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Conjugate roots :
Irrational roots and complex roots occur in conjugate pairs
i.e.
Quadratic expression :
A polynomial of degree two of the form ax2 + bx + c, a 0 is
called a quadratic expression in x.
2.
Quadratic equation :
An equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 0, a, b, c R has two and
only two roots, given by
=
3.
b + b2 4ac
2a
and
5.
Sum of roots :
b b2 4ac
2a
S=+=
Coefficient of x
b
=
Coefficient of x2
a
Product of roots :
Nature of roots :
Nature of the roots of the given equation depends upon the
nature of its discriminant D i.e. b2 4ac.
P = =
Suppose a, b, c R, a 0 then
(i)
If D > 0
(ii)
If D = 0
(iii)
If D < 0
(i)
6.
7.
& unequal
(ii)
(i)
A T
I O
(ii)
(iii)
PAGE # 1
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PAGE # 2
roots are ve
(vii) If a > 0, b < 0 , c > 0 or a < 0, b > 0, c < 0
(ii)
2 + 2 = ( + )2 2 =
(iii)
2 2 = ( + )
( + ) 4 =
b2 4ac
a
b2 2ac
a2
( + ) 4 =
b b2 4ac
a2
9.
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A T
I O
2c2
a2
(viii) 2 + + 2 = ( + )2 =
b2 + ac
a2
(ix)
2 + 2
( + )2 2
+
=
=
(x)
FG IJ
H K
FG IJ
H K
4 + 4
[(b2 2ac)2 2a2c2 ]
=
2 2
a2c 2
b1c2 b2c1
c1a2 c2a1
c1a2 c2a1 = a1b2 a2b1
(i)
(ii)
a1
b1
c1
Both roots common if a = b = c
2
2
2
( + )2 4 [2+ 2 ]
(b2 ac) b2 4ac
a3
3 3 = ( ) [2+ 2 ]
=
b(b2 3ac)
(iv) 3 + 3 = ( + )3 3( + ) =
a3
(v)
I
JK
(vii) 4 4 =(2 + 2) (2 2) =
(i)
2ac
a2
both
Fb
=G
H
PAGE # 3
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PAGE # 4
In a quadratic expression ax
LF b I
+ bx + c = a MGH x + 2a JK
MN
(v)
OP
PQ
D
4a2 ,
If a > 0, quadratic
b
4ac b2
at x =
and there is no maximum value.
2a
4a
(ii)
(ii)
d
b
, + + + =
a
a
b
c
d
, + + =
and =
a
a
a
(iii)
b
< k2
2a
Where D = b2 4ac
(i)
b
<k
2a
+ + + + + =
c
e
and =
a
a
b
>k
2a
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PAGE # 6
COMPLEX NUMBER
1.
Complex Number :
A number of the form z = x + iy (x, y R, i =
1 ) is called
a complex number, where x is called a real part i.e. x = Re(z)
and y is called an imaginary part i.e. y = Im(z).
Modulus |z| =
y
.
x
Polar representation :
x = r cos, y = r sin, r = |z| =
(ii)
z z = |z|2
z1 + z2 +....+zn = z 1 + z 2 + .......... + z n
z1 z2 = z 1 z 2
z1z2 = z 1 z 2
FG z IJ
Hz K
ez j
= ( z )n
c zh
= z
If = f(z), then = f( z )
x2 + y2 ,
x2 + y2
Exponential form :
z = rei , where r = |z|, = amp.(z)
1
2
4.
2
3
4
1 , i = 1, i = i , i = 1
(provided z2 0)
z + z = 0 or z = z z = 0 or z is purely imaginary
z= z
z is purely real
|z| =
Complex conjugate of z :
A T
(i)
z z = |z|2 = | z |2
(ii)
z1 =
|z| = | z |
(iii)
2.
FG z IJ
Hz K
I O
PAGE # 7
z
|z|2
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PAGE # 8
6.
= ,
z 1st quad.
7.
= , z 2nd quad.
= ,
(iii)
arg (z z ) = /2
arg
FG z IJ
Hz K
1
2
FG 1 IJ
H zK
9.
LM FG 2m + IJ + i sinFG 2m + IJ OP
N H n K H n KQ ,
= r1/n cos
, if z is non real
where m = 0, 1, 2, ......(n 1)
= arg z, if z is real
(vii) arg ( z) = arg z + , arg z ( , 0]
= arg z , arg z (0, ]
(viii) arg (zn) = n arg z + 2 k
(ix)
= arg z1 arg z2 + 2 k
(i)
(ii)
arg z + arg z = 0
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OP
PQ
|z|+a
|z|a
i
, for b < 0
2
2
= , z 4 quad.
(ii)
LM
MN
th
OP
PQ
|z|+a
|z|a
+i
, for b > 0
2
2
De-Moiver's Theorem :
z 3rd quad.
(i)
LM
MN
PAGE # 9
1 + i 3
and 1 + + 2 = 0, 3 = 1
2
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PAGE # 10
z+
1
= 2cos
z
(ii)
1
= 2 isin
z
(iii)
zn +
or
z1 + z 2
2
|z1 z 2 |
2
1
= 2cosn
zn
(a)
1
1
1
+
+
=0
y
x
z
(b) yz + zx + xy = 0
(c)
x +y +z =0
(d) x + y + z = 3xyz
z z1
z z1
z z2 + z z2 = 0
or
or
(ii)
Section formula
For internal division =
m1z2 + m2 z1
m1 + m2
FG z z IJ
Hz z K
1
2
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I O
(iii)
m1z2 m2 z1
m1 m2
z
z1
z2
z 1
z1 1
z2 1
= 0.
=
,
2
z1
z2
z3
z1 1
z2 1 = 0
z3 1
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PAGE # 12
z z1
(iv) The complex equation z z
2
= k represents a circle
1
1
1
z2 z3 + z3 z1 + z1 z2 = 0
z1+ z3 = z2 + z4
FG z
Hz
z2
z4
IJ FG z
K Hz
3
3
z4
z2
IJ
K
is purely real.
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
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PAGE # 13
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PAGE # 14
(iv) If out of n objects, 'a' are alike of one kind, 'b' are alike
of second kind and 'c' are alike of third kind and the
rest distinct, then the number of ways of permuting
the n objects is
4.
Restricted Permutations -
n!
n (n 1)......... (n r + 1) =
(n r)!
or
3.
(iii)
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I O
(ii)
Pr (nmCrm r!)
(ii)
Pr
r
Pn
= (n 1)!
n
n!
(n r)!
taken r at a time
5.
(ii)
(i)
r at a time is npr =
n!
a! b! c!
(ii)
PAGE # 15
Pr
2r
n
1
Pn
=
(n 1)!
2
2n
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PAGE # 16
7.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
n!
r !(n r)!
(v)
Pr
r!
Cr + nCr1 = n+1Cr
r = s or r + s = n
C0 = Cn = 1
n
n
r
Cr =
1
(n r + 1) nCr1
r
n1
Cr1
Restricted combinations -
included is nkCrk
(ii)
excluded is nkCr
(iii)
8.
(i)
(ii)
A T
I O
(m + n + p)!
m! n! p!
n!
is same is n ! n !............n ! .
1
2
r
(iii)
Cn = 2n 1
n!
(ii)
(iii)
Crk
Cn = 2n
C1 = nCn1 = n
Cr =
Cr = nCnr
Cr = nCs
k1
PAGE # 17
k2
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PAGE # 18
(b)
C3
(c)
(ii)
(e)
+...+x
n'1
j ex
n2
+x
n2 +1
+...+x
n'2
j...ex
nr
+x
nr +1
+...+ x
n'r
jOQP
(d)
+x
C3.
C2 n.
(i)
n1
LMex
N
(f)
(g)
is
L 1 + 1 1 + 1 ....+(1) 1 OP
= n! M1
n!Q
N 1! 2! 3! 4!
(h)
r3
r =1
r2 .
r =1
(ii)
n p is
LM1 1 + 1 1 + 1 +....+(1)
N 1! 2! 3! 4!
n r
1
(n r)!
np
(n + 1) (p + 1) and number of squares
4
n
of any size is
OP
Q
r =1
(n + 1 r) (p + 1 r).
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PAGE # 20
PROBABILITY
1.
= P(A + B) P(AB)
Note :
2.
(i)
(ii)
0 P (A) 1
Probability of an impossible event is zero
(iii)
(iv)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
m
nm
and P( A ) =
n
n
P(A)
m
=
P(A)
nm
P(A)
nm
=
P(A)
m
1
.
6n
1
.
Cn
52
(xiii) If n cards are drawn one after the other with replacement, the probability of each simple event is
3.
(i)
P(A + B) = 1 P( A B )
(ii)
P(AB)
P(A/B) =
P(B)
(iii)
P( AB ) = P(B) P(AB)
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1
.
2n
PAGE # 21
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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1
.
(52)n
PAGE # 22
Conditional probability :
P(A/B) = Probability of occurrence of A, given that B has
(b)
already happened =
Note :
1
n!
4.
LM 1 1 + 1 +.....+(1)
N2! 3! 4!
n r
1
(n r)!
OP
Q
i.e. n (A B) = 0
P(A B) = 0
P(A B) 0
or
D U
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I O
or
Multiplication Theorem :
Generalized :
(iii)
(ii)
or
(ii)
(i)
1
envelopes =
r!
P(A B)
P(A)
1
1
1
1
=
+
.... + (1)n
2!
3!
4!
n!
(d)
P(A B)
P(B)
1
n!
lopes = 1
(c)
already happened =
PAGE # 23
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PAGE # 24
Total Probability :
(a)
(c)
(d)
8.
r =1
(b)
(i)
P(Ar) P(A/Ar)
If two persons A and B speaks truth with the probability p1 & p2 respectively and if they agree on a statement, then the probability that they are speaking truth
will be given by
p1p2
p1p2 + (1 p1 ) (1 p2 ) .
(ii)
P(B / A i)P(A i )
P(Ai/B) = P(B / A )P(A ) + P(B / A )P(A ) + P(B / A )P(A ) ,
1
1
2
2
3
3
p1p2
p1p2 + (1 ) (1 p1) (1 p2 )
Probability distribution :
(iii)
(ii)
i = 1, 2, 3
(i)
E (x2) = npq + n2 p2
Baye's Rule :
9.
mean E(x) = np
P1 + P2 + P3 + ..... + Pn = 1
p1p2
+
p1p2 (1 ) (1 p1) (1 p2 ) .
atleast r success is
k =r
Ck Pk qnk
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PAGE # 25
D U
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PAGE # 26
where d =
(b)
(v)
term i.e. an =
n
n
[2a + (n 1)d] = [a + Tn]
2
2
2.
(e)
Three terms as a - d, a, a + d
(ii)
(iii)
A.M. =
(ii)
(iii)
a+b
i.e.
2
A T
I O
1
(a + an+r), r < n
2 nr
a Tnr
a(1 r n )
=
, r<1
1r
1r
Tnr a
a(r n 1)
=
,r>1
r 1
r 1
(d)
(e)
=
=
A1 + A 2 +.........+ A n
A i
Sum of numbers
=
=
n
n
n
A=
Sn
n
(a + b)
2
ba
n+1
PAGE # 27
a
,
1r
a
, a, ar
r
(i)
Three terms as
(ii)
Four terms as
a a
, , ar, ar3
r3 r
(iii)
Five terms as
a a
, , a, ar, ar2
r2 r
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|r|<1
PAGE # 28
(i)
(ii)
ab
(iii)
3.
