[~:Zk

(TENSES)

[~:Zk
,

X ~zg QgzZ Subject ~ZZzx :Subject-1

X wB~zg QgzZ Object ~Zqk Q;g YHx 6,qT :Object-2
X qZ :} X ~zg QgzZ Verb ~Zx k Q;gx

:Verb-3

X Verb Write rgzZ Object wB Letter gzZ subject Aslam Z~kZ

X D&6,
g~
C i
E
X {z :}Future ( w ) ZzWX 3X q{z :} Past ( ) Z Zg
/
X 2 X q{z :} Present ( wq L ) {X 1
Present Indefinite Tense (Simple)

X @*
W{)z CD D V@*
C @*~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
X D xg VerbQD Subject

zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z
Subject+Ist form of verb

X DZ esc*
sBVerb(Singular Noun) c*
(He,She,It)Subject Zg
/Z :^
X*
@YH7Z esc* sBverb Plural noun c*
,we,you,they, IgzZ
I write a letter.X Vq~

X :}

He writes a letter.X q{z

She writes a letter.X

{z

Aslam writes a letter.X qZ

Aslam and Akram write a letter.X x ZgzZZ

Present Indefinite Tense (Negative)

Subject+ do not / does not + Ist form of verb

X @*
YH7Z es c*s BVerb~]gwEZ DoesX @*
wEZ does not B Singular Noun gzZ He,She,It X :^
X*
@YHwEZ do not BPlural noun c*
,we,you,they, IgzZ
I do not write a letter.X Vq7~

X :}

He does not write a letter.X q7{z

She does not write a letter.X 7

{z

Aslam does not write a letter.X q7Z

Aslam and Akram do not write a letter.

X 7x ZgzZZ

Present Indefinite Tense(Interrogative)

Do/Does+Subject+Ist form of verb+?

es c*s BVerb~]gwEZ DoesX @*

wEZ Does ~qz B Singular Name gzZ He,She,It X :^
,we,you,they, IgzZX @
*
YH7Z
X*
@YHwEZ ~qz do BPlural noun c*
Do I write a letter?

?Vq~H

Does he write a letter?

? q{zH

X :}

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,

Does she write a letter?

? {zH

Does Aslam write a letter?

? qZ H

Do Aslam and Akram write a letter?

?x ZgzZZ H

Past Indefinite Tense (Simple)

@*
W{)z} ~ ,ZD C C @*~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
X D xg ~uz VerbQD Subject

zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z
Subject+2nd form of verb
I wrote a letter.X q~

X :}

He wrote a letter.X q{z

She wrote a letter.X

{z

Aslam wrote a letter.X qZ

Aslam and Akram wrote a letter.Xx ZgzZZ

Past Indefinite Tense (Negative)

Subject+did not+Ist form of verb

Q @*
wEZ did Z
# ~ InterrogativegzZ Negative1 CwEZxg ~uz , z~Past Indefinite Tense:^
CwEZ~Past Indefinite Tense(Simple)sgzZsxg ~uz~%Z
/Z ~g7Og c*
X CwEZxg Verb
X @*
wEZ did
q Verbn (Negative)X
I did not write a letter.X q7~

X :}

He did not write a letter.X q7{z

She did not write a letter.X 7

Aslam did not write a letter.X q7

{z

Aslam and Akram did not write a letter.X7x ZgzZZ

Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative)

Did+Subject+Ist form of verb+?

X ~qz did~ (Interrogative)DZ

Did I write a letter?

?q~H

Did He write a letter?

?q{zH

Did She write a letter?

? {zH

Did Aslam write a letter?

?qZ H

Did Aslam and Akram write a letter?

