Pagiauan Tinospora rumphii Stem Extract and

Lemongrass Andropogon citratus

as an Effective Pesticide

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements in Biology

SAINT PAUL UNIVERSITY SURIGAO

Basic Education Department

ROBE NICO RAY DAGCUTA

COLEEN JEAN ARQUION
HANNA LOREN DEBERTO
MARK ANTHONY RARO
NIKKO GEOFFREY BAGOTSAY
STEVE ANGELO AGUILAR
Researchers

Abstract
In an attempt to utilize Pagiauan plant, this study seeks to use
Pagiauan stem extract and lemongrass as an effective pesticide. It also
aims to assess if and ever Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii) and Lemongrass
(Andropogon citratus) as pesticide will be able to be compete in todays
market.
Pagiauan stem and lemongrass were washed thoroughly with clean
water. Pagiauan stems were cut into inches and then were pounded with
the use of mortar and pestle. The pounded Pagiauan stem was boiled into
three cups of water heated at 350 C for 15 minutes. Meanwhile,
lemongrass and ginger were washed and pounded, then was boiled into 1
cups of water heated at 350 C for 10 minutes. The boiled Pagiauan
stem and lemongrass with ginger were mixed in a bowl and was added a
little bit of calamansi. The sample mixture was strained again to remove
clumps and calamansi seeds. The sample mixture was stored in a spray
bottle until further use.
Different Setups were made and different tests were done. Results
revealed

that

Pagiauan

(Tinospora

rumphii)

and

Lemongrass

(Andropogon citratus) is an effective pesticide and is efficient enough to

compete in our market today.

Acknowledgement
Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)ii
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

This dissertation would not have been possible without the guidance and
the help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and
extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this
study.
First and foremost, our utmost gratitude to Mr. Ricky Boy E Limlingan,
our Biology teacher, who has been our inspiration as we hurdle all the
obstacles in the completion this research work.
Mrs. Elenita P. Villa, for her guidance and for sharing her knowledge
on research which enabled us to finish our study.
Arquion Family, who warmly considered us to stay in their home.
To Mr. Raro, for his great contribution in accomplishing this study.
Special thanks to our parents, who supported the researchers
unendingly with love and inspiration as well, as we labored and journeyed
towards the accomplishment of this research.
Above all, we would like to praise, honor and give thanks to the
Almighty Father In heaven for all the blessing and graces he bestowed, for
without him it wouldnt be such a relief though obstacles came through our
way.

Table of Contents

iii

Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

Page
Title Page

Abstract

ii

Acknowledgement

iii

Table of Contents

iv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
B. Statement of the Problem
i.
Objectives of the Study
ii.
Hypotheses
C. Significance of the Study
D. Scope and Limitation

1-4
1-2
2
3
3
4
4

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

5-8

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

9-12

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

13-19

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

20

REFERENCES

21-22

CHAPTER I

iv

Introduction

Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

Background of the Study

As we all know, the increasing demand of pesticide triggers its value
as well its increase. They are known for its capability to lessen and
exterminate the amount of pests.
Commercial pesticides are products which contain chemicals and
even minerals for it to serve its use. Therefore the manufacturers of these
products depend only to the production and effectiveness of chemicals
present on it. These products also undergo a lot of processes before it can
be approved and can be used.
Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) is a vine found throughout the
Philippines. Wehmer quotes Hartwitch [Neue Arzneidroge (1897) 389], who
reports that the whole plant contains a bitter principle, columbine (2.22%);
traces of an alkaloid; and a glucoside. He further records that the plant
contains an amorphous bitter principle, picroretine and traces of berberine.
A study showed that the bitter extract of the stem does not contain an
alkaloid. Pagiauan is being studied for its possible stimulant effect on the
immune system. Anecdotal benefits for a variety of HIV-related complaints.
Lemon grass abundantly grown in the Philippines it is widely used as
spice in Philippine cooking. Lemon grass is locally known to us Filipinos as
tanglad (Citronella Grass).
Lemon grass has antibacterial and antifungal properties which help
to deal with lot of health problems. It is the herb which is used in many
homes to cope mainly with cough, cold and fever.

