ANALYSIS RESEARCH JOURNAL

1. TITLE : Extract Phenolic Antioxidant Activity of Skin Mangosteen

(Garcinia Mangostana L.) by Dellyana, RTS.
2. Introduction
Various diseases in the body caused by free radicals. Free radicals are
atoms or groups which have one or more unpaired electrons. Free radicals are also
found in the environment, some metals (eg iron and copper), cigarette smoke,
drugs, packaged foods, additives, and others (Droge, 2002).
In protecting the body against free radicals, antioxidant substances serve
to stabilize free radicals by the complete lack of electrons from free radicals that
inhibit chain reaction (Windono et al., 2001). According Windono et al. (2001),
antioxidants are compounds that can be used to protect foodstuffs through
deceleration damage, rancidity, or discoloration caused by oxidation. Antioxidants
are able to act as a hydrogen radical donor or acceptor can act as free radicals that
can delay the initiation stage of the formation of free radicals.
The presence of natural antioxidants (such as phenolic compounds) or
synthetic can inhibit lipid oxidation, prevent damage, alteration of organic
components in foodstuffs that can extend the shelf life (Rohdiana, 2001).
Several studies have shown that the skin of the mangosteen fruit
(Garcinia mangostana L.) contain compounds that have pharmacological activity
and antioxidant. The compounds including flavonoids, tannins and Xanthone (Ho
et al., 2002; Jung et al., 2006; Moongkarndi et al., 2004; Weecharangsan et al,
2006).
Very many benefits of mangosteen rind, however, no studies have revealed about
the antioxidant activity of methanol extract of mangosteen rind. This study aims to
determine the total content of phenolic extracts of mangosteen rind as well as the
effect of mangosteen peel extract on antioxidant activity.
3. Method
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Samples or research subjects are fresh mangosteen rind (wet) and dry.
The chemicals used were 96% methanol, distilled water heated, 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent 50%, 2% Na2CO3 solution,
distilled water.
In this study, the researchers conducted an experiment during
manufacture extraction, when determining the total phenolic content and
determine the activity of DPPH free radical scavengers. In the manufacturing
phase extraction, mangosteen skin washed and cut the macerated with methanol
and hot water in the other samples. Then the sample was filtered, evaporated, in
order to obtain the extract which was then dissolved in methanol. In determining
the total phenolic content of mangosteen rind researchers used a method Jeong et
al. in Kiay et al. (2011). The results were plotted tehadap gallic acid standard
curve prepared in the same way. The content totalfenol expressed as mg gallic
acid equivalents / g extract. While the determination of the activity of DPPH free
radical scavengers mangosteen rind was determined by the method Gaulejac et al.
in Kiay et al. (2011) were slightly modified. Activity of free radical scavengers
calculated as a percentage reduction of DPPH color using the equation;
% Activity of free radical scavengers = (1- (absorbance of samples + control) /
(absorbance of control) 100%)
Of the price of percent free-radical scavengers obtained, made the curve
between percent free-radical scavengers against concentration test solution. Of the
linear regression equation can be determined IC50, the concentration inhibition
test solutions that can counteract free radicals 50%.
4. Results
Extraction of mangosteen rind is done with hot water and methanol
solvent 96%. Mangosteen fruit skins are macerated for 24 hours is a mangosteen
peel fresh (wet) and dried mangosteen rind. From the results of the study,
researchers presented the results of research in the form of percent yield of
mangosteen peel extract. There are 5 extracts the calculated percent yield is that 1)
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the water dried samples (AK), 2) water wet sample (AB), 3) methanol dried
samples (MK), 4) methanol wet sample (MB). Found that the highest solvent
extraction results obtained from samples dried methanol extract (MK) with a yield
of 21%, while for the water solvent extract of dry and wet samples (AK and AB),
methanol extract of wet samples (MB) produces successive yield is 12 %, 11%,
and 15%.
Analysis of total phenolic content was conducted to determine the
potential of mangosteen peel extract as an antidote to free radicals and singlet
oxygen stabilizers. To determine the amount of total phenolic content of
mangosteen rind researchers using gallic acid standard curve equation. From the
research, it is known that the highest content of total phenols produced by the
methanol extract of dried samples (MK) at 141, 637 mg / kg.
Activities countering free radicals from mangosteen peel extract can be
measured dengna DPPH radical testing is by reacting 0.5 mL mangosteen rind
extract with 2 mL of DPPH solution and absorbance was measured at 517 nm
which is the maximum wavelength. Based on the results of the analysis of the
activity of DPPH free-radical scavengers in a graph, the methanol extract had the
highest activity of water extract, the activity of DPPH free radical scavengers
most is the methanol extract of wet samples (MB) of 96.91% followed by the
Court, AB, and AK with successive phenolic content was 96.61%; 76.75% and
72.65%.
In determining IC50 researchers create regression equation percentage of
the activity of DPPH free radical scavengers mangosteen peel extract to extract
concentrations of 100, 200, 400, 600 mg / L. Of the price of free-radical
scavengers percent activity obtained from several concentration extract,
researchers make the curve between percent free-radical scavengers on the
concentration of the test solution to determine the IC50 value. By calculation,
found that MK and MB can counteract free radicals by 50%. While AK and AB
have a potential of 50% in counteracting free radicals.
5. Discussion
Extraction is a process of separation of solid and liquid materials with the
help of a solvent. Solvents used must be able to extract the desired substance
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without dissolving other materials. Liquid solid extraction or leaching is dissolved