F bI
= ar , where r = G J
H aK
(d)
a = a + a + .... + (n times) = na
(e)
(f)
2n = 2 + 4 + 6 + .... + 2n = n (n + 1)
(b)
(c)
(d)
=
(c)
A T
I O
2ab
a+b
(i)
(ii)
ab(n + 1)
ab(n + 1)
, ....., Hn =
bn + a
na + b
1
1
&
, then their
a
b
AH = G2
(ii)
A G H
If A and G are A.M. and G.M. respectively between two
+ve numbers, then these numbers are
(iii)
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
n(n + 1)
2
n2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + ..... + n2 =
1
1
= th
n term coresponding to A.P.
a + (n 1)d
then H1 =
6.
(b)
1
1
1
,
,
+......
a a + d a + 2d
d(1 r n1)
a
+ r.
(1 r)2
1r
(b)
dr
a
+
(1 r)2
1r
(a)
General H.P.
(a)
4.
D U
1/n+1
(a)
n = 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n
3
S =
5.
Ln(n + 1) OP
= M
N 2 Q
(c)
PAGE # 29
A 2 G2
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PAGE # 30
BINOMIAL THEOREM
1.
Cr xnr ar
r=0
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
middle term
th
FG n + 1IJ
H 2K
term
and
term
1
x
IJ
K
C0 + C1 + C2 + ..... + Cn = 2n
C0 C 1 + C2 C3 + ..... + C n = 0
2n
, if xn occurs in
A T
I O
Cr =
n n 1
nn1
Cr 1 =
r
r r 1
Cn + r =
n2
Cr 2 and so on ...
Cr +
2n!
nr ! n+r !
hc
Cr 1 =
n+1
Cr
th
th
F
Let the given expansion be G x
H
C1 ,
th
th
Fn I
(a) If n is even then middle term = G + 1J
H2 K
FG n + 3IJ
H 2 K
C2 .....
C0 ,
C r .......... Cn respectively.
PAGE # 31
|RS
T|c1h
c2nh!
cn!h
2
0,
n/2 n
D U
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I O
2n
Cn
if n is odd
Cn/2 , if n is even
PAGE # 32
Note :
2n + 1
4.
2n + 1
2n + 1
C0 +
2n + 1
Cn + 2 + .....
C1 + .... +
C2n + 1 = 2
2n + 1
Cn =
2n + 1
Cn + 1 +
(ii)
2n
(x + y + z)n =
r + s + t =n
n!
xr ys z t
s! r !t !
C0 +
C1
C2
Cn
2n+1 1
+
+ ..... +
=
2
3
n+1
n+1
C0
C1
C2
C3
(1)n C n
+
.... +
2
3
4
n+1
=
1
n+1
6.
r1 +r2 +...rk =n
n!
r1 r2
rk
r1 ! r2 !....rk ! x1 x2 ..... xk
Greatest term :
(i)
If
(n + 1)a
Z (integer) then the expansion has two
x+a
If
(n + 1)a
Z then the expansion has only one greatx+a
LM(n + 1)aOP ,
N x+a Q
Multinomial Theorem :
n
(x + a)n =
(i)
r =0
r =0
Cr xnr ar, n N
n!
n!
xnr ar = r +
x s ar ,
s =n s ! r !
(n r)! r !
where s = n r
, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510
E
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PAGE # 33
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PAGE # 34
Trigonometric identities :
(i)
sin2 + cos2 = 1
(ii) cosec2 cot2 = 1
(iii) sec2 tan2 = 1
4.
Sign convention :
Arc length AB = r
Area of circular sector =
(ii)
1 2
r
2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
1
na2 cot
4
(e)
(f)
Area of triangle =
(g)
F a I
Area of incircle = G cot J
H 2 nK
(h)
2.
II quadrant
sin & cosec
are +ve
x'
III quadrant
tan & cot
are +ve
5.
FG IJ
H nK
6.
A T
I O
sin
cos
cos
cos
tan
tan
m sin
m cot
cot
cot
m sin
cos
tan
cos
sin
sin
cos
m cot
m tan
tan
cot
cot
m tan
sec
cosec sec
m cosec sec
cosec sec
cosec
m cosec sec
sin
sec
cosec
D
G
2C
=
=
90
100
IV quadrant
cos & sec
are +ve
FG a cos ec IJ
H2
nK
y'
1 2
a cos
4
n
Area of circumcircle =
I quadrant
All +ve
O
a
cot
2
n
=
cosec
2
n
D U
3.
(iii)
PAGE # 35
tan (A B) =
tan A tanB
1 m tan A tan B
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PAGE # 36
cot A cot B m 1
cot B cot A
S1 S3 + S5 S7 +......
= 1 S + S S + S ......
2
4
6
8
S1 = tan A
S2 = tan A tan B,
S3 = tan A tan B tan C & so on
(viii) sin (A + B + C) = sin A cos B cos C sin A
= cos A (Numerator of tan (A + B + C))
cos (A + B + C) = cos A sin A sin B cos C
= cos A (Denominator of tan (A + B + C))
for a triangle A + B + C =
8.
tan A = tan A
sin A = sin A cos B cos C
1 + cos A = sin A sin B cos C
(viii) sin75 =
0
= cos15
2 2
D U
A T
3 1
(x)
tan75 = 2 +
3 = cot15
(xi)
cot750 = 2
0
3 = tan15
(ix)
tanA + tanB =
sin(A + B)
cos A cos B
(ii)
cos750 =
I O
(v)
2 tan A
1 + tan2 A
PAGE # 37
2 tan A / 2
1 + tan2 A / 2
(ix)
(iii)
3 +1
2 2
FG C + D IJ cos FG C D IJ
H 2 K H 2 K
F C + D I F C DI
(vi) sinC sinD = 2cos GH 2 JK sin GH 2 JK
F C + D IJ cos FG C D IJ
(vii) cosC + cosD = 2cos GH
H 2 K
2 K
F C + D IJ sin FG D C IJ
(viii) cosC cosD = 2sin GH
H 2 K
2 K
(ix)
(ii)
S1 S3
tan A + tanB + tan C tan A tan B tan C
= 1S
1 tan A tan B tanB tan C tan C tan A
2
Where
(i)
1 tan2 A
1 + tan2 A
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PAGE # 38
(iii)
2 tan A
tan2A =
1 tan2 A
2 tan A / 2
tanA =
1 tan2 A / 2
(iii)
(v)
(ix)
3 tan A tan3 A
(vi) tan3A =
1 3 tan2 A
= tan(600 A) tan(600 + A)tanA
(vii) sinA/2 =
(xi)
(i)
1 cos A
2
LM FG n 1IJOP sinLn O
N H 2 K Q MN 2 PQ , 2n
sin +
1 + cos A
2
(ix)
1 cos A
1 cos A
=
, A (2n + 1)
sin A
1 + cos A
tanA/2 =
(x)
(viii) cosA/2 =
(ii)
sin
LM FG n 1IJ OP sin n
N H 2 K Q 2 2n
cos +
(iii)
sin
sin 2n
, n
2n sin
= 1 , = 2k
= 1 , = (2k+1)
9.
(ii)
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PAGE # 39
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PAGE # 40
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
1.
2.
(i)
sin = 0
= n,
nI
(ii)
cos = 0
= (2n + 1)
(iii)
tan = 0
= n,
(iv) sin = 1
= 2n +
(v)
cos = 1
= 2n
(vi) sin = 1
= 2n
(vii) cos = 1
= (2n + 1)
= n + (1)n
c
2
a + b2
= cos(say)
, nI
2
3.
nI
(i)
(ii)
If two equations are given then find the common values of between 0 & 2 and then add 2n to this
common solution (value).
3
or 2n +
2
2
= 2n
(ix)
cos = cos
(x)
tan = tan
= n +
(xi)
sin2 = sin2
= n
= n
= n
a2 + b2
and put
a
2
a +b
= cos,
b
2
a + b2
= sin.
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PAGE # 41
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PAGE # 42
2.
(ii)
Range (R)
1 x 1
cos1 x
1 x 1
tan1 x
< x <
cot1 x
< x <
0 < <
sec1 x
x 1, x 1
0 ,
x 1, x 1
, 0
2
2
sin
cosec1 x
Domain (D)
< 0
or 0 <
< <
2
2
or 1 x <
(iii)
sin1 ( x) = sin1 x,
cos1 ( x) = cos1 x
tan1 ( x) = tan1 x
cot1 ( x) = cot1 x
cosec1 ( x) = cosec1 x
3.
(i)
sec1 ( x) = sec1 x
A T
I O
x [ 1, 1]
tan1 x + cot1 x =
,
2
x R
or
<
2
2
,
2
< <
2
2
sec1 x + cosec1 x =
PAGE # 43
,
x ( , 1] [1, )
2
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 44
sin1 x = cos1
= sec1
(ii)
1x
1x
= tan1
(iii)
tan1 x = sin1
= sec1
(iv) sin1
(v)
cos1
(vi) tan1
1
= cosec1
x
FG 1 IJ
H xK
FG 1 IJ
H xK
FG 1 IJ
H xK
1 x2
x
1 + x2
1 x2
1 x2
= cot1
x
1
1 + x2
D U
A T
I O
1 x2
x
(i)
(iii)
1 x2
(iv)
= cot1
(v)
1
x
(ii)
(vi)
1 + x2
, x 0
x
if x,y 0 & x2 + y2 1
LM
N
OP
Q
2
2
(vii) sin1x sin1y = sin1 x 1 y y 1 x ;
= cosec1 x , x ( , 1] [1, )
RS cot x
|T + cot x
1
LM
N
OP
Q
2
2
(viii) cos1x cos1y = cos1 xy m 1 x 1 y ;
= sec1 x, x ( , 1] [1, )
LM
N
OP
Q
2
2
(ix) cos1x cos1y = cos1 xy m 1 x 1 y ;
for x > 0
for x < 0
, 0 x 1
= cos1
1
1 + x2 = cosec
= cot1
5.
1
, 0 x 1
x
= cosec1
= sec1
PAGE # 45
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 46
2sin1x = sin1(2x
(ii)
1 x2 ), if 1 x 1
Properties of triangle :
FG 2x IJ = sin FG 2x IJ = cos FG 1 x IJ
H1 x K
H1 + x K
H1 + x K
1.
(iii)
2tan1x = tan1
F 3x x I
GH 1 3x JK
C
a
In ABC :
(i)
A + B + C =
(ii) a + b > c, b +c > a, c + a > b
2.
(iii)
3.
Sine formula :
a
b
c
=
=
= k(say)
sin A
sinB
sin C
sin A
sinB
sinC
=
=
= k (say)
a
b
c
or
4.
D U
A T
I O
Cosine formula :
cos A =
b2 + c2 a2
2bc
cos B =
c2 + a2 b2
2ac
cos C =
a2 + b2 c2
2ab
PAGE # 47
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 48
Projection formula :
a = b cos C + c cos B
b = c cos A + a cos C
c = a cos B + b cos A
6.