Pagiauan plant and lemongrass is very abundant in the Philippines

especially in our place, though proved to be very useful in terms of
Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

medicinal uses, it still has disadvantages. Pagiauans vines or stem climbs

up and tangles electric wirings as you can see in street posts that cause
wire disconnection and may be very destructive if it happens.
The researchers are trying to do something about this problem and
not just let the people spend large amount of money.
Though,

lemongrass

has

shown

insecticidal

activity

and

effectiveness against Aedes egypti , we, researchers, formulated the idea

to combine the two, Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii) and Lemongrass
(Andropogon citratus), as an effective pesticide.
This research is intended to know other significant uses of some
natural resources like Pagiauan plant. It is also intended to produce an
effective pesticide which is less expensive and safer to use.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to know if Pagiauan stem extract and Lemongrass
can be used as an effective pesticide.
This study will seek to answer the following questions:
1. What would be the effect of Pagiauan stem extract and Lemongrass to
pests (e.g. snails, earthworms)?
2. Is there a significant difference between Pagiauan stem extract and
Lemongrass, from commercial pesticides in terms of time, cost and efficiency?

Objectives of the Study

2

This study aims to know if Pagiauan stem extract and Lemongrass

can be used as an effective pesticide against pests and insects (e.g. snails,
earthwormd)
Specifically, it aims to:
Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

1. Determine the effectiveness of Tinospora rumphii Boerl and

Andropogon citratus DC against the specific test organisms
through time, cost, and efficiency.
2. Compare the efficacy of Tinospora rumphii Boerl and Andropogon
citratus DC, with commercial pesticides in terms of time, cost, and
efficiency.

Hypotheses
1. There is no effect of Tinospora rumphii (Pagiauan) stem extract and
Andropogon citratus (Lemongrass) as an effective pesticide.
2. There is no difference between the effectiveness of Tinospora
rumphii (Pagiauan) stem extract and Andropogon citratus
(Lemongrass) against commercial pesticides as an effective pesticide
considering time, cost, and efficiency.

Significance of the Study

3

The study has significant aspects. First, it is focused in simple

solutions to lessen the threat of these kinds of pests. A threat imposed
upon our health and our economic stability, since our country is inclined to
agriculture and we need to protect our crops.

Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

The researchers would like to impose a new and effective pesticide

using this study to help lessen threats against our health and crops in our
community, and can be obtained and made easily to the availability of the
materials uses in making this kind of pesticide.
The researchers would like to produce a pesticide from Pagiauan
stem extract and lemongrass that is effective yet cheaper and is
environmental friendly.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study only deals about the effect of Pagiauan stem extract and
lemongrass on the test organisms namely, snails and earthworms. The
effect of the said concoction will be compared with the commercial
pesticide available.

CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature

Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

Pagiauan is a vine found throughout the Philippines. It is commonly

known as Makabuhay. It contains a bitter principle, columbine, and traces
of an alkaloid, and a glucoside, berberine. The Filipinos and Malaya in
general consider this vine as a universal medicine. It is the most popular of
local medicinal plants. The name in Tagalog means to give life. It is
commonly prescribes as an aqueous extract treatment of stomach trouble,
indigestion, and diarrhea. It is the basis of a popular preparation, which is
used as a cordial, a tonic, or an ingredient in cocktails. It is also an effective
remedy in the treatment of tropical ulcers. In powder form, it is prescribed in
fevers. A preparation with coconut oil is an effective cure for rheumatism
and also for flatulence of children (kabag). The preparation is made by
chopping the Pagiauan stem into pieces of 1 or 2 inches long, placing
them in a jar with coconut oil, and cooking them under the sun, the jar is
then put aside and not opened until a year has elapsed. A decoction of the
stem is considered an effective cure if used as a wash for tropical ulcers.
Father de Ste. Maria includes Pagiauan in his book, Manual de
Medicinas Casera, and says that it is given the decoction or powder from
as a febrifuge. The decoction of the stem is also an excellent vulnerary for
itches, ordinary and cancerous wounds, Guerrero reports that internally it is
used as tonic and antimalaria: externally as a parasiticide.
Recent studies in the Philippines have found it useful as an
insecticide for rice crops. Not for pregnant women, as can cause abortions.
It is also being studied for its possible stimulant effect on the immune

system. Anecdotal benefits for a variety of HIV-related complaints.

Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

Recent

studies

showed

Pagiauan

to

contain

special

polysaccharide, or carbohydrate that triggers activity of macrophages,

white blood cells that play a role in immunity. Other studies include: (1) Hay
Fever / Allergic Rhinitis: A study in the Indira Ghandi Medical College
showed it effective in relieving symptoms of hay fever or allergic rhinitis.
The study used the supplement Tinofend 300 mg three times a day.
(2) Anti-scabies: Tinospora rumphii Boerl. (Pagiauan) in the Treatment
of Scabies: The study established the acaricidal property of Tinospora
rumphii . A concomitant antimicrobial action could not be ruled out. (3)
Furanoid Diterpenes: Study yielded cleordane type furanoid diterpenes: a
new rumphioside I and known borapetodies C and F, plus three other
compounds. (4) Clerodane Diterpenes: Study yielded two new diterpenes,
1 and 2, from the leaves of Tinospora rumphii , along with known
compounds

tinotufolin

and

vitexilactone.

(5) Swine

Diarrhea

Control: Study showed reduction of diarrhea with use of 25% fresh

makabuhay

decoction

from

day

15-35

in

piglets

with

diarrhea.

(6) Antifertility Effect: Study on Sprague-Dawley rats investigated the

effect of T rumphii on the activity of 3-B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
activity in the ovary. (7) Hypoglycemic / Hypolipidemic: Study on the
extract of Tinospora cordifolia roots for 6 weeks resulted in a significant
reduction of blood and urine glucose and lipids in serum and tissues in
alloxan diabetic rats. (8) Antimicrobial / Diterpenes: Study on chloroform
extract of air-dried leaves yielded a new clerodane diterpene, B2, and
known diterpenes B1, tinotufolin D (B5) and vitexilactone (B3). B2 was
found to have antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and T.

Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

mentagrophytes, and antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and

Bacillus subtilis.
Lemon grass abundantly grown in the Philippines it is widely used as
spice in Philippine cooking. Lemon grass is locally known to us Filipinos as
tanglad (Citronella Grass).
Lemon grass has antibacterial and antifungal properties which help
to deal with lot of health problems. It is the herb which is used in many
homes to cope mainly with cough, cold and fever.
Citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), which is native to South East
Asia, yields citronella oil, which is used in perfume, cosmetics, and insect
repellents. Its repellent properties are also utilized in preparations used in
dog and cat control. Fractional distillation of the oil may be used to produce
menthol, which has medicinal uses.
Recent studies showed that lemongrass can be used as:
(1) Antibacterial / Antifungal: Studies have shown antibacterial activity,
comparable to penicillin. Various studies has shown activity against C
albicans, C pseudotropicalis, Mycrosporum gypseum and A niger.
(2) Neurobehavioral Effects: Study of myrcene in rats suggests anxiolytic
activity. Study of essentail oil produced marked CNS depression in mice,
similar to chlorpromazine effect. Also, it increased sleepness time, similar
to a thiopental effect. (3) Antinociceptive / Analgesic: Myrcene extract
from the essential oil has been shown to have an antinociceptive effect.
(4) Antitumoral: Study showed a-myrcene possess antimutagenic activity6
in mammary cells. Plant compounds, a-limonene and geraniol showed
inhibition of liver and intestinal mucous membrane cancer in mice. Study in
Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

Thailand showed inhibition of colorectal neoplasia in mice. Study showed

inhibitory effects on early phase hepatocarcinogenesis in rats after initiation
with diethylnitrosamine. (5) Insect repellent / Insecticidal: Studies of plant
oil and powder have shown insect repellent and insecticidal activity.
Essential oil has shown activity against Anopheline mosquitos, A
culicifacies and A quinquefasciatus and certaindevelopmental phase
inhibition of A aegypti. (6) Mosquito repellent: Study on the mosquito
repellency properties of volatile oils derived from lemongrass (C citratus),
citronella grass (cymbopobon nadus) and May chang (Litsea cubeba)
against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefascitus showed no significant
difference on repellency.
Other studies related to Pagiauan and Lemongrass are: 7
Tinospora rumphii Boerl. (Makabuhay) in the Treatment of Scabies / Nelia
P