component diffusion transfer of inert solids into the solvent. This process is a
physical process because soluble components and then returned to its original
state without undergoing chemical change. Extraction of solid material can be
done if desired material can be dissolved in a solvent extraction. Continuous
extraction is required when the solids only slightly soluble in the solvent. But
often also used in soluble solids because of its effectiveness. (Lucas, Howard J,
David Pressman. Principles and Practice In Organic Chemistry)
From the results of which have been described previously shown that
antioxidant phenolic extracts of mangosteen rind able beraktivasi optimally.
In the mangosteen rind extraction, solvent extraction highest results
obtained from the methanol extract of dried sample (MK) with a yield of 21%,
while for the water solvent extract of dry and wet samples (AK and AB),
methanol extract of wet samples (MB) produces successive yield -turut is 12%,
11% and 15.5%. Percent yield of methanol extract higher because when the
extracted compounds extracted more soluble in methanol than in water. The
addition of a solvent in a material should be based on the solubility properties of
the solvent used and the nature of the components to be dissolved. Phenolic
components can be extracted from plant material using a solvent such as water,
methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate.
Analysis of the total phenolic content was conducted to determine the
potential of mangosteen peel extract as an antidote to free radicals and singlet
oxygen stabilizers. The human body produces antioxidant compounds, but the
numbers are often not enough to neutralize free radicals that enter the body.
Chemical components that act as antioxidants are compounds of phenolic and
polyphenolic groups. The class of compounds widely available in nature,
particularly in plants, and has the ability to capture free radicals (Ramle et al.,
2008).
To determine the amount of total phenolic content of mangosteen rind
used gallic acid standard curve equation. The use of gallic acid as standard
because this compound is very effective to form a complex compound with the
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Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, so that the reaction is more sensitive and intensive

(Julkunen-Tiito in Kiay et al., 2011).
In total phenolic content, the highest content of total phenols produced by
the methanol extract of the dried sample (MK) amounted to 141.837 mg / kg, this
can be seen in the following chart.

ACTIVITIES DPPH free-radical scavengers

12
0
10
0

AK
AB
M
K
M
B

80

60
40
20
0

100

200

400

600

TYPE EXTRACT MG/L)

From the change of color from yellow to blue, the color differences are
more concentrated than the other extracts. This suggests that the phenolic
compounds in the rind of the mangosteen is more soluble in methanol. The high
content of phenols extracted due to the influence of the solvent used for
extraction. Solvents such as methanol and ethanol is a solvent that is very widely
used and effective for the extraction of phenolic components from natural
materials (Shahidi in Katja and Suryanto, 2009).
The content of total phenolic can be generated from a number of simple
molecules that phenolic compounds, up to complex molecules such as tannins
(tannins hydrolyzed and condensed tannins) (Robards et al., 1999). Phenolic
compounds have been reported to react with reactive oxygen compounds, this is
due to one or two hydroxy groups on the aromatic ring that can act as a donor
hidogren.

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While the radical antidote activity is evidenced by the color change

purple to yellow, and when the extract was added a solution of DPPH, the
methanol extract showed a greater deterrent activity characterized by direct
instantaneous color change purple to yellow color when added DPPH. The
existence of an antioxidant which can donate electrons to the DPPH, produces a
yellow color which is a specific characteristic of DPPH radical reactions (Pokorny
et al., In Kiay et al., 2011).
From the analysis of the activity of DPPH free radical scavengers in the
graph, the methanol extract had the highest activity of water extract, the activity
of DPPH free radical scavengers most is the methanol extract of wet samples
(MB) of 96.91% followed by the Court, AB, and AK with successive phenolic
content was 96.61%; 76.75% and 72.65%.
For determination of IC50 created regression equation percentage of the
activity of DPPH free radical scavengers mangosteen peel extract to extract
concentrations of 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg / L. Of the price of free-radical
scavengers percent activity obtained from several concentration extract, made the
curve between percent free-radical scavengers on the concentration of the test
solution to determine the IC50 value. IC50 values were calculated using linear
regression equation is y = ax b, the value of y is 50 and x is the IC50.
Based on calculations, the amount of antioxidant activity is characterized
by the value of IC50, the concentration of the sample solution is needed to inhibit
50% of DPPH free radicals. The smaller the IC50 value, the greater the activity of
DPPH free radical scavengers. Under these conditions, test the antioxidant activity
using DPPH method to extract methanol and water at a concentration of 100, 200,
400, and 600 mg / L for the determination of IC50 values can be seen that the
methanol extract of mangosteen rind has the potential radical scavengers are
relatively large, with small concentration is 44.49 mg / L and 54.45 mg / L was
able to ward off free radicals by 50%. To extract water dry and wet samples, the
concentration of the extract that can counteract free radicals 50% respectively was
346.73 mg / L and 346.73 mg / L. This means that the concentration of the
aqueous extract of dry and wet samples already have a potential of 50% in
counteracting free radicals.
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6. Conclusion
Based on the results of this study concluded that the extract of
mangosteen rind has a total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of large,
with total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of the
highest in the dry sample, followed by methanol extract of wet samples, the water
extract of dried sample and extract water wet samples

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