X :}

?x ZgzZZ H

Future Indefinite Tense (Simple)

X @*
W{)z ~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
X D xg Verb QD shall c*will QD Subject

zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z
Subject+will/shall+Ist form of verb

X
ZwEZ shall gzZ will Q:}gzi]!*
/ZgzZX @*

wEZ will B
!*Shall B We gzZ ( W ) I X :^
I shall write a letterX V~

X :}

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We shall write a letter.XK

He will write a letter.X {z

She will write a letter.X

{z

Aslam will write a letter.X Z

Aslam and Akram will write a letter.XKx ZgzZZ

Future Indefinite Tense (Negative)

Subject+will not/shall not+Ist form of verb
I shall not write a letter.X V7 ~

X :}

We shall not write a letter.XK7

He will not write a letter.X 7
She will not write a letter.X 7

{z
{z

Aslam will not write a letter.X 7 Z

Aslam and Akram will not write a letter.XK7

x ZgzZZ

Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative)

shall/will+Subject+Ist form of verb +?
Shall I write a letter?

?V ~H

Shall we write a letter?

?KH

Will he write a letter?

? {zH

Will she write a letter?

? {zH

Will Aslam write a letter?

?Z H

Will Aslam and Akram write a letter?

X :}

?
Kx ZgzZZ H

Present Continuous Tense (Simple)

X @*
W{)z ggV g gV;g ;g ~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
ingQX D xg

Verb QD is/am/are QD Subject

zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z
X D
Subject+is/am/are+Ist form of verb+ing

X @*
Y1~]g You ~%Z
/ZX @*
wEZ is BuZz areB amB ( W ) I X :^
I am writing a letterX V;g~

X :}

You are writing a letter.Xg ?

He is writing a letter.X ;g{z
Aslam is writing a letter.X ;gZ
Aslam and Akram are writing a letter.X g

x ZgzZZ

Present Continuous Tense (Negative)

Subject+is not/am not /are not +Ist form of verb+ing
I am not writing a letterX V;g

7~

You are not writing a letter.Xg7

He is not writing a letter.X ;g

7{z

X :}

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,

Aslam is not writing a letter.X ;g 7Z

Aslam and Akram are not writing a letter.X g

7x ZgzZZ

Present Continuous Tense (Interrogative)

is/am/are+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+?
Am I writing a letter?

?V;g ~H
?g?H

Are you writing a letter?

? ;g{zH

Is he writing a letter?
Is Aslam writing a letter?
Are Aslam and Akram writing a letter?

X :}

? ;gZ H

?gx ZgzZZ H

Past Continuous Tense (Simple)

X @*
W{)zgg g ;g ~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
ingQX D xg

Verb QD was/were QD Subject

zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z
X D
Subject+was/were+Ist form of verb+ing

~%Z
/ZX D wereBthey,we,you,plural NounsgzZX @*
wEZ was B he,she,it,I,singular nounuZz X :^
X *
@Y1~]g You

I was writing a letterX;g~

X :}

You were writing a letter.Xg ?

He was writing a letter.X;g{z
Aslam was writing a letter.X;gZ
Aslam and Akram were writing a letter.Xg

x ZgzZZ

Past Continuous Tense (Negative)

Subject+was not/were not+Ist form of verb+ing
I was not writing a letterX ;g7~

X :}

You were not writing a letter.Xg7 ?

He was not writing a letter.X ;g
Aslam was not writing a letter.X ;g

7{z

7Z

Aslam and Akram were not writing a letter.Xg7x ZgzZZ

Past Continuous Tense (Interrogative)
was/were+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+?

?;g~H

Was I writing a letter?

Were you writing a letter?

?g?H

Wa she writing a letter?

Was Aslam writing a letter?
Were Aslam and Akram writing a letter?

X :}

?;g{zH
?;gZ H

?g x ZgzZZ H

Future Continuous Tense (Simple)

X @*
W{)zVg Vg g V;g ;g ~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q

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will be/shall be

QD Subject

zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z

X D ingQX D xg Verb QD
Subject+will be/shall be+Ist form of verb+ing

ZwEZ shall gzZ will Q:}gzi]!*
/ZgzZX *

@YHwEZ willB
!*
gzZX @*
wEZ shall B wegzZ ( W ) I X :^
X
I shall be writing a letterX V;g~

X :}

You will be writing a letter.XVg ?

