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2.1
Circuit Structure
RB
RB
T1
Fig. 2.2
(ii) The output transistor pair, T3 and T4 shown in Fig. 2.3 and referred
to as a totem-pole output, can actively source or sink current to or
from capacitive loads and allows the output voltage to be defined
independently of the load connected to the gate. Resistor, R 3 ,
serves to limit current. Under steady-state conditions, only one
transistor is ON at a time.
T4 OFF
RL
T4 ON
T3 OFF
T3 ON
RL
R3
130
R1
1.6k
RB
4k
T4
Input
T2
T1
Output
T3
Vi
VO
T1 SAT
T2 OFF
T3 OFF
T4 ON
VOH MIN
VO
R2
1k
(2.86V)
T1 SAT
T2 ON
T3 OFF
T4 ON
T1 SAT
T2 ON
T3 ON
T4 ONOFF
T1 SATREV ON
T2 SAT
T3 SAT
T4 OFF
VOL MAX
(0.2V)
0.5V
VIL MAX
VIH MIN
(1.2V)
(1.4V)
Vi
T4
D
T3
Fig. 2.4
VO
RC
Vi = LO T2 OFF VO 1 = HI VO 2 = LO
VO1
Vi = HI T2 ON
T2
VO 1 = LO VO 2 = HI
VO2
RE
2.2
Logical Operation
T1
T2
T3
T4
OUPUT
LO
ONFOR
OFF
OFF
ONCUT-IN
ONCUT-IN
HI
HI
ONREV
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
LO
LO in action
2.3
HI out
and
HI in
LO out
Transfer Characteristic
Point B
As the input voltage is slowly increased, the above condition prevails
until, with T1 ON in saturation, the voltage at the base of T2 rises to
reach the point of conduction. Then:
VO = 4V
Point C
As the input voltage is further increased, T2 becomes more conducting,
turning fully ON. Base current to T2 is supplied by the forward biased
base-collector junction of T1 which is still in saturation (i.e both
junctions of T1 are forward biased). Eventually, T3 reaches the point of
conduction. This happens when:
Vi = 1.2V VO = 2.86V
Point D
As the input voltage is further increased, T2 conducts more heavily,
eventually saturating. T3 also conducts more heavily and eventually
reaches the point of saturation. As T2 becomes more conducting, its
collector current increases. This in turn increases the voltage drop
across R1 which in turn means that the voltage across T2, i.e. VCE2,
decreases. This falls below the requirement for conduction in T4 and
the diode, D, so that both of these turn OFF prior to the saturation of
T3.
When T3 reaches the edge of saturation:
VO = 0.2V
NML = 1.0V
ViHMIN = 1.4V
VOHMIN = 2.8V
NMH = 1.4V
NML = 0.4V
ViHMIN = 2.0V
VOHMIN = 2.4V
NMH = 0.4V