Salazar

et

al

/;

Insecticidal

use

of

Tinospora

The use of 25% fresh makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii

rhumhii;
Boerl) vine

decoction as preventive medication for swine (Sus domesticus) suckling

diarrhea (15-35 days old) / Carace G B and Villaver T T / CLSU Scientific
Journal Vol 1-2.pp59-60; The modulation of ovarian 3B-Hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase activity in rats during treatment with Tinospora rumphii
Boerl / Else Dapat / 1999 / DOST SciNET-Phil; Efficacy of Volatile Oils
Derived from Cymbopogon citratus, C nardus and L cubeba against
Mosquitoes / Oramon Santiwitchaya / Thesis /.

Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC) 8
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

CHAPTER III
Methodology

Sampling Site and Collection of Sample

The collection of samples of Pagiauan stem was done at the

mountains of Barangay Bad-as, Placer, Surigao del Norte; while the
collection of samples of lemongrass was done at Sitio Looc, Surigao City.
The samples were then placed on a clean plastic bag for transportation.

Sample Preparation
Pagiauan stem and lemongrass were washed thoroughly with clean
water. An ample amount of Pagiauan stems were cut into inches and then
were pounded with the use of mortar and pestle. The pounded Pagiauan
stem was boiled into three cups of water heated at 350 C for 15 minutes.
Meanwhile, lemongrass and ginger were washed and pounded, then was
boiled into 1 cups of water heated at 350 C for 10 minutes. The boiled
Pagiauan stem and lemongrass with ginger were strained repeatedly to
get clumps and unneeded substance from the sample mixture. The boiled
Pagiauan stem and lemongrass with ginger were mixed in a bowl and was
added a little bit of calamansi. The sample mixture was strained again to
remove clumps and calamansi seeds. The sample mixture was stored in a
spray bottle until further use. See Figure 1.
Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

Figure 1. Collection of Pagiauan stems and lemongrass, and preparation of sample.

Sampling Site and Preparation of Test Organism

The collection of samples of Kohol (Golden Apple Snail) was done at
Barangay Bad-as, Placer, Surigao del Norte. It was then placed on a clean
plastic bag for transportation.
Kohol was placed on a plastic bowl filled with water and sorted out
the ones that would be used for the four different tests. For the first test, 8
Kohols were prepared to be used. On the second test, 8 Kohols were also
prepared to be used. Four Kohols were prepared to be used in the third
Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

and fourth tests. All of the Kohols were sorted out by determining which
Kohol was still alive so as to be used in the experiment. An extra fifth test
was also carried out.

Evaluating the Effectiveness

Comparing and contrasting method for anti-pest susceptibility testing
10

was carried out to assess the effectiveness of the produced sample

pesticide with other locally known pesticides. Four tests were done and four
setups were made, being setup B, setup C, and setup D were sample

pesticides, and setup A was the controlled setup. Setup B had the
Pagiauan stem extract and Lemongrass pesticide. Setup C and Setup D
had the commercially available pesticides, being that Setup C was given by
a farmer and Setup D was from a supermarket.
Test 1, had 4 setups prepared, each with 2 Kohols put in a mini
saucer. Each setup was treated with the sample pesticides; each saucer
was poured an ample amount of pesticide B, pesticide C and pesticide D,
except for setup A. The Kohols were soaked with pesticide for 10 minutes.
See Figure 2. Test 2, had the same setups as Test 1, but Kohols of Test 2
were soaked with pesticide for 5 minutes. See Figure 3
Test 3, was the individual test. Three Kohols were treated with
pesticide and 1 Kohol as the control. One Kohol was soaked in pesticide B
for 10 seconds, another in pesticide C as well as pesticide D. See Figure 4.
Test 4, was the effectiveness on water test. Four Kohols were placed
in a bowl of clean water. Then an ample amount Pagiauan stem extract
Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

and Lemongrass pesticide was sprayed unto the bowl of clean water. See
Figure 5.
An extra fifth test was carried out. An ample amount Pagiauan stems extract
and Lemongrass pesticide was sprayed unto earthworms on the ground, See figure 6.
11