He will be writing a letter.X ;g{z
Aslam will be writing a letter.X ;gZ
Aslam and Akram will be writing a letter.XVg

x ZgzZZ

Future Continuous Tense (Negative)

Subject+will not be/shall not be+Ist form of verb+ing
I shall not be writing a letterX V; g7 ~

X :}

You will not be writing a letter.XVg7 ?

He will not be writing a letter.X ;g
Aslam will not be writing a letter.X ;g

7{z

7Z

Aslam and Akram will not be writing a letter.XVg7x ZgzZZ

Future Continuous Tense (Interrogative)
will/shall+Subject+ be+Ist form of verb+ing
Shall I be writing a letter?
Will you be writing a letter?

?V;g~H

?Vg?H

Will he be writing a letter?

Will Aslam be writing a letter?
Will Aslam and Akram be writing a letter?

X :}

?;g{zH
?;gZ H

?Vgx ZgzZZ H

Present Perfect Tense( Simple)

X @*
W{)z } } ~ c*
` _V[ [~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
X D xg ~ Verb QD has/have QD Subject

zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z
Subject+has/have+3rd form of verb

yougzZ ( W ) IX @*
wEZ haveBThey, we,you,I,plural nouns gzZ hasBhe,she,it,singular noun uZz X :^
X @*
wEZ have B
I have written a letterX V[~
You have written a letter.X`
He has written a letter.X
Aslam has written a letter.X
Aslam and Akram have written a letter.X `

X :}

[ { z

[Z

x ZgzZZ

Present Perfect Tense( Negative)

Subject+has not /have not +3rd form of verb
I have not written a letterX V[7 ~

X :}

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,

You have not written a letter.X` 7

He has not written a letter.X

[ 7{z

Aslam has not written a letter.X

[ 7Z

Aslam and Akram have not written a letter.X `

7x ZgzZZ

Present Perfect Tense( Interrogative)

has/have+Subject+3rd form of verb+?

?V[~H

Have I written a letter?

Have you written a letter?

?` ?H

Has he written a letter?

? [{zH

Has Aslam written a letter?

Have Aslam and Akram written a letter?

X :}

? [ Z H

?` x ZgzZZ H

Past Perfect Tense( Simple)

X @*
W{)z} ~ c*
` _ [~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
~ m,
Z TensetX D xg ~ Verb QD had QD Subject

zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z
Z~x gzZ @*
YH~Past Perfect TenseF,
k Q Zx ~]g+Z ( [%!%WZ e )X :}X @*
wEZ~V
%
{kZ=Z Z%!%~Zz6,
zZX *
@YH~ Past Indefinite TenseF,
k Q
{kZ c*
W~Z egzZ, Past Perfect Tense ~F,
The patient had died before the doctor came.X,~Past Indefinite Tense

F,

Subject+had+3rd form of verb

I had written a letterX[~
You had written a letter.X`
He had written a letter.X

X :}

[ { z

Aslam had written a letter.X

[ Z

Aslam and Akram had written a letter.X`

x ZgzZZ

X :BVV
%[Z
The bell had rung when I reached the school.X _ #pwj~Z
#
The patient had died before the doctor came.X [%!%WZ e
He had gone out before finished his work.X
H`C
!*
x {z

X @*
wEZ Tenseq
-Zs~XDwEZ
%,Z~Tense kZ
He had never seen the lion before.X 7LkZX :}
I had already finished my work.X 1 x ~

Past Perfect Tense( Negative)

Subject+had not+3rd form of verb

I had not written a letterX [7 ~

You had not written a letter.X `7
He had not written a letter.X
Aslam had not written a letter.X

[7 {z

[7 Z

X :}

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,

Aslam and Akram had not written a letter.X`

7 x ZgzZZ

Past Perfect Tense( Interrogative)

had+Subject+3rd form of verb+?
Had I written a letter ?