(c)
Napier's Analogies :
A B
ab
=
cot
2
a+b
C
2
tan
BC
bc
=
cot
2
b+c
A
2
tan
CA
ca
=
cot
2
c+a
B
2
tan
(a)
sin
sin
sin
(b)
A
=
2
B
=
2
C
=
2
(s a) (s b)
ab
A
=
2
s (s a)
bc
B
cos
=
2
s (s b)
ca
C
=
2
s (s c)
ab
cos
cos
9.
A T
I O
(s b) (s c)
s (s a)
tan
B
=
2
(s c) (s a)
s (s b)
tan
C
=
2
(s b) (s a)
s (s c)
1
1
1
= 2 ab sin C = 2 bc sin A = 2 ca sin B
(ii)
s(s a) (s b) (s c)
tan
A
B
s c
tan
=
2
2
s
tan
B
C
s a
tan
=
2
2
s
tan
C
tan
2
where 2s = a + b + c
A
=
2
(i)
(s b) (s c)
bc
(s c) (s a)
ca
tan
, Area of triangle :
8.
7.
A
s b
=
2
s
R=
a
b
c
=
=
2sin A
2sinB
2sin C
(ii)
R=
abc
4
PAGE # 49
Where R is circumradius
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 50
(iii)
r=
(iv)
r = (s a) tan
(v)
(iv) r1 + r2 + r3 r = 4R
(v)
r = 4R sin
A
B
C
= (s b) tan
= (s c) tan
2
2
2
(vi)
A
B
C
sin
sin
2
2
2
(vii)
r
R
1
1
1
1
r1 + r2 + r3 = r
1
r12
(ix)
A
B
, r2 = s tan
, r3 = s tan
2
2
r1 = s tan
(iii)
r1 = 4R sin
A
B
C
cos
cos
,
2
2
2
r2 = 4R cos
A
B
C
sin
cos
,
2
2
2
r3 = 4R cos
A
B
cos
sin
2
2
D U
A T
I O
1
r2
a2 + b2 + c2
2
A
B
C
cos
cos
2
2
2
B
C
C
A
b cos cos
cos
2
2
2
2
, r2 =
,
A
B
cos
cos
2
2
(x)
r1 =
A
B
cos
2
2
C
cos
2
c cos
r3 =
C
2
C
2
r32
a cos
, r2 =
, r3 =
sa
s b
sc
(ii)
1
1
1
1
+
+
=
2Rr
bc
ca
ab
r22
B
C
A
C
B
A
a sin sin
b sin sin
c sin sin
2
2
2
2
2
2
(vii) r =
=
=
A
B
C
cos
cos
cos
2
2
2
(i)
PAGE # 51
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 52
(ii)
d = h (cot cot)
A
A
B
n
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 53
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 54
POINT
1.
Distance formula :
Distance between two points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) is
given by d(P, Q) = PQ
=
=
(x 2 x1)2 + (y2 y1 )2
Note :
(i) d(P, Q) 0
(ii) d(P, Q) = 0 P = Q
(iii) d(P, Q) = d(Q, P)
(iv) Distance of a point (x, y) from origin
(0, 0) =
2.
x2 + y2
AP
m
=
= , Here > 0
BP
n
A T
I O
m
A(x 1 , y1 )
P
(ii)
FG mx + nx
H m+n
2
B(x 2 , y2 )
my 2 + ny1
m+n
IJ
K
Externally :
m
AP
m
=
=
BP
n
In Parallelogram :
Calculate AB, BC, CD and AD.
(i)
If AB = CD, AD = BC, then ABCD is a parallelogram.
(ii) If AB = CD, AD = BC and AC = BD, then ABCD
is a rectangle.
(iii) If AB = BC = CD = AD, then ABCD is a rhombus.
(iv) If AB = BC = CD = AD and AC = BD, then ABCD
is a square.
Section formula :
(i)
Internally :
3.
(iii)
FG mx nx
H mn
2
n
P
B(x 2, y 2 )
A(x 1, y 1 )
my 2 ny1
mn
IJ
K
FG x
H
+ x2 y1 + y2
,
2
2
IJ
K
(ax1 + by + c)
(x1, y1) & (x2, y2) in the ratio = (ax + by + c)
2
2
PAGE # 55
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 56
FG x
H
+ x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3
,
3
3
FG ax + bx + cx
H a+b+c
1
ay + by 2 + cy 3
, 1
a+b+c
Area of Polygon :
Area of polygon having vertices (x 1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)
........ (xn, yn) is given by area
IJ
K
IJ
K
=
Area of Triangle :
The area of triangle ABC with vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2)
and C(x3, y3).
1
2
x1
y1 1
x2
y2 1
x3
y3 1
x1
y1
x2
1
2 x3
y2
x1
y1
y3
6.
1
[x y + x2y3 + x3y1 x2y1 x3y2 x1y3]
2 1 2
A T
I O
y2
x3
y3
xn
yn
x1
y1
x' cos
sin
y' sin
cos
Note :
(i)
Three points A, B, C are collinear if area of triangle
is zero.
(ii) If in a triangle point arrange in anticlockwise then
value of be +ve and if in clockwise then will be
ve.
D U
x2
(Determinant method)
[Stair method]
y1
Rotational Transformation :
If coordinates of any point P(x, y) with reference to new
axis will be (x', y') then
7.
=
1
2
x1
ax + by + c = 0 is
PAGE # 57
c2
.
2ab
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 58
STRAIGHT LINE
1.
(x)
making an angle , 0 ,
a
b
(xi)
3.
A T
I O
x x1
y y1
=
= r
cos
sin
x = x1 + r cos , y = y1 + r sin
y y1
x x1
y2 y1 = x2 x1
with the
2
y2 y1
B(x2, y2) is x x .
2
1
Slope of the line ax + by + c = 0, b 0 is
x
y
+
= 1.
a
b
Parametric or distance or symmetrical form of the
line : Equation of a line passing through (x1, y1) and
(v)
(a)
a1
b1
c1
Parallel if a = b c
2
2
2
(b)
(c)
a1
b1
c1
Identical or coincident if a = b = c
2
2
2
(d)
a2b1 a1b2
If not above three, then = tan1 a a b b
1 2
1 2
(ii)
(a)
(b)
(c)
m1 m2
If not above two, then = tan1 1 + m m
1 2
PAGE # 59
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 60
5.
6.
a h g
h
b f =0
straight line if
g f c
m tan
(x x1)
1 m m tan
y y1 =
7.
|ax1 + by1 + c|
is
8.
then m1 + m2 =
a2 + b2
9.
|c1 c 2|
a2 + b2
2 h2 ab
is tan =
(a + b)
a1 b1
a2 b2
a3 b3
(i)
c1
c2 = 0
c3
(ii)
2
1
a +b
a2 x + b2 y + c 2
a22 + b22
D U
A T
I O
2h
a
, m1m2 = .
b
b
x y
ab
PAGE # 61
xy
h
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 62
CIRCLE
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
Radius is
g2 + f 2 c
3.
7.
8.
x axis = 2 g2 c
(ii)
y axis = 2 f 2 c
Diameter form : If (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are end pts. of a
diameter of a circle, then its equation is
(x x1) (x x2) + (y y1) (y y2) = 0
9.
Parametric equations :
(i)
The parametric equations of the circle x2 + y2 = r2 are
x = rcos, y = r sin ,
Length of tangent = S1
(iv)
g2 + f 2 c cos, y = f +
D U
A T
I O
D
a
1 + 2
+ 2
2
+ y sin 1
= r cos 1
.
2
2
2
or
g2 + f 2 c sin
x cos
a2 (1 + m2 ) c2
1 + m2
PAGE # 63
1 + m2
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 64
F r cos +
GG
2
GH cos 2
(iii)
am
1 + m2
a
1 + m2
I
JK
radius is
, a sin
) to the
19.
F a l a mI
are G n , n J
H
K
2
y1 + f
y y1 = x + g (x x1)
1
(ii)
I
JJ
JK
(i)
1 + 2
2
,
1 2
cos
2
r sin
F
GH
(i)
at any
S = 0 & S' = 0 if 1
(ii)
(iii)
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 65
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 66
x1
y1 1
x2
= 0.
y2 1
(i)
(ii)
r12 + r12 d2
cos =
, where d = C1C2
2r1r2
24. Position of two circles : Let two circles with centres C1, C2
and radii r1, r2 .
Then following cases arise as
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 67
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 68
PARABOLA
1.
Standard Parabola :
Imp. Terms
x2 = 4ay
Vertex (v)
(0, 0)
(0, 0)
(0, 0)
(0, 0)
Focus (f)
(a, 0)
(a, 0)
(0, a)
(0, a)
Directrix (D)
x = a
x = a
y = a
y = a
Axis
y = 0
y = 0
x = 0
x = 0
L.R.
4a
4a
4a
4a
Focal
x + a
a x
y + a
a y
(2at, at2)
(2at, at2)
Parametric
x = at2
x = at2
x = 2at
x = 2at
Equations
y = 2at
y = 2at
y = 2at2
y = at2
y2 = 4ax
distance
Parametric
Coordinates
x2 = 4ay
y2 = 4ax
x2 = 4ay
, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510
E
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 69
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 70
FGh + l , kIJ
H 4 K
Equation
FGh, k + l IJ
H
4K
i.e.
FG
H
F b , 4ac b I
GH 2a 4a JK
IJ
K
y 2=4ax
yy 1 =2a(x+x1 )
(at2, 2at)
y 2 =4ax
ty=x+at2
x =4ay
xx 1 =2a(y+y1 )
tx=y + at2
x 2 =4ay
Equation
of
parabolas
,with vertex
I O
(2at, at )
2
tx =y+at2
Point of
Equations
Condition of
contact in
terms of
of tangent
in terms of
Tangency
slope(m)
y2 = 4ax
ty=x+at2
y2 = 4ax
x2 = 4ay
x
5.
= 4ay
FG a
Hm
FG a
H m
2a
m
slope (m)
IJ
K
2a
m
IJ
K
y = mx +
a
m
y = mx
a
m
c =
a
m
c =
a
m
(2am, am2)
y = mx am2
c = am2
(2am, am )
y = mx + am
c = am2
6.
D U
Tangent of 't'
Parametric
coordinates't'
3.
Tangent at
of parabola (x 1, y1)
PAGE # 71
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 72
Normal
Point
Normals
parabola
at (x1, y1)
't'
at 't'
y2 = 4ax
yy1 =
y1
(xx1) (at2, 2at)
2a
y+tx = 2at+at3
y2 = 4ax
yy1 =
y1
(xx1)
2a
ytx = 2at+at3
x2 = 4ay
x2 = 4ay
(ii)
yy1 =
yy1 =
2a
x1
2a
x1
(xx1)
(at2, 2at)
(2at, at2)
x+ty = 2at+at3
(xx1)
(2at, at2)
Eqn. of
Point of
Equations
Condition of
parabola
contact
of normal
Normality
y2 = 4ax
x2 = 4ay
FG 2a , a IJ
H m mK
2
FG 2a , a IJ
Hm m K
2
y = mx+2a+
a
2
A T
I O
(iii)
(i)
c = 2a+
y = mx2a
a
2
10. (i)
(ii)
2t1
t12
a
m2
PAGE # 73
(x a)
c = 2a
2
t1
(ii)
(iii)
9.
x2 = 4ay
(ii)
xty = 2at+at3
at t2 then t2 = t1
Slope form
8.
