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8) What is ARFCN?
In cellular mobile communications the radio channels are identified by their
Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number. In GSM ARFCN 1 to 124 are used.
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10) Describe in brief the functionalities of the Base Transceiver Station (BTS)?
The BTS is a part of the Base Station Sub system and is in contact with the MS
through the radio interface. The BTS is in charge of management of transmission and
reception on the radio interface.
11) Describe in brief the functionalities of the Base Station Controller (BSC)?
The BSC is connected on one side to one or several BTSs and on the other side to the
MSC. The main function of the BSC is allocation and release of radio channels and
the handover management.
12) What is the function of the Mobile switching center (MSC)?
The MSC performs the basic function of switching. The main function of the MSC is to co-ordinate the
setting up of calls to and from GSM users and the external network The MSC has interface with the BSS
on one side and the external network on the other side.
13) What is the function of the Home Location Register (HLR)?
The Home Location Register (HLR) together with the MSC, provide the callrouting
and roaming capabilities of GSM. The HLR contains all the
administrative information of each subscriber registered in the corresponding GSM
network, along with the current location of the mobile.
14) What is the function of the Visitor Location Register (VLR)?
The Visitor Location Register contains roaming information. Once the visited system
detects the mobile, the VLR of that system enquires the HLR to make sure you are a
valid subscriber. It temporarily stores the last location area visited by the MS, the
power the mobile uses, the special services the MS is subscribed to and so on.
15) What is the function of the Equipment Identity Register (EIR)?
The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a database that stores data related to the
mobile equipment. It contains a list of all valid mobile equipment on the network,
where each mobile station is identified by International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI).This is useful when searching for stolen mobile equipment or when
monitoring misuse of mobile stations.
16) What is the function of the Authentication Center (AuC)?
The Authentication Center is a database that stores a copy of the secret key
stored in each subscriber's SIM card, which is used for authentication and ciphering
of the radio channel.
17) What is the function of the TRAU?
18) What is SIM? What are the functions of the SIM?
The Subscriber Identity Module is a card inside a mobile equipment which contains subscriber related
data. The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify the
subscriber to the system, a secret key for authentication, and other information.
19) Describe how authentication is performed in GSM?
Authentication involves two functional entities, the SIM card in the mobile, and the Authentication Center
(AuC). Each subscriber is given a secret key (Ki), one copy of which is stored in the SIM card and the
other in the Authentication Center. During authentication, the AuC generates a random number (RAND)
that it sends to the mobile. Both the mobile and the AuC then use the random number, in conjunction with
the subscriber's secret key and a ciphering algorithm called A3, to generate a number (SRES) that is sent
back to the AuC. If the number sent by the mobile is the same as the one calculated by the AuC, the
subscriber is authenticated.
32) Draw and explain the protocol layer between the Mobile Station and the BTS?
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33) What are the functions of the Radio resource Management Layer in GSM?
The main function of the Radio resource management layer is to establish and release stable connections
between mobile stations and the MSC for the duration of the call and to maintain the connection despite
user movements.
34) What are the functions of the Mobility Management sub layer in GSM?
The mobility Management layer manages the location updating, handovers, and registration procedures.
The machines concerned with mobility management are mainly the MS, the HLR and VLR. The security
function is performed by the AuC.
35) What are the functions of the Communications Management sub layer in GSM?
Communications Management sub layer terminates at the MSC and contains entities that currently
consist of CC including call-related supplementary services, SMS, and
call independent supplementary services support (SS).
49) Draw and Explain the Protocol architecture of the GSM Network?
Frequency planning is to be done for the GSM network for a given operator with
A set of GSM frequency band.Frequency reuse pattern is used for capacity planning.
To minimize frequency interference problems.
6) What are all the patterns available? How is frequency planning done on planning tool?
4/12 pattern.3/9 pattern .Automatic frequency planning can be done in planning tool.
7) What is co-channel interference and adjacent channel interference?
The interference caused by using same channels in a network is called cochannel interference and
interference caused by adjacent channels of is called adjacent channel interference.
8) How do you minimize co-channel interference?
proper frequency planning and proper reuse pattern.
9) How do you minimize adjacent channel interference?
Proper frequency planning.
10) What is model tuning? Why is it used? Okarama Hatta model?
Model tuning is done for any planning tool to obtain proper prediction expected from
planning tool
as there will be difference in actual and predicted data for planning tool. One of the model is Okarama
Hatta
Hatta Model is used which considers the signal propagation losses.
11) What is link Budget Analysis used for in GSM?
Link budget analysis is used for the path balance between both uplink (Transmitter)
Downlink (Receiver) part of the network.
12) How is path loss taken into calculation?
This is the total path loss occurred due to multipath propagation of the signal between transmitted signal
and the received signal level.
13) What is capacity planning?
This is process of increasing traffic by adding Trxs traffic channels and proper use of frequency reuse
pattern. Addition of BTSs
14) How is site selection done for planning and site acquisition?
After nominal cell planning with the geographical coordinates identifying best site candidate in a
geographical area is the process of site selection.
15) What is optimization? What are the tools used for optimization?
Once GSM network is integrated in order to achieve proper planning prediction
RF parameters Optimization is done. Drive test tool,Planning tool and Post processing tools are
Used for optimization.
16) How do we use the above antenna patterns for optimization?
Proper antenna orientation and tilts and antenna types can be used
for optimizing network.
17) How do we handle poor C/I, C/A, handover problems and blocking?
Checking proper neighbor list, changing frequency planning and proper no of radio channels availability.
18) What is system information?
System information is from BTS sent to Mobile for the idle mode and dedicated mode of the call for call
management.
19) What is bench marking in GSM?
Bench Marking used for comparing performance of different network for quality and call performance
parameters.
20) What is Erlang table?
This is the table for calculating Traffic in erlang for no of channels.
21) What is grade of service?
Grade of service is the blocking for the given traffic channels.
22) How do you optimize a network using OMCR performance data?
Proper increase in call success, and increase in handover success performance and drop call reduction
performance.
23) What is daily report and traffic?
This is the report obtained in OMC for the performce of all BTS about traffic .