?[~H

? ` ?H

Had you written a letter?

Had he written a lette?

Had Aslam written a letter?
Had Aslam and Akram written a letter?

X :}

?[{zH

? [Z H

?` x ZgzZZ H

Future Perfect Tense( Simple)

X @*
W{)zV` V_ _ V[ [~y
WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X :
K~zg Q
X D xg ~ Verb QD will have/shall have QD Subject

zDF,
~Zzg QX :iF,
~Z
Subject+will have/shall have+3rd form of verb

X @*
YHwEZ will haveB
!*
gzZX @*
wEZ shall haveB wegzZ ( W ) I X :^
I shall have written a letterX V[~
You will have written a letter.X`
He will have written a letter.X

X :}

[{z

Aslam will have written a letter.X

[Z

Aslam and Akram will have written a letter.XV`

x ZgzZZ

Future Perfect Tense( Negative)

Subject+will not have/shall not have+3rd form of verb
I shall not have written a letterX V[7
You will not have written a letter.X`
He will not have written a letter.X

X :}

7?

[7{z

Aslam will not have written a letter.X

[7Z

Aslam and Akram will not have written a letter.XV`

7x ZgzZZ

Future Perfect Tense( Interrogative)

will/shall+Subject+ have+3rd form of verb+?
Shall I have written a letter?

?V[~H

Will you have written a letter?

?` ?H

Will he have written a letter?

Will Aslam have written a letter?
Will Aslam and Akram have written a letter?

? [{zH

? [Z H

?V` x ZgzZZ H

X :}

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( ~g Yd
$
) PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

]{z @*
W{)zg C gC ;g @*
Vg Cg D V;g @*
~y
Wzg QT:yT

zx
/ZgzZX DwEZ since~f Point of Time
zm{~
/ZX *
@YHf
z~ Tense kZ :^X @*

zV zgzZX @*
wEZ sinceB
zx
V V x X @*
wEZ for ~]g+Z wEZ ( Y:x ) Period of time
X D wEZ for BV[
R
Subject+has been/Have been+Ist form of verb+ing

:iF,
~Z

X @*
wEZ have been B Plural Noun gzZ has been BHe,She,It, singular noun
He has been playng hockey for two hours.X ;g ;V[
Rz {z:}
He has been playng hockey for two days.X ;g ;Vz {z
You have been singing a song since 8'clock.

Xg **
WJW?

~
I have been building this house since 1970.X V;g ykt1970
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative)
Subject+has not been/Have not been+Ist form of verb+ing
He has not been playng hockey for two hours.X ;g7 ;V[
Rz {z:}
He has not been playng hockey for two days.X ; g7 ; Vz {z

Xg 7**
WJ W?

You have not been singing a song since 8'clock.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogtive)

Has/Have+Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+?
Has he been playng hockey for two hours?

? ;g ;V[
Rz {zH :}

Has he been playng hockey for two days?

? ;g ;Vz {zH

Have you have been singing a song since 8'clock?

?g **
WJW?H

Has Zahid been remaining absent fron school for two days? ? ;g

( ~g Y

q)wjyz @Zi H

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple)

@*
f
z~ Tense kZX @*
Past Perfect Continuous Tense ]{zW{)zg D g C ;g @*
~y
Wzg QT:yT
X @*
wEZ for BPeriod of Time gzZ sinceBPiont of Time X
Subject+had been+Ist form of verb+ing

:iF,

I had been reading this book for two months.X ;g| 7

,
[ t{ z~:}
He had been sleeping since morning.X ;g @
*
{z
You had been playing hockey for two hours.Xg ;V[
Rz ?
We had been reading this lesson since Sunday.Xg| 7
,$tg Z Z

[~:Zk
,

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative)

Subject+had not been+Ist form of verb+ing

I had not been reading this book for two months.X ;g| 7
,
7 [ t{ z~:}
He had not been sleeping since morning.X ;g @
*
7{z
You had not been playing hockey for two hours.Xg7 ;V[
Rz ?
We had not been reading this lesson since Sunday.Xg| 7
,7

$tg Z Z

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative)

Had +Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+?