2
|t2 t1|
3
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 74
(v)
2a
.
m
FG n , 2amIJ
Hl l K
(ii)
(iii)
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 75
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 76
ELLIPSE
1.
R|S x
T| a
Ellipse
Imp. terms
b2
U|
= 1V
W|
For a > b
For b > a
Centre
(0, 0)
(0, 0)
Vertices
(a, 0)
(0, b)
2a
2b
2b
2a
Foci
(ae, 0)
(0, be)
Equation of directrices
x = a/e
y = b/e
Relation in a, b and e
b2 = a2(1 e2)
a2 = b2(1 e2)
2b2/a
2a2/b
F ae, b I
GH
a JK
2
Parametric coordinates
p12
a2
p22
b2
= 1
a > b
F a , beI
GH b
JK
2
Focal radii
SP = a ex1
SP = b ey1
S'P = a + ex1
S'P = b + ey1
SP + S'P =
2a 2b
Distance bt
2ae
2be
2a/e
2b/e
x = a, x = a
y = b, y = b
foci
D U
A T
I O
b > a
PAGE # 77
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 78
(ii)
cx hh
3.
a2
(y k)2
b2
ellipse
= 1.
If
a2
y2
x2
a2
(iii)
y12
2
5.
xx1
a2
a2
x2
a2
7.
yy1
b2
(i)
A T
I O
b2
a2m2 + b2
I
JK .
y2
b2
= 1 is given by SS1 = T2
x2
2
y2
b2
= 1 is
a2 x
b2x
= a2 b2.
y1
x1
= 1.
a2m2 + b2
b2
= 1 at
a2m
D U
6.
b2
F
GH
x
y
cos +
sin = 1.
a
b
(i)
y2
1 > , = or < 0
b2
Line y = mx
Point of contact :
x2 + y2 = a2.
4.
a2
y2
b2
x2
straight line y = mx
PAGE # 79
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 80
x2
a2
y2
b2
= 1 at (a cos , b sin ) is
ax sec by cosec = a b .
2
(iii)
x2
a2
is y = mx
y2
b2
m (a2 b2 )
a2 + b2m2
9.
xx1
yy1
b2
= 0 i.e. T = 0.
F
GH
a2
a2 + b2m2
mb2
a2 + b2m2
I
JK .
a2
y2
b2
x
cos
a
(ii)
(i)
(iii)
A T
I O
+
y
+
sin
b
2
b2
= 1 whose
x2
a2
+
= cos
2
(ii)
PAGE # 81
C
A T
I O
= 1 is
tan
1
, tan
2
2
e 1
=
2
1e
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = (2n + 1) .
b2
y2
y2
= 1.
a2
x2
x2
PAGE # 82
12. Equation of polar of the point (x1, y1) w.r.t. the ellipse
x2
a2
y2
= 1 is given by
b2
xx1
yy1
a2
b2
(c)
= 0 i.e. T = 0.
the ellipse
a2
F a l , b nI
GH n n JK .
2
y2
= 1 is
b2
(d)
x2
y2
2
FG b IJ .
H aeK
= 1 are tan1
y =
(ii)
b2
a2m
x2
a2
y2
b2
x2
a2
y2
b2
= 1 is
a2
y2
b2
a2
= 1 is
x1 & (1 e2) x1
x1
(iii)
y2
b2
= 1 if m1m2 =
b2
a2
of the ellipse
a2
y2
b2
= 1, then
CP2 + CQ2 = a2 + b2
(b)
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 83
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 84
HYPERBOLA
1.
Standard Hyperbola :
Hyperbola
x2
a2
y2
b2
= 1
Imp. terms
x2
a2
or
(0, 0)
2a
2b
2b
(ae, 0)
2a
(0, be)
x = a/e
y = b/e
= 1
e =
Length of L.R.
Parametric
2b2/a
2a2/b
co-ordinates
(a sec , b tan )
(b sec , a tan )
0 < 2
0 < 2
SP = ex1 a
S'P = ex1 + a
2a
SP = ey1 b
S'P = ey1 + b
2b
Fa + b I
GH a JK
2
I O
Hyperbola
Fa + b I
GH b JK
2
e =
y = b, y = b
x = 0
Conjugate Hyperbola
y = 0
b2
(0, 0)
S'P SP
Tangents at
the vertices
x = a, x = a
Equation of the y = 0
transverse axis
Equation of the x = 0
conjugate axis
y2
Eccentricity
Focal radii
D U
a2
= 1
b2
Centre
Length of
transverse axis
Length of
conjugate axis
Foci
Equation of
directrices
x2
y2
PAGE # 85
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 86
(b)
3.
(y k)2
b2
x2
a2
= 1.
(c)
x2
2
y2
2
x2
a2
a2
b2
F
GH
= 1
according as
x12
a2
y12
b2
6.
x2
a2
at (x1, y1) is
y2
b2
7.
xx1
2
yy1
2
A T
I O
y2
b2
= 1 are y = mx
a2m
a2m2 b2
b2
a2m2 b2
I
JK .
y2
= 1 is given by SS1 = T2
b2
(b)
= 1
y2
b2
= 1 at (x1, y1) is
a2 x
b2y
+
= a2 + b2.
y1
x1
= 1.
a2
x2
= 1 at (a sec , b tan ) is
5.
b2
y2
= 1
x
y
sec
tan = 1.
b
a
4.
a2
PAGE # 87
y2
b2
= 1 is ax cos + by cot = a2 + b2
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 88
x2
2
y2
b
a2
y2
b2
F
GH
a2 b2m2
a2
a2 b2m2
or c2 =
m(a2 + b2 )2
a2
9.
y2
b2
(a2 m2b2)
, which
,m
mb2
a2 b2m2
I
JK .
a2
yy1
b2
a2
A T
I O
IJ
K
y
sin
b
FG
H
+ 2
2
IJ
K
= cos
FG
H
IJ
K
+ 2
.
2
y2
= 1 is y =
b2
b2
a2m
x.
y2
b2
b2
a2
a2
a2
= 1 is
b2
x2
x2
F a l , b mI
GH n n JK
2
y2
= 1.
m1m2 =
y2
b2
= 1 are y =
b
x.
a
D U
2
2
xx1
a2
= 1 is x + y = a b .
2
FG
H
12. Equation of polar of the point (x1, y1) w.r.t. the hyperbola
is given by T = 0.
x2
2, b tan 2) is
is condition of normality.
Points of contact : Co-ordinates of points of contact
are
8.
a2 b2m2
= 1,
m (a2 + b2 )
then c = m
(e)
x
cos
a
m (a + b )
the normal is y = mx m
of
(d)
PAGE # 89
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 90
x2
a2
y2
b2
x2
= 1 is
a2
y2
b2
= 0.
x
y
= c2 is x + y = 2.
1
1
a
*
= 1 is 2 tan1
b2
or 2 sec1 e.
Equation of normal at t on xy = c2 is
xt3 yt ct4 + c = 0.
(This results shows that four normal can be drawn
from a point to the hyperbola xy = c2)
hyperbola xy = c2 is
2 and angle
between asymptotes of rectangular hyperbola is 90.
x = ct, y =
*
F 2c t t
GH t + t
1 2
2c
t1 + t 2
I
JK
c
, where t is a parameter.
t
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 91
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 92
Geometric Mean :
(i)
For ungrouped data
G.M. = (x1 x2 x3 .....xn)1/n
Arithmetic mean :
(i)
or
x =
(ii)
x1 + x2 +......+ xn
xi
= i=1
n(no. of terms)
n
(ii)
Direct method x =
i =1
n
fi
1
N
, where N =
i= 1
F f log x I
GG
JJ
= antilog G
GH f JJK
fixi
i =1
(a)
F1
I
G.M. = antilog G n log x J
H
K
, where xi , i = 1 .... n
i =1
i=1
fidi
short cut method : x = A + f ,
i
i= 1
4.
(i)
If x is the mean of x1, x2, ...... xn. The mean of ax1, ax2
.....axn is a x where a is any number different from
zero.
I O
(ii)
Ff I
i= 1
GH x JK
i
i =1
5.
(iii)
x
i=1
(ii)
D U
Properties of A.M.
(i)
PAGE # 93
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 94
Median :
(a) Individual series (ungrouped data) : If data is raw,
arrange in ascending or descending order and n be
the no. of observations.
If n is odd, Median = Value of
FG n + 1IJ
H 2 K
Median = u -
th
th
7.
(c)
FG n + 1IJ
H 2 K
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Where
A T
I O
LM f f OP
N2f f f Q
1
Mode = l 1 +
frequency.
Continuous distribution (grouped data)
(i)
For series in ascending order
Median = l +
th
FG N CIJ
H2 K
Mode :
th
(b)
FG N CIJ
H2 K
observation
FG nIJ + value of
H 2K
FG n + 1IJ ] observation.
H2 K
1
If n is even, Median =
[Value of
2
class.
8.
(ii)
PAGE # 95
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 96
Measure of Dispersion :
The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about
an average value is called variation or dispersion.
Popular methods of measure of dispersion.
1.
(b)
|x S|
n
or
FG IJ
H K
d2
d
N
N
f | x s|
f |x s|
=
f
N
FG IJ
H K
fd2
fd
N
N
N = f = Total frequency
Short cut method
100
x
Standard Deviation :
S.D. () is the square root of the arithmetic mean of the
squares of the deviations of the terms from their A.M.
(a) For individual series (ungrouped data)
=
(x x)2
N
the series
(b)
N = Total frequency
For continuous series (grouped data)
(i)
Direct method =
Where
fi (xi x)2
N
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 97
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 98
1.
2.
MATRICES :
Matrix - A system or set of elements arranged in a rectangular form of array is called a matrix.
trace kA = k trace A
trace A = trace AT
trace In = n when In is identity matrix.
trace On = O
The number of rows is written first and then number of columns. Horizontal line is row & vertical line is column
3.
6.
Name
Properties
A row matrix
if m = 1
A column matrix
if n = 1
A rectangular matrix
if m n
A square matrix
if m = n
Properties :
if aij = 0 i j. It is denoted by O.
A diagonal matrix
(i)
K(A + B) = KA + KB
A scalar matrix
(ii)
(iii)
KA = K (aij)mn
= k for i = j
i.e. a11 = a22 ....... = ann = k (cons.)
Identity or unit matrix
7.
Properties :
Symmetric matrix
(i)
A T
I O
(ii)
or AT = A
D U
= 1 for i = j
On is null matrix.
PAGE # 99
A(BC) = (AB)C
[Associative law]
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 100
A.(B + C) = AB + AC
[Distributive law]
DETERMINANT :
1.
/ B=C
(iv) If AB = AC
(v)
a22
M11 = a
32
(vi) AI = A = IA
(vii) Matrix multiplication is commutative for +ve integral
i.e. Am+1 = Am A = AAm
8.
