the circular path. ac=v2/r
COP is an isosceles triangle. Both
triangles have equal apex angles .
v vt
v
r
v / t
ac=v2/r
The direction is toward the center of the
circle.
Centripetal Force
Some algebra gives us the magnitude of the acceleration,
and therefore the force, required to keep an object of
mass m moving in a circle of radius r.
The magnitude of the force is given by:
Circular
Motion
Circular
Motion
This force may be provided by the tension in a string, the normal force, or friction,
among others.
Example:
The model airplane has a mass of 0.90 kg and
moves at a constant speed on a circle that is
parallel to the ground. The path of the airplane
and its guideline lie in the same horizontal plane,
because the weight of the plane is balanced by
the lift generated by its wings. Find the tension T
in the guideline(length=17m) for speeds of 19 and
38m/s.
Solutions:
Speed =19m/s
2
(0.90kg)(19m / s)
T
19 N
17m
Speed =38m/s
(0.90kg)(38m / s) 2
T
76 N
17m
i luv physics