X ;g| 7,
[ t{ z~H :}

Had I been reading this book for two months?

Had He been sleeping since morning?

X ;g @*
{zH

Had You been playing hockey for two hours?

Xg ;V[
Rz ?H

Had We been reading this lesson since Sunday?

Xg| 7,$tg Z ZH

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple)

@*
PAST

E
( ~g YwL )

PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE]{ z @

*
W{)zVg CVg D V;g @*
gCX ;g @*
~y
Wzg QT:yT

X @*
wEZwEZ for BPeriod of Time gzZ sinceBPoint of Time ~kZX @*
f
z~TensekZX
X DwEZ will have been B!*
gzZ shall have beenBwe gzZ ( W ) I
Subject+will have been/shall have been+Ist form of verb+ing:i~Z
I shall have been reading this news for two months.X V;g k7
,
t{ z~:}
You will have been playing since noon.XVg Pz\ W
The farmer will have been ploughing the fields since morning.X ;g @
*
`I~VX
Ry
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative)
Subject+will not have been/shall not have been+Ist form of verb+ing
I shall not have been reading this news for two months.X V;g k7
,7 t{ z~:}
You will not have been playing since noon.XVg 7Pz\ W
The farmer will have not been ploughing the fields since morning.X ; g @
*
`7I~VX
Ry

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative)

Will/Shall+Subject+ have been+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Shall I have been reading this news for two months?

?V;g k7,
t{ z~H :}

Will You have been playing since noon?

?Vg Pz\WH

Will The farmer have been ploughing the fields since morning?

?;g @*
`I~VX
Ry H

10

[~:Zk
,

ACTIVE VOICE / PASSIVE VOICE

PERSONS OF PRONOUNS
Cases

First Person

Second Person

Third Person

$
T

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Subjective

We

You

You

He/She/It

They

Case

(q
-Z ) {z

( { c*
i ) {z

Objective

Me

Us

You

You

Him/Her/It

Them

Case

7Q

Possessive

My

Our

Your

Your

His/Her/Its

Their

Case

Mine

Ours

Yours

Yours

k Q

Theirs

Zg

Zg v

Zg v

qZ

q B

G4 $
q -G

yQ

X V@*
s {(Y~ } X *
@YHpx ~ Active Voice
X @*
YHs {(Y }X *
@Yc*
Zx ~ Passive Voice
Object Subject gzZD by xg ~ verb is/am/areQ *
@Yc*
Subject Object

X :iF,
~Z
X

I clean the blackboard.X V@

*
s {(Y~X :}
The blackboard is cleaned by me.X *
@YHs {(Y
Present Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

by xg ~ Verb is/am/are

verb

Q *
@Yc*
Subject Object
X :i

object

X Object Subject
X V@*
s { (~X :}
Voice)

subject

verb

object

I clean the blackboard.

( Active

X *
@YHs {(
The blackboard is cleaned by me.

~ verb

Present Indefinite Tense (Negative)

object
not is/am/areQ @
*
Yc*
Subject S verb

(Passive Voice)

Object
X :iF,
~Z

X Subject Object gzZD by xg

X V@*
s { (~X :}
I clean the blackboard.

( Active Voice)

X *
@YH7s {(

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The blackboard is cleaned by me.

sub

11

(Passive Voice)
object

Present Idefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice

Subject by xg ~ Verb Q *
@Yc*
Subject ObjectQD is/am/areObject
X :i
X Object
I polish the shoes.

X V@*
0*
D~X :}

Are the shoes polished by me

?D YG0*
D H

Are the shoes not polished by me?