Transpose of a matrix :
A' or A T is obtained by interchanging rows into columns or
columns into rows
Properties :
(AT)T = A
(ii)
(A B)T = AT BT
(iii)
(AB) = B A
T
9.
a1 b1
a2 b2
a3 b3
IT = I
or
AAT = In = ATA
(i)
Orthogonal matrix : if
(ii)
Idempotent matrix : if A2 = A
(iii)
Involutory matrix : if A = I
A T
c1
c2
c3
b1
= a2 b
3
b2
= a1 b
3
c2
a2
b
1
c3
a3
c1
a1
+
b
2
c3
a3
c2
a2 b2
+
c
1
c3
a3 b3
c1
a1 b1
c3 c2 a3 b3
Properties :
(i)
|AT| = |A|
(ii)
(iii)
or A
=A
if i j
D U
= Mij,
(v)
if i = j
Cij = Mij,
(i)
a23
a33 and so.
I O
PAGE # 101
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 102
(vi) Determinant of :
3.
(a)
A nilpotent matrix is 0.
(b)
An orthogonal matrix is 1 or 1
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
2.
(i)
(ii)
A1 =
(iii)
A1A = In = A A1
adjA
, |A| 0
| A|
(A1)1 = A
1
| A|
a1m1 + b1m2
a2m1 + b2m2
(iii)
(AB)1 = B1 A1
3.
Rank of a matrix :
A non zero matrix A is said to have rank r, if
A T
Adjoint of a matrix :
(iii)
Inverse of a matrix :
D U
|adj A| = |A|n1
(v)
(ii)
(v)
1.
a1 b1
l1 m1
a1l1 + b1l2
a2 b2
l2 m2 = a2 l1 + b2 l2
(i)
(i)
(ii)
PAGE # 103
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 104
5.
(ii)
det A i
xi =
, where Ai is the matrix obtained
det A
from A by replacing ith column with B.
Inconsistent (with no solution) if |A| = 0 and
at least one of the det (Ai) is non zero.
Consistent (With infinite many solution), if
|A| = 0 and all det (Ai) are zero.
(ii)
Matrix method :
The non homogeneous system Ax = B, B 0 of
n equations in n variables is Consistent (with unique solution) if |A| 0 i.e.
if A is non singular, x = A1 B.
Inconsistent (with no solution), if |A| = 0 and
(adj A) B is a non null matrix.
Consistent (with infinitely many solutions), if
|A| = 0 and (adj A) B is a null matrix.
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 105
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 106
FUNCTION
1.
Modulus function :
R|x, x > 0
|x| = Sx, x < 0
|T0, x = 0
(i)
loga 1 = 0
(ii)
loga a = 1
(iii)
aloga b = b
if k > 0,
Properties :
|x| x
|xy| = |x||y|
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
x
|x|
=
y
|y|
|x| = a
x=a
|x| = a
no solution
|x| > a
x < a or x > a
|x| a
|x| < a
a x a
No solution.
|x| > a
xR
(ii)
loga b = c
(iii)
loga b > c
b=a
b > ac,
or
b < ac,
(iv) loga b > loga c
b > c,
a>1
or
b < c,
D U
A T
I O
= loga b loga c
FG IJ
H K
1
(viii) loga b
3.
or
1
loga b = log a
b
n
loga b
m
(vii) logam bn =
= loga b = log1/a b
FG bIJ
H cK
(ix)
log1/a
= loga
(x)
alogb c = clogb a
FG c IJ
H bK
0<a<1
if a > 1
if 0 < a < 1
Period of [x] = 1
FG bIJ
H cK
logc b
loga b = log a
c
Logarithmic Function :
(i)
loga
2.
k = blogb k
PAGE # 107
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 108
Properties :
(i)
x 1 < [x] x
(ii) [x + I] = [x] + I
[x + y] [x] + [y]
(iii) [x] + [x] = 0, x I
= 1, x I
(iv) [x] = I, where I is an integer x [I, I + 1)
(v) [x] I, x [I, )
Definition :
Let A and B be two given sets and if each element a A is
associated with a unique element b B under a rule f, then
this relation (mapping) is called a function.
Graphically - no vertical line should intersect the graph of
the function more than once.
Here set A is called domain and set of all f images of the
elements of A is called range.
(vi) [x] I, x ( , I + 1]
(vii) [x] > I, [x] I + 1, x [I + 1, )
(viii) [x] < I, [x] I 1, x ( , I)
4.
or
f(x)
|x|
,
x
= 0,
A T
I O
Domain
Range
Polynomial function
Identity function x
Constant function K
(K)
R0
R0
R+ {x}
x3, x|x|
{-1, 0, 1}
Signum function
1
x
|x|
x
, x R
x +|x|
R+ {x}
x=0
x -|x|
R- {x}
x - {x}
[0, 1]
[0, )
[0, ]
ax (exponential function)
R+
R+
, x R+
x 0
x=0
Functions
Reciprocal function
Signum function :
R|1
|S 0
f(x) = sgn (x) = |
|T 1
D U
5.
PAGE # 109
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 110
Domain
Range
sin x
[-1, 1]
cos x
[-1, 1]
tan x
R-
RS , 3 ,...UV
T2 2 W
cot x
R- {0, , 2 ,...}
sec x
R -
RS , 3 ,...UV
T2 2 W
R - (-1,1)
cosec x
R- {0, , 2 }
R - (-1,1)
Inverse
Domain
Range
Kinds of functions :
or
-1
(-1, 1]
D U
A T
8.
FG , IJ
H 2 2K
cot-1 x
(0, )
sec-1 x
R -(-1,1)
[0, ]2
LM , OP
N 2 2Q
R - (-1,1)
I O
(v)
tan-1 x
cosec-1 x
[0, ]
[-1,1]
cos
-1
ab
f(a) f(b), a, b A
Trigo Functions
sin
(i)
Functions
9.
f(a) = b
Transformation of curves :
(i)
RS UV
TW
If
LM , OP- {0}
N 2 2Q
upward if a is +ve
downward if a is ve.
PAGE # 111
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 112
(iii)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(ii)
x Domain.
There may be infinitely many such T which satisfy the above
equality. Such a least +ve no. T is called period of f(x).
(b)
D U
A T
(d)
(e)
(f)
I O
(i)
f(x + T) = f(x),
(a)
(c)
1
1
[f(x) + f(x)] +
[f(x) f(x)]
2
2
f(x) =
(ii)
(iii)
PAGE # 113
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 114
Period
sin x, cos x
sec x, cosec x
gof(x) = g(f(x)), x X
tan x, cot x
sin (x/3)
6
/4
tan 4x
cos 2x
|cos x|
sin x + cos x
4
2 cos
FG x IJ
H 3 K
/2
6
sin3 x + cos3 x
2/3
sin x + cos x
sin x
sin5x
tan2 x cot2 x
x [x]
[x]
cos x2
x + sin x
x cos x
cos x
, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510
E
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 115
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 116
LIMIT
1.
2.
lim
lim
Existence of limit : xlim
a f(x) exists iff x a f(x) = x a+ f(x) = l
3.
Indeterminate forms :
4.
0
,
, , 0, 0 , 0 , 1
0
6.
f(x)
0
is of
form
g(x)
0
then factorize num. & devo. separately and cancel the
Factorisation method : If xlim
a
(i)
Theorems on limits :
lim (k f(x)) = k lim f(x),
xa
(i)
xa
(ii)
xa
(iii)
xa
(iv)
lim
(v)
k is a constant.
(ii)
(iii)
xa
lim f(x)
xa
f(x)
= lim g(x) , provided xlim
a g(x) 0
g(x)
xa
FH
IK
(iv)
xa
0
form.
0
Rationalization method : If we have fractional powers
on the expression in num, deno or in both, we rationalize
the factor and simplify.
When x : Divide num. & deno. by the highest power
of x present in the expression and then after removing
common factor which is participating in making
(v)
n
n
lim x a = nan1
xa
x a
By using standard results (limits) :
FH
IK
g(x)
(viii) xlim
=
a (f(x))
LM lim f(x)OP
N
Q
D U
A T
I O
x0
(b)
x0
(c)
x0
(d)
x0
x
lim tan x = 1 = lim
x0
x
tan x
lim sinx = 0
lim g(x)
xa
xa
lim
x
lim sinx = 1 = x 0
x
sin x
(a)
xa
lim f(x)
(vii) xlim
a log(f(x)) = log x a
1 1
, 2 ,.. by 0.
x x
PAGE # 117
1
=1
cos x
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 118
(e)
0
lim sin x =
x0
180
x
(f)
1
x
lim sin x = 1 = lim
1
x0
x0
sin
x
x
(g)
1
x
lim tan x = 1 = lim
x0
x0
tan1 x
x
When x substitute t =
(h)
lim a 1 = log a
x0
e
x
ex = 1 + x +
x2
x3
+
+ .....
2!
3!
(i)
x
lim e 1 = 1
x0
x
ex = 1 x +
x2
x3
+ .....
2!
3!
(j)
lim log(1 + x) = 1
x0
x
log(1 + x) = x
x2
x3
+
......
2
3
(k)
1
lim loga (1 + x) =
x0
loga
x
log(1 x) = x
x2
x3
.....
2
3
ex ln a = ax = 1 + xlogea +
(l)
(m)
(n)
(o)
(p)
lim (1 + x) 1 = n
x
x0
lim
1
x
1
x
=1
FG1 + 1 IJ
H xK
F aI
= lim G1 + J
H xK
x0
1/x
lim
= ea
x 0 (1 + ax)
D U
A T
I O
(x loge a)2
(x loge a)3
+
+ ......
2!
3!
x3
x5
+
.......
3!
5!
cosx = 1
x2
x4
+
......
2!
4!
tanx = x +
2
x3
+
x5 + .....
15
3
n(n 1) 2
x + .....
2!
Sandwich Theorem : In the neighbour hood of x = a
f(x) < g(x) < h(x)
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx +
7.
sinx = x
sin
1
t 0+
x
PAGE # 119
l < lim
g(x) < l.
x a
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 120
DIFFERENTIATION
1.