Figure 2. Test 1: (left to right) had 4 setups prepared; soaked with pesticide
for 10 minutes; wait for any signs of Kohol still alive

Figure 3. Test 2: (left to right) had 4 setups prepared; soaked with pesticide for 5
minutes; wait for any signs of Kohol still alive

Figure 4. Test 3: (left to right) kohol was

Figure 5. Test 4: Pagiauan and

soaked for 10 seconds

Lemongrass pesticide spray on

bowl

Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

Figure 6. Test 5: Pagiauan and Lemongrass pesticide

spray on earthworm

CHAPTER IV
12

Results and Discussion

Effectiveness by Time
Test 1 and Test 2 were both made to test the effectiveness of
Pagiauan stem extract and Lemongrass pesticide (pesticide B) against
commercially available pesticides- pesticide C and pesticide D.
In Test 1, one hour after all of the Kohols were soaked for 10
minutes, there were no signs of any Kohol that survived. All of the Kohols
treated with pesticide B, pesticide C, and pesticide D showed no signs of
life or recovery.
In Test 2, one hour after all of the Kohols were soaked for 5 minutes,
the Kohol from setup B, treated with Pagiauan stem extract and
Lemongrass pesticide, woke up again.
KOHOL

Test

Number of

Time

Result

Kohols used
2

controlled

controlled

Setup B

10 minutes

Effective

Setup C

10 minutes

Effective

Setup D

10 minutes

Effective

in
Setup A

Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

Table 1. Test 1: Effectiveness of Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii) stem extract and

Lemongrass (Andropogon citrates) shows the same as to commercially available
pesticide in 10 minutes.

KOHOL in

Test

Number of

Time

Result

Kohols used
2

controlled

controlled

Setup B

5 minutes

Not Effective

Setup C

5 minutes

Effective

Setup D

5 minutes

Effective

Setup A

13

Table 2. Test 2: Effectiveness of Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii) stem extract and

Lemongrass (Andropogon citrates) shows not effective as to commercially available
pesticide in 5 minutes.

In Test 3, it was the individual test. This test is for us to know how
effective pesticide B, pesticide C, and pesticide D in regards to how quickly
the organism is affected by the pesticide. This test is a matter of speed and
how quick does the pesticide take effect.
In order for us to find out if the Kohol is dead is to observe the
amount of bubbles the Kohol excretes during or after the 10 second
soaking of the Kohol. This will show how much air, or diffused oxygen is
breathed out.
Results show that, after 10 seconds that one Kohol was soaked in
Setup B, it released air for 1 minute and 13 seconds.

Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

Setup C released air for about 1 minute and 50 seconds. Setup D

released air for a surprising short time of 30 seconds.
Setup B and Setup D were confirmed dead after few minutes.
However, Setup C woke up again after 5 minutes.
Table 3 shows the summary of Test 3.
KOHOL in

Setup A

Setup D

Test

Number

Time

14

Number of

of Kohol

Kohols

used

dead in

controlled

0 sec

minutes
controlled

10 sec

20 sec

30 sec

Result

controlled

Effective
and Very
Fast

Setup B

40 sec

50 sec

1 min

1:10 min

Effective
and Fast

Setup C

1:20 min

1:30 min

1:40 min

1:50 min

Effective
but Slow

Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

2:00 min

Table 3. Test 3: Effectiveness of Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii) stem extract and

Lemongrass (Andropogon citrates) shows to be faster thaun Setup C but slower than
Setup D.

In Test 4, shows the effectiveness of Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii )

15

stem extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus) pesticide through

water. We need to have this test because Kohols are pest that thrive in
waters and are seldom seen on dry land except when they eat and destroy
crops like palay. Four Kohols were put in a bowl of clean water Pagiauan
(Tinospora rumphii ) stem extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus)
pesticide was put in the bowl. Because of the pesticide, the Kohols
released air which means its losing oxygen. Five minutes later, the Kohols
were dead. See Figure 8.
In Test 5, we researchers stayed true to our background of finding
other significant uses of Pagiauan . That is why Test 5 was made to know
if Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii ) stem extract and Lemongrass
(Andropogon citratus) is an effective molluscicide. Same sample mixture
was sprayed unto the earthworm then the earthworm turned pale then died
immediately after. See Figure 7.

Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

Figure 7. Test 5: (left to right) Earthworm was sprayed with Pagiauan (Tinospora
rumphii) stem extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citrates)

16

Figure 8. Test 4: (left to right) Cleanwater was sprayed with Pagiauan (Tinospora
rumphii) stem extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citrates) pesticide; All Kohol were
dead.

Effectiveness by Time
100
80
Column2

60
40
20
0
Setup A

Setup B

Setup C

Setup D

Chart 1. Effectiveness of Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii) stem extract and Lemongrass

(Andropogon citrates) shows to be the same as Setup C.Setup D is much effective
when it comes to time.

Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

Effectiveness by Cost
Setup C and Setup D are both commercially available pesticides, so
there is no doubt that commercial products are always high on value. Setup
B, which is the Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii ) stem extract and
Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus) pesticide, uses low cost items and most
17
of the materials used can be found at home. Pagiauan (Tinospora

rumphii) stem extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus) is cheaper

and effective.

Effectiveness by Cost
120
100
Column2

80
60
40
20
0
Setup A

Setup B

Setup C

Setup D

Chart 2. Effectiveness of Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii) stem extract and Lemongrass

(Andropogon citrates) shows to be much more cheaper.

Effectiveness by Efficiency

Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

Time for the product to work and cost are one of the major factors for
the successful marketing of a product. With Setup C, you get a slightly
mediocre product and costly too. With Setup D, it is understandable that it
is costly because it works so well. With Setup D, you get a great value for
your money. But, with Setup B, the Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii ) stem
extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus) pesticide, you get similar
results to roughly to that of Setup C and spend less for the materials used
were low cost.
18

The final verdict would be:

Effectiveness by Efficiency
(Marketability)
100
90
80
70
Column2

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Setup A

Setup B

Setup C

Setup D

Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

CHAPTER V

19

Conclusions and Recommendations

Conclusions

Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

We therefore conclude that Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii ) stem

extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus) can be successfully made
into an effective pesticide against pests who threats our economys primary
source of income-agriculture.
Based on the results, the null hypothesis was rejected. Pagiauan
stem extract and Lemongrass was proven to be an effective pesticide. Five
tests confirm that not only does this study prove to be an effective pesticide
but, according to Test 5, it is also an effective molluscicide. Pagiauan stem
extract and Lemongrass as pesticide can compete with todays market
especially that market prices are getting higher and higher.
Recommendations
Researchers recommend testing other characteristics of Pagiauan
or other parts of Pagiauan other than the stems to utilize in other studies
such as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, or as an insecticide. In addition, we
recommend testing Lemongrass and Pagiauan if it is an effective
pesticide by it selves.

References

20

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as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide

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Glee Lawreez Cagas (2011). A study on Panyawan as Termicide.
Happyhomemaker88.com (2008). Natural Pesticide from Lemongrass.
http://happyhomemaker88.com/2008/04/10/natural-plant-extract-pesticide/
Marlene Alphonse (2011). How to Make Lemongrass
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/how-to-make-lemongrass-oil.html

Oil.

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Antibacterial Property of Makabuhay (TInospora rumphii Boerl) Stem
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Oramon Santiwitchaya. Efficacy of Volatile Oils Derived

Cymbopogon citratus, C nardus and L cubeba against Mosquitoes

from

Pak J. Weed (2007). LEMON GRASS: BOTANY, ETHNOBOTANY AND

CHEMISTRY-A REVIEW. Sci. Res. 13(1-2): 129-134
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http://philippinemedicinalplants.blogspot.com/2011/09/health-benefits-oflemon-grass.html
Stuartxchange.com. Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Heavenly Elixir
Stuartxchange.com. Tanglad (Andropogon Citratus DC) Lemongrass
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Tinospora rumphii. Phytochemistry Volume 42, Issue 1, May 1996, Pages
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Pagiauan (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and Lemongrass (Andropogon citratus DC)
as an Effective Pesticide and Insecticide