?D YG 70*
D H

Past Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

X Object Subject by xg~ Verb was/were

Q *
@Yc*
Subject Object
X :i

Past Indefinite Tense (Negative) Passive Voice

Object Subject by xg ~ Verb was not/ were not Q *

@Yc*
Subject Object
X :i
X
Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice

Object Subject by xg~ Verb Q subject objectQD was/were

X :i
X

Future Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

Object Subject by xg ~ Verb will be/shall be

Q *
@Yc*
Subject Object
X :i
X

Future Indefinite Tense (Negative) Passive Voice

Subject by xg ~ Verb will not be/shall not be Q *

@Yc*
Subject Object
X :i
X Object
Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice
Subject

by xg ~ Verb Q D beQ subject objectQD will/shall

X :i
X D ?~y
WgzZX Object

12

[~:Zk
,

Direct and Indirect Narration

X : M
h7bzt }p Z q
-Z

Narration

X N YybZ!*
t }p Z1

X1

X 0*
W: t
~x|kZYH7bkZw$
+zgZ h~p Z1

X2

~X Sentences, ZX Indirect Narration j}uzgzZ Direct Narration j

6,
p Z-Z1z{zq
-ZX YYH~ Vz
7Z gzZ Reported Speech Z @*
LZZC
zp Z-Z Zz%1 @*
{zzZuzgzZX @*
Y3g~ ( "
Verb{kZgzZ Reporting Speech ZX @
*
C
!*
Inverted Commas

" ) Inverted commas

tX @*
6,
p Z 1

X @*
YZ e (,) Commap Z ~y
WReporting speech
zOg c*
]!*
tX Reporting Verb
X N Y Z Z{Vz @*
{%$
+~Indirect Speech Direct speech
Reported
zDsp~Indirect Speech~Future Tense
shall c*
will say ~ Tell say c*
( wB ) Object

c*Present Tense
/Z Reporting Verb

kZ
/ZpX : W,
Z 6,
TenseVerbSpeech
} X s$
+~shall tell c*will tell say

Direct speech: He says, " I am going to the post office." (present Tense)
Indirect speech: He says that he is going to the post office.
Direct speech: They will say, " We have done our duty." (future Tense)
Indirect speech: They will say that they have done their duty.

} X w$
+~told said ~Past Tense
/Z Reporting Verb
Direct speech: He said to me, " I sing a song."

X2

(past Tense)

Indirect speech: He told me that he sang a song.

X D that (yZ Uinverted commasReported Speech gzZ comma~y

W Reporting speech

X3

( ) subject Reporting Verb pronouns ( I, we, ) First person Reporting Speech

X4

} X w$
+._
Direct speech: He says to me, " I am ill.
Indirect Speech: He tells me that he is ill.

w$
+._( wB) object Reporting Verb pronoun (you) second person Reported Speech
X

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pronouns(he , she, it, they ) Third PersonReported speech

X6

13

X C7~pn~
Drect speech: She will say, " You are at fault."
Indirect speech: She sill say that you are at fault.

X Dsp ~Past Tense verbsx Reported speech ~Past Tense

/Z Reporting Verb
Present Perfect

X7

~Past continuous Present Continuous ~Past Indefinite Present Indefinite

w$
+~Past perfect continuous Present Perfect continuous
present ~past continuous

gzZ~Past Perfect

present continuous ~past perfect Past Indefinite {zkZ

X w$
+~past perfect continuous present perfect continuousgzZ~past perfect perfect
w$
+~past perfect continuous past continuous gzZ~past perfect indefinite

past

{z kZ

} X ~would will c* shall gzZX

Direct speech: He said tome," I sang a song today."
Indirect speech: He told me that he had sung a song that day.
custom

c*( C K) Universal Truth ~Reported speech p~Past Tense

/Z Reporting Verb

X8

} X Lg~ Present Tense {zX @*

7W,
Z 6,tense verb Reported speech Q ( ` Zzg)
Direct speech: The teacher said, " God is one."
Indirect speech: The teacher said that God is one.