(i)
d
f(x) = 0 if and only if f(x) = constant
dx
Derivative
Function
Derivative
xn
nxn 1
(ii)
d
dx
ccf(x)h
1
x loge a
loge x
1
x
(iii)
d
dx
cf(x) g(x)h
ax loge a
ex
ex
sin x
cos x
cos x
sin x
(iv)
d
dv
du
(uv) = u
+ v
, where u & v are functions
dx
dx
dx
tan x
sec2 x
cot x
cosec2 x
cosec x cot x
sec x
sec x tan x
A cons. (k)
loga x
ax
cosec x
sin1 x
1
1x
,1<x<1
cos1x
1 x2
tan1 x
1
|x| 1 x
1
1+x
,|x|>1
,x R
0, x I
[x]
cosec1 x
1
|x| 1 x2
cot1 x
|x|
1
1 + x2
,1|x|>|
D U
A T
I O
d
g(x)
dx
If
d
d
f(x) = (x), then
f (ax + b)
dx
dx
= a (ax + b)
, x R
(vi)
x
, x 0
| x|
d
dx
FG u IJ
H vK
du
dv
u
dx
dx
2
v
(quotient rule)
d
[x] does not exist at any integral Point.
dx
d
f(x)
dx
d
du
dv
dw
(uvw) = vw
+ uw
+ uv
.
dx
dx
dx
dx
then
NOTE :
,1<x<1
(v)
sec1 x
d
f(x), where c is a constant.
dx
of x. (Product rule)
or
= c
dy
dy
du
=
dx
dx
du
PAGE # 121
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 122
dy
dy
du
dv
=
dx
du
dv
dx
i.e if y = un
dy
at one side and find
dx
dy
du
= nun1
dx
dx
OR
d
f[g(x)] = f'g(x) . g'(x)
i.e.,
dx
FG 1IJ
H uK
dy
g'(t)
dy
dt
=
=
f'(t)
dx
dx
dt
(ix)
d
dx
(x)
u du
d
|u| =
,
|
u| dx
dx
(xi)
u2
du
, u 0
dx
u 0
(xiv) Differentiation of a function w.r.t. another function : Let y = f(x) and z = g(x), then differentiation
of y w.r.t. z is
f1 ( x ) f2 ( x )....
form (f(x))g(x) or g ( x ) g ( x ).... We first take log on
1
2
dy / dx
f'(x)
dy
=
=
g'(x)
dz / dx
dz
(b)
loge
(c)
m
= logm logen
n
m
(e) logan xm = loga x
n
(g) loge e = 1
(h)
(d)
logn m
(f)
aloga
D U
A T
I O
logm n = 1
= x
loge m
logn m = log n
e
dy
.
dx
PAGE # 123
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 124
(ii) cos2x =
(viii) tan2x =
(iii)
1 tan2 x
1 + tan2 x
2 tan x
1 + tan2 x
= 2 cos2 x 1 = 1 2 sin2 x
1 tan2 x
3 tan x tan3 x
(ix)
tan3x =
(x)
sin1 x + cos1 x = /2
(xi)
sec1 x + cosec1 x = /2
tan1
1 3 tan2 x
sec1
FG x y IJ
H 1 m xy K
F
H
FH xy m
FG 1 IJ
H xK
FG 1 IJ
H xK
FG 1IJ
H xK
= cosec1 x, cos1
= cot1 x, cot1
1 x2
I
K
1 y2
IK
I O
PAGE # 125
FG 1 IJ
H xK
FG 1 IJ
H xK
= cos1 x, cosec1
< x <
2
2
2 tan x
D U
= sec1 x,
= tan1 x,
FG 1IJ
H xK
Fsin FG IJ I
GH H 2 K JK
= sin1 x
Fcos FG IJ I
GH H 2 K JK
FG tan FG IJ IJ
H H 2 KK
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 126
Part B
Part A
Expression
Substitution
Formula
Result
a2 + x2
3x 4x3
x = sin
3sin 4sin3
sin3
4x3 3x
x = cos
4cos3 3cos
cos3
a x
a+ x
or
a+ x
a x
x = a tan
a2 x2
x = a sin or x = a cos
1 3x 2
2x
1+x
2x
1x
x = tan
x = tan
x = tan
3 tan tan3
1 3 tan2
2 tan
1 + tan2
2 tan
2
1 tan
2x2 1
x = cos
2cos2 1
cos2
1 x2
x = sin
1 sin2
cos2
x = cos
1 cos2
sin2
x = sec
sec 1
tan
x = cosec
cosec2 1
cot 2
x = tan
1 + tan2
sec2
x = cot
1 + cot2
cosec2
ax
a+x
x = a cos
x 2 a2
a2 + x2
tan2
cos2
1 + x2
A T
sin2
1 2sin2
a+x
or
ax
x = sin
x = a tan or x = a cot
tan3
1 2x2
D U
Substitution
Expression
3x x3
a2 x2
5.
x = a sec or x=acosec
a2 x2
or
x2 = a2 cos
a2 + x2
If y = f(x) then
dy
= f'(x) is called the first derivadx
tive of y w.r.t. x
d2 y
dx
d
dx
FG dy IJ
H dx K
d
f'(x)
dx
PAGE # 127
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 128
llly
d3 y
dx3
d2
dx2
cf'(x)h
etc......
6.
dn
(i)
(b)
dxn
dy
= t
dx
d2 y
dx 2
d
dx
FG dy IJ
H dx K
(ii)
=
n
2
IJ
K
FGax + b + n IJ
H
2K
i.e. if x = 2t, y = t2
FG
H
(f)
d
dt
1
(t) = 1.
=
dx
dx
t
(iii)
dn
dx
dn
dx
ex j
n
= n!
csin xh
FG
H
n
= sin x + 2
FG
H
IJ
K
(cos x) = cos x +
n
2
IJ
K
If m I, then
(iv)
ym = m! am and ym+1 = 0
(d)
(1)n n!
1
If y =
, then yn =
an
(ax + b)n+1
ax + b
(v)
dn
dx n
dn
dx n
NOTE :
(e)
D U
A T
I O
n1
(1)
(n 1)!
(ax + b)n
(emx ) = mn emx
an
then
PAGE # 129
dn
dx
c h
f g(x)
LM d
MNdu
= Kn
D U
A T
I O
OP
PQ
f(u)
u= g(x)
PAGE # 130
Differentiation of Determinant :
on both sides
R1
R2
R3
= |C1 C2 C3|
dy
=
dx
8.
1
y
R'1
' = R 2
R3
dy
1
dy
= y
+ logx
dx
dx
x
y
x
FG 1 log xIJ
Hy
K
R1
'2
R
+
R3
R1
R
2
+
R'3
y2
=
x(1 y log x)
L-hospital rule :
if as x a f(x) & g(x) either both 0 or both , then
lim
f(x)
f'(x)
= lim
x a g'(x)
g(x)
(a)
x a
u
formulae.
v
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 131
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 132
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
2.
x intercept = x1
FG dy IJ
H dx K
(x1 , y1)
FG dy IJ
H dx K
8.
(x , y )
1
1
(x1 , y1)
= 0.
5.
FG dy IJ
H dx K
6.
(x1 , y1)
(x1 , y1)
y y1 =
FG dy IJ
H dx K
(x1 , y1)
I O
1
Slope of the tan gent
FG dx IJ
H dy K
(x 1 , y 1 )
(x x1)
9.
= 1.
(x1 ,y1 )
(x1 , y1 )
If the tangent line makes equal angle with the axes, then
FG dy IJ
H dx K
FG dy IJ
H dx K
F dy I
1+G J
H dx K
y1 x1
4.
D U
FG dy IJ
H dx K
y intercept = y1 x1
U|
|V
||
W
3.
(x , y )
1
1
then
f'(x) =
R|
| y
S F dy I
|| GH dx JK
T
then
PAGE # 133
dy
= cot .
dx
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 134
FG dy IJ
H dx K
= 0.
(x1 , y1)
FG dy IJ
H dx K
(x1 , y1)
tan =
= 0.
FG dy IJ
H dx K
FG dy IJ FG dy IJ
H dx K H dx K
F dy I F dy I
1G J G J
H dx K H dx K
FG dy IJ
H dx K
y intercept = y1 + x1
FG dy IJ
H dx K
(x1 ,y1 )
FG dx IJ
H dy K
(x1 ,y1 )
F dy I
+y G J
H dx K
F dy I
1+G J
H dx K
Length of normal = y
A T
I O
FG dy IJ
H dx K
dy
dx
Length of tangent =
1+
FG dy IJ
H dx K
Length of sub-tangent =
y
dy / dx
Length of sub-normal = y
dy
dx
(x1 ,y1 )
2
y 1+
(x1 , y1 )
x intercept = x1 + y1
(x x1)
x1
y y1 =
FG dy IJ
H dx K
= 1.
where
PAGE # 135
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 136
2.
3.
(ii)
6.
7.
4.
5.
(a)
(b)
D U
A T
I O
Sufficient condition :
(a) The value of the function f(x) at x = a is
maximum if f'(a) = 0 and f"(a) < 0.
(b) The value of the function f(x) at x = a is
minimum if f'(a) = 0 and f"(a) > 0.
PAGE # 137
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 138
Results
3
(side)2.
4
3 (side)
Area of square
(side)2
Perimeter
4(side)
Area of rectangle
l b
Perimeter
2(l b)
Area of trapezium
1
(sum of parallel sides)
2
r2
Perimeter
2r
Volume of sphere
4 3
r
3
4r2
Volume of cone
1 2
r h
3
rl
Volume of cylinder
r2h
2rh
2r(h + r)
Volume of cuboid
l b h
2(lb + bh + hl)
2(l b) h
Volume of cube
l3
6l2
4l2
D U
A T
I O
(ii)
PAGE # 139
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 140
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
1.
d
If
F(x) = f(x), then
dx
(i)
Here
zm r
z cos x
zch
f x dx = F(x) + c
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
d
(ii)
dx
(iii)
(iv)
2.
f x dx = f(x)
z ch
z ch
f' x dx = f(x) + c, c R
k f x dx = k f(x) dx
(v)
zch
ch ch
(f x g x ) dx =
zch zch
f x dx g x dx
FUNDAMENTAL FORMULAE :
Function
Integration
z
zc
n+1
x
+ c, n 1
n+1
x dx
ax + b dx
z
z
z
z
1 ax + b
.
a
n+1
+ c, n 1
1
dx
x
log|x| + c
1
dx
ax + b
1
(log|ax + b|) + c
a
ex dx
ex + c
ax dx
ax
+ c
loge a
sinx dx
cos x + c
D U
A T
I O
z
z
z
n+1
dx
Integration
sin x + c
sec2 x dx
tan x + c
cos ec2x dx
cot x + c
sec x tan x dx
sec x + c
cosec x + c
tanx dx
log|cos x| + c = log|sec x| + c
cot x dx
log|sin x| + c = log|cosec x| + c
sec x dx
cos ec x dx
x
log|cosec x cot x|+c = log tan +c
2
z
z
dx
sin1 x + c = cos1x + c
1 x2
dx
2
a x
dx
1 + x2
dx
a2 + x2
dx
|x| x2 1
dx
|x| x2 a2
PAGE # 141
sin1
x
x
+ c = cos1 + c
a
a
tan1x + c = cot1x + c
x
1
x
1
tan1
+ c =
cot1 a + c
a
a
a
sec1x + c = cosec1x + c
1
x
sec1
+ c =
a
a
x
1
cosec1 a + c
a
D U
A T
I O
FG + x IJ +c
H 4 2K
PAGE # 142
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION :
Function
ch
f x dx is changed
zc h
zch ch
z d c hi c h
z cc hh
f ax + b dx
f x f' x dx
fx
f' x
f x
x dx
dx
z d c hi c h
z cc hh
f x
f' x dx
Substitution
ax + b = t
Integration
(x) = t
cf(x)h
c
c
dx
f(x) = t
+ c, n 1
a x
,
a+ x
2[f(x)]1/2 + c
A T
I O
x = a tan or x = a sinh
, x 2 a2
x = a sec
PAGE # 143
x = a tan2
x a x
x = a sin2
xa
,
x
x xa ,
x
,
x
, x2 + a2
a x
,
x
x
,
xa
f' x
fx
x ax ,
n+1
n+1
x2 a2
x = a sin or a cos
a+ x
,
x
x
,
a x
f(x) = t
1
x a+ x . x a+ x
f t dt
log|f(x)| + c
x + a2
x
,
a+ x
z ch
f(x) = t
1
2
, a2 x 2
or x = a cosh
+c
a2 x2
x a ,
2
1
F(ax + b) + c
a
dfcxhi
x2 + a2 ,
f(x) = t
a x ,
2
Substitution
x a x
a+x
ax
cx h c xh ,( > )
x = a sec2
x = a cos 2
x = cos2 + sin2
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 144
Integration
xa
1
log
x+a
2a
1
2
x a
1
2
a x
dx
z
z
+ c
x
1
coth1 a + c when x > a
a
a+ x
1
log
a x
2a
+ c
x a
log{|x +
= cosh1
dx
2
x +a
FG IJ
H K
x
a
FG x IJ + c
H aK
D U
A T
I O
ax + bx + c
dx or
px + q
ax2 + bx + c
dx or
(px + q) (ax2 + bx + c) dx
z ax
x a dx
x a |} + c
x2 + a2 dx
1
1
x x2 + a2 + a2 log {|x +
2
2
x2 + a2 |} + c
px + q
2
LMF
MNGH
a x+
b
2a
IJ
K
4ac b2
2
4a
OP
PQ
Express : px + q
d
(ax2 + bx + c) +
dx
1
1
x x2 a2 a2 log {|x +
2
2
ax2 + bx + c
dx or
+ c
1
1 2
x a2 x2 +
a sin1
2
2
Express : ax2 + bx + c =
x2 + a2 |} + c
a x dx
2
z
z
FG x IJ + c
H aK
log{|x +
= sinh1
dx or
(ax2 + bx + c) dx
z
z
x a |} + c
2
ax + bx + c
x
1
= tanh1 a + c, when x < a
a
dx
1
2
Method
P(x)
2
+ bx + c
dx ,
in form Q(x) +
polynomial of degree
2 or more
form
PAGE # 145
D U
A T
ch
R x
where P(x) is a
I O
ax + bx + c
PAGE # 146
1
2
a sin x + b cos2 x + c
zc
or
1
a sin x + b cos x
dx
dx
dx
a sin x + b cos x + c
Replace sin x =
cos x =
2 tan x / 2
1 + tan2 x / 2
dx
x + kx2 + a2
1 tan2 x / 2
1 + tan2 x / 2
4.
INTEGRATION BY PARTS :
when integrand involves more than one type of functions
the formula of integration by parts is used to integrate the
product of the functions i.e.
d
(deno.) + Evaluate , , .
dx
Thus integral reduces to known
form.
x 2 a2
x 4 + kx 2 + a 4
dx
(ii)
Fx a I
GH x JK
A T
I O
h c
du
dx
IK OP dx
Q
dx
2nd fun. dx
z LMNFGH
IJ ez 2nd fun.dxjOP dx
K
Q
d
1st fun.
dx
= t, the
A Algebraic function
zc
z LMN FHz
by x2 and put
u. dx = u. dx
or
d
(deno.) Evaluate & . Thus
dx
integral reduces to known form.
a sin x + b cos x + c
dx
p sin x + q cos x + r
dx
x + kx 2 + a 4
x2
4
T Trigonometric function
E Exponential function
PAGE # 147
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 148
(iii)
z
z
z
(a)
(b)
(c)
(iv)
ch ch
5.
ex f x + f' x dx = ex f(x) + c
ch ch
mx
mf x + f' x dx = e
LM f' cxh OP dx
MN c h m PQ
emx f x +
mx
f(x) + c
ch
emx f x
+ c.
i.e.
ch ch
xf' x + f x dx = x f(x) + c.
a2 + b2
e
ax
eax sin bx + c dx
e ax
a +b
and
ax
cacos bx + b sinbxh
eax
a2 + b2
D U
A T
I O
hc
hc
A
B
C
+
+
xa
x b
xc
A
+
xa
px2 + qx + r
Bx + C
A
+ 2
xa
x + bx + c
he
x a x2 + bx + c , where
ex
h
cx ah
C
xb
x2 + bx + c can
not be factorised
+ k
a cos bx + c + b sin bx + c
A
B
+
xa
x b
cx ah cx bh , a
cos bx + c dx
px2 + qx + r
,
xa xb xc
hc
px2 + qx + r
cos bx dx and
Types of partial
fractions
a, b, c are distinct
px + q
xa xb , a b
a +b
= q(x) +
Types of proper
rational functions
ax
(vi)
ch
gcxh
f x
(v)
c h,
Qcxh
Px
px3 + qx2 + rx + s
2
je
+ ax + b x2 + cx + d ,
Ax + B
2
x + ax + b
Cx + D
2
x + cx + d
where x + ax + b,
x2 + cx + d can not
be factorised
2
+ k1.
PAGE # 149
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 150
(ii)
(viii) To evaluate
1
or
quadratic
(iv) To evaluate
(v) To evaluate
or
or
z
z
z
put
linear linear
dx
quad. linear
linear. quadratic
zc
linear = t
form :
put linear = t2
dx
7.
dx
linear . quadratic
dx
pure quad. pure quad
put
pure quad = t
dx
pure quad. pure quad
D U
A T
I O
FG linear IJ
H quadratic K
linear
quad. quad
dx
dx
linear quad.
1 cos 2 mx
2
(i)
sin2 mx =
(ii)
cos2 mx =
(iii)
sin mx = 2sin
(iv)
sin3 mx =
(v)
cos3 mx =
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
tan2 mx
cot2 mx
2 cos A
2 sin A
2 sin A
1 + cos 2mx
2
x dx
linear . quadratic
(vii) To evaluate
quad. quad
(vi) To evaluate
or
dx
zc
dx
(iii) To evaluate
put x =
1
and
t
pure quad = u
PAGE # 151
mx
mx
cos
2
2
= sec2 mx 1
= cosec2 mx 1
cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A B)
cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A B)
sin B = cos (A B) cos (A + B)
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 152
(B)
z
z
z
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
m+n2
is ve integer
2
put tan x = t
8.
z
z
z
z
z
z
cos ecnx dx
sinm x cosn x dx
xneaxdx , n N
A T
I O
sinn x dx
cosn x dx
n1
cosn1 x sin x
+
In2
n
n
n1
sinn1 cos x
+
In2
n
n
tann x dx
ctanxh
cotn x dx
xn1eax dx
xn sin x dx
c
cm + nh
1 n ax
n
x e
I
a
a n1
where In1 =
n2
cos ecn2 x cot x
+
I
n 1 n2
n1
Integration
n1
In2
n1
ccot xh
n1
n1
In2
n2
secn2 x tan x
+
I
n 1 n2
n1
secn x dx
PAGE # 153
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 154
DEFINITE INTEGRATION
1.
z
b
ch
III.
ch
ch
b
a
zch zc
b
V.
{uz v.dx}
b
a
z FGH z
IJ
K
zch
f x dx =
VII.
PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL :
zch
b
f x dx =
z
b
D U
A T
I O
f x dx =
zc
a
f a x dx
c h
f x + f x dx
ch
, if f cxh is an odd function
, if f x is an even function
R|
S|2 fcxh dx
|T 0
c h ch
, if f c2a xh = f cxh
, if f 2a x = f x
zch
nT
zch
T
f x dx = n f x dx
ch
f t dt
2a
VI.
z ch
a
R|2 f x dx
S| z c h
T 0
du
. v. dx dx
dx
I.
ch
f x dx =
zch
a
f a + b x dx or
uv dx =
f x dx =
IV.
Remarks :
zch
b
f x dx +
zch
c
ch
f x dx = F x + c
f x dx =
f x dx = F(x) + c, then
zch
a
ch
Definite Integration :
If
f x dx = f x dx
II.
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 156
zch
a+nT
zch zch
a
f x dx =
f x dx ,
nT
(ii)
zch
nT
f x dx = (n m) f x dx ,
mT
zch zch
b +nT
d
dx
f x dx =
a+ nT
f x dx
(x))
zch
b
m(b a) <
z
b
ch
f x dx
|f x dx|
z
a
2.
ch
f x dx
zch
b
A T
(x)
f (x, t) dt +
(x)
(x)).
/2
cosn x dx =
sinn x dx
R| n 1 . n 3 ..... 2 .1,
S|n n1 nn32 13
|T n . n 2 ...... 2 . 2 ,
if n is odd
if n is even
(ii)
For integration
Leibnitz's Rule :
steps
(i)
(a)
(b)
(c)
OP
PQ =
/2
v(x)
f(t) dt =
u(x)
I O
PAGE # 157
/2
/2
d
d
f{v(x)}
{v(x)} f{u(x)}
{u(x)}.
dx
dx
D U
RSd(x) UV f(x,
T dx W
g x dx
d
functions in the interval [a, b], then,
dx
(x)
z ch
f (x, t) dt
/2
(i)
X.
f x dx < M(b a)
<
(x)
Reduction Formulae :
IX.
LM
MN
sin x dx or
cosn x dx
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 158
(iii)
ax
cos bx dx =
z
z
a2 + b2
zch
b
(i)
eax sinbx dx =
a + b2
+f(a + (n 1)h]
where nh = b a.
(v)
4.
(iv)
e ax xndx =
n!
n
a +1
(ii)
lim
FI
GH JK
zch
1
r
1
f
n r =1 n
f x dx
/2
(vi)
sinn x cosm x dx
LM m 1 . m 3 .... 2 . 1
MM m + n m + n 2 3 + n 1 + n
MM mm + 1n. mm+ n 3 2.... 2 1+ n. n n 1. nn 32 .... 23
MMm 1. m 3 .... 1 . n 1. n 3.... 1 .
Nm + n m + n 2 2 + n n n 2 2 2
OP
PP
PP
PP
Q
replace
f x dx ]
/2
to be multiplied
zch
Key Results :
r
1
by x and
by dx and the limit of the
n
n
5.
sinm x cos n x dx
by
sum is
FrI
n f GH nJK
/2
/2
logsin x dx =
logcos x dx =
c h
f csin xh + fccos xh dx =
f sin x
zc
/2
log2
2
c h
h c h
f cos x
f sin x + f cos x dx
integers.
, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510
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PAGE # 159
D U
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PAGE # 160
/2
h c
zc
f cos ec x
h c
f cos ec x + f sec x
sinmx sin nx dx =
R|0
S|
T2
z
z
0
z
a
x2 a2 x2 dx =
x2
x
a x2
FG
H
2
a2 x2
dx = a3 4 3
a+ x
cos mx . cos nx dx
2a
If n N, then
a2 x2
A T
I O
xa
xa
ba
dx =
a+x
2
(i)
dx
(ii)
2
a
3a
+
6
8
if a > 0
zc
a
(iii)
PAGE # 161
bx
D U
A T
I O
hc
x a b x dx = b a 2
2
c h
2. 4. 6...... 2n
2n+1
dx = 3.5 . 7..... 2n + 1 a
If a < b then
dx = a
dx =
a2 x2
ze
a
2
a
4
IJ
K
a2
2
2ax x2 dx =
a4
16
2a2
dx =
3/2
1
dx =
2
a2 x2
c h dx
= /4.
fctan xh + fccot xh
f cot x
if m = n
z
0
x dx
a2 + x2
dx=
ze
a
a2 x2 dx =
c h dx
f csec xh + f ccos ecxh
f sec x
/2
dx =
/2
/2
/2
f tan x + f cot x
f tan x
PAGE # 162
z
b
(iv)
*
dx
cx ahcb xh
ab
(i)
z
z
a x
a
2
a + x dx = 2
z
z
a
(iii)
(iv)
a+ x
a x
dx =
a+ x
a x dx =
(i)
x e ax dx =
(ii)
e r
(iii)
I O
zch
2 2
dx =
zd
2k
zch
z c
a+ T
f x dx is independent of a.