hither
next

X @*
Yc*
sv
. well gzZ all right, No, Yes

X9

X :CVpsfzgq~p Z ZzC
(gzZ
z

X 10

~ then now ~ thence hence ~those these ~ that this ~there here

~ next day tomorrow ~ that day today ~before ago ~ so thus ~ thither

previous last night

gzZ~ previous day yesterda ~ that night tonight ~ following day day
X s$
+~ night

X :OgwV!*
sfzgq
zDsp~ Indirect Narrations ( iZ c*) Imperative Sentences

X 11

._VzL Reporting Verb VzL, Z

(Z)

forbade, commanded, ordered requested,advised

X @*
Yc*
w$
+~ proposed c*
X f
e infinitive verb Z To verb Imperative Sentences

( [)

( ~VzL{)z iZ )
X 4 not to verb~]g Negative Sentences

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c*proposed Reporting Verb YHwEZn

c*m,
? let
/Z ( )
} piZ let
/ZpX @*
YHwEZ should
X @*
YHwEZ permit c*

(is, are, am, was, were, will. Helping verb

sentences {z

allow

14

kZgzZX @*
Yc*
w$
+~ suggested

kZw$
+~ Requested Reporting Verb

( 1)Dnz ( }LDZ) Interrogative sentences

X 11

( 2)X @*
Yc*
BNo c*yes[ Z yZgzZDqzBshall, has,have,had may, might)

DqzB How c*who, where, when, why, which, whom, whose, what ) Zz wh
X @*
W]~[ ZyZgzZ
X s$
+~ inquired c*asked Reporting Verb
z s$
+~ Indirect Interrogative Sentences, Z
Reporting yZDq z helping verb

}L X that :gzZ @*
Yc*
To :~yZZ h Z commas

7wEZ that ~kZX @*

Yc*
6 statement }LgzZ @*
Yc*
whether c*if object verb
X D
}Lw$
+iDZX g (ZZz wh
zs$
+~ Indirect ZDqzZz wh}LDZ
X D7wEZ that gzZsp~( 6) statement

sp~ indirect direct VzL, ZX @*

Y Exclamatory Sentences 7Zg Z " _
.~g ~X}L, Z

X 12

X :cegwV!*
sfzgqn
w$
+~ Exclaimed joyfully c*Exclaimed with joy Reporting Verb kZ g Z p}L
/Z

(Z)

X , that kZX ,
Exclaimed

c*Exclaimed with sorrow Reporting VerbkZ g Z " _

.}L
/Z ( [)
X , that kZX ,w$
+~ sorrowfully
X K: {)z Hurrah , Alas, Oh, Aha }p Z ZzC
] c* /_
. (`)

sp~ Indirect Direct ZX @*

Y Optative Sentences Zg Z Zp c* ~X}L, Z

X 13

X :ce gwV!*
sfzgqn
X , that kZgzZ ,sp~ wished c*Prayed Reporting Verb

(Z)

X N respectfully Reporting Verb {sp Sir

/Z~ Reporting speech

X 14

X ,w$
+~ bade farewell Reported Speech qz Farewell Reporting speech
/Z

X 15

Reporting q z Good day c*

Good night c*
Good evening

c*Good morning
/Z Reported speechX 16

+~{)zbade good night c*bade good evening c*bade good morning speech
bade X s$
X @*
wEZ

wished

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PERSONS OF PRONOUNS

Cases

First Person

Second Person

Third Person

$
T

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Subjective

We

You

You

He/She/It

They

Case

(q
-Z ) {z

( { c*
i ){z

Objective

Me

Us

You

You

Him/Her/It

Them

Case

7Q

Possessive

My

Our

Your

Your

His/Her/Its

Their

Case

Mine

Ours

Yours

Yours

k Q

Theirs

Zg

Zg v

Zg v

qZ

q B

G4$
q -G

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yQ