FG + 1IJ a
H2 K
x x dx = k, where k I,
10 a a
3
2a a
1
f x dx is called the mean value of the
ba
a
/4
log 1 + tan x dx =
log2
8
a > 0
(r > 0)
2r
eax e bx
dx = loge(b/a) (a, b > 0)
x
f(c) =
If a > 0, n N, then
a
a+x
+2
dx =
2
ax
(ii)
zch
b
ab > 0
D U
If a > 0 then
a
PAGE # 163
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PAGE # 164
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1.
(B)
dy
= f(x) g(y)
dx
This can be integrated as
the form
2.
Eg. (i)
dx
(ii)
(iii)
F d yI
GH dx JK
3
(C)
F dy I
1+G J
H dx K
FG1 + dy IJ
H dx K
+ 5y = 0
or
dy
=
f(y)
D U
Form
A T
I O
ax + by + c
dy
=
Ax + By + C
dx
........... (1)
a
b
A
B
This is non Homogeneous
Put
x = X + h and y = Y + k in (1)
where
dy
dY
=
Put ah + bk + c = 0, Ah + Bk + C = 0,
dX
dx
find h, k
f(x) dx
dY
aX + bY
=
. This is homogeneous.
dX
AX + BY
Solve it and then put X = x h, Y = y k we shall
get the solution.
Then
(D)
dy
= f(x) or
dx
dy =
FG IJ
H K
x
or yn f y .
FG IJ
H K
dy
= f(y)
dx
f(x) dx + c
y
of degree n if it can be written as xn f x
f(x, y)
dy
=
, where f(x, y) and g(x,
g(x, y)
dx
y) are homogeneous functions of x and y of the same
degree. A function f(x, y) is said to be homogeneous
dy
=
g(y)
of the form
dy
+ 5y = 0
dx
dy
y = x
+
dx
PAGE # 165
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PAGE # 166
Form
where
ax + by + c
dy
=
+ By + C
Ax
dx
..... (1),
In x :
dx
+ Rx = S, where R, S are functions of y
dy
alone or constant.
a
b
=
= k say
A
B
its solution x e
k (Ax + By) + c
dy
=
Ax + By + C
dx
where
dy
dz
A + B
=
dx
dx
Put
Ax + By = z
dz
kz + c
= A + B
dx
z+c
R.dy
R dy
S. e
R.dy
the equation.
(F) Equation reducible to linear form :
dy
Form
= f(ax + by + c)
dx
Put
ax + by = z
dz
= a + b f(z)
dx
a + b
Linear equation :
In y :
dy
dz
=
dx
dx
yn
Put
where
P dx
P dx
Qe
P dx
dy
+ pyn
dx
yn
+ 1
+ 1
= Q
= z
alone or constant.
+ Py = Qyn
dy
+ Py = Q, where P, Q are function of x
dx
its solution ye
dy
dx
dy + c
dx + c
the equation.
, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510
E
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PAGE # 167
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PAGE # 168
VECTORS
1.
Types of vectors :
(a) Zero or null vector : A vector whose magnitude is
zero is called zero or null vector.
r
a
Vector a
(b) Unit vector :
a$ = | | =
a
Magnitude of a
(c)
2.
5.
c = a + b
c =
b
a +
r
$
then m a = (ma1) $i + (ma2) j + (ma3) k$
6.
= Magnitude of AB
=
7.
A
3.
a + b = c
B
(iii)
A T
I O
1
[p.v. of A + p.v. of B]
2
(ii)
PAGE # 169
m1 b m2 a
m1 m2
D U
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PAGE # 170
r
r
a+b+c
B( b ) and C ( c ) is
3
(v)
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
(ii)
Some results :
(i)
b and c i.e. r = x a + y b + z c
Any vector r can be expressed uniquely as inner combination of three non coplanar & non zero vectors a ,
(ii)
(I)
(iii)
(i)
(ii)
a. b
| b|
HA + HB + HC = 3 HG = OH
9.
(ii)
(iii)
Component of r
D U
A T
I O
FG IJ
H Ka
F r. a IJ
to a = r G
H|a| K a
r. a
Component of r on a =
|a|2
(iv)
$i . $i = $j . $j = k$ . k$ = 1
(v)
$i . $j = $j . k$ = k$ . $i = 0
PAGE # 171
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PAGE # 172
(viii) a ( b + c ) = ( a b ) + ( a c )
(ix)
$i $i = $j $j = k$ k$ = 0 , $i $j = k$ ,
(x)
$j
$
k$ = $i , k$ $i = j
Area of triangle :
( a b )2 = a2 2 a . b + b2
(x)
| a + b | = | a| + | b |
a || b
(xi)
| a + b |2 = |a|2 + |b|2
a b
(xii) | a + b | = | a b |
a b
(a)
1
2
(b)
then =
(xi)
(ii)
if a , b are parallel
(iii)
a b = ( b a )
(iv)
n$ =
(v)
$
$
let a = a1 $i + a2 j + a3 k$ & b = b1 $i + b2 j + b3 k$ , then
(b)
= 0
D U
A T
I O
1
|a b |
2
ab
| a b|
Moment of force = OA F = r F
a. a a. b
(xiii) Lagrange's identity : | a b |2 =
a. b b. b
(III) Scalar triple product :
r
r
(i)
If a = a1 $i + a2 $j + a3 k$ , b = b1 $i + b2 $j + b3 k$ and
r
c = c1 $i + c2 $j + c3 k$ then
a a =0
$i
$j k$
a a2 a3
a b = 1
b1 b2 b3
(vi)
(i)
a b
1
|( a b ) + ( b c ) + ( c a )|
2
Area of parallelogram :
(a)
AB AC
PAGE # 173
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PAGE # 174
r r
r
r r r
( a b ). c = [ a b c ] =
a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
c1 c 2 c 3
r r r
and [ a b c ] = volume of the parallelopiped whose
r r r
coterminus edges are formed by a , b , c
r r r
r r r
r r r
(ii) [ a b c ] = [ b c a ] = [ c a b ],
r r r
r r r
r r r
but [ a b c ] = [ b a c ] = [ a c b ] etc.
r r r
r r
(iii) [ a b c ] = 0 if any two of the three vectors a , b ,
r
c are collinear or equal.
r r
r
r
r r
(iv) ( a b ). c = a .( b c ) etc.
(v)
D U
A T
I O
r
r
b c,
a b
c
r
Direction cosines of r = ai$ + bj$ + ck$ are r , r , r .
|r | |r | |r |
(i)
r
r
r r r
c + a ] = 2[ a b c ]
r
r
c a] = 0
r
r
r r r
c a ] = [ a b c ]2
(ii)
(iii)
[ AB AC AD ] = 0
r r
r
r
(xii) (a) [ a + b b + c
r r
r
r
(b) [ a b b c
r r
r
r
(c) [ a b b c
r
r
a b,
1
| AB AC . AD |
6
r r r r
(x) Four points with p.v. a , b , c , d will be coplanar if
r r r
r r r
r r r
r r r
[d b c ] + [d c a] + [d a b] = [a b c ]
(xi) Four points A, B, C, D are coplanar if
r r r
a , b , c are coplanar, then so are
r r
r
c , c a and
r r
r
r r
r
r
+ b , b + c , c + a and a b ,
r
a are also coplanar.
[ $i $j k$ ] = 1
r r r
r r r
(vi) If is a scalar, then [ a b c ] = [ a b c ]
r r r
r r r
r
r r r
(vii) [ a + d b c ] = [ a b c ] + [ d b c ]
r r r
r r r
(viii) a , b , c are coplanar [ a b c ] = 0
If
r
b
r
a
r
c
D U
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PAGE # 176
PQ =
cb
(x)
h c
b2 . a2 a1
|b1 b2 |
h=
b1 b2 a2 a1
|b1 b2 |
r
r r
r = a1 + b1 and
r
r r
r = a2 + b2 intersect,
n1 . n2
r r
r2 .n2 = d2 is given by cos = |n ||n | .
1
2
(xiii) The equation of the planes bisecting the angles
r r
between the planes r1 .n1 = d1
r r
r r
|r.n1 d1| |r.n2 d2|
r r
=
r
r
and r2 .n2 = d2 are
|n1|
|n2|
r r
r r
(xiv) The plane r .n = d touches the sphere | r a | = R,
r r
|a.n d|
r
if
= R.
|n|
Therefore, [ b1 b2 a2 a1 ] = 0
r
r r r
[ a2 a1 b1b2 ] = 0
car
r
r
r
a1 . b1 b2
h e
j = 0.
r
(vii) Vector equation of a plane normal to unit vector n and
at a distance d from the origin is
r
r . n$ = d.
r
If n is not a unit vector, then to reduce the equation
r r
r
r . n = d to normal form we divide both sides by | n |
r
r n
r
d
d
r = r
r
.
to obtain
or r . n$ = r .
|n|
|n|
|n|
, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510
E
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constant.
The perpendicular distance of a point having position
r
r r
vector a from the plane r.n = d is given by
r r
|a.n d|
r
p=
.
|n|
r r
(xii) An angle between the planes r1.n1 = d1 and
(xi)
r
r
r
| a2 a1 b|
r
r r
r
and r = a2 + b is given by d =
.
|b|
If the lines
(xv)
PAGE # 177
D U
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PAGE # 178
FG x
H
Points in Space :
(i)
Origin is (0, 0, 0)
(ii)
Equation of x-axis is y = 0, z = 0
(iii)
Equation of y-axis is z = 0, x = 0
FG x
H
y1
1 y
2
Where x =
2 y
3
Distance formula :
Distance between two points A(x1, y1, z1) and B(x2,
y2, z2) is given by
AB =
(ii)
(x 2 x1 )2 + (y 2 y1 )2 + (z 2 z1 )2
(iii)
3.
z2 + x2 and
4.
Section formula :
Internally are
Externally are
FG mx + nx
H m+n
FG mx nx
H mn
my 2 + ny1 mz 2 + nz1
,
m+n
m+n
my2 ny1
mn
A T
I O
2x + 2y + 2z
and so.
1
6
x1
x2
x3
x4
y1
y2
y3
y4
z1
z2
z3
z4
1
1
1
1
If
IJ
K
mz nz I
,
J
mn K
Volume of tetrahedron =
x2 + y2
z1 1
z2 1
z3 1
y 2 + z2 ,
IJ
K
x1 x2
y1 y2
z1 z2
Condition of collinearity x x = y y = z z
2
3
2
3
2
3
+ x2 + x3 + x 4 y1 + y2 + y3 + y 4 z1 + z 2 + z 3 + z 4
,
,
4
4
4
(i)
Note :
2.
IJ
K
+ x 2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y 3 z1 + z 2 + z3
,
,
3
3
3
PAGE # 179
D U
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PAGE # 180
x x1
y y1
z z1
x2 x1 = y2 y1 = z2 z1
m
n
l
=
=
=
a
b
c
l 2 + m2 + n2
a2 + b2 + c 2
1
2
a + b2 + c2
The angle between the lines whose d.r.s are a1, b1,
c1 and a2, b2, c2 is given by
cos =
x2 x1
y2 y1
z 2 z1
,
,
r
r
r
A T
a1
b1
c1
=
=
a2
b2
c2 and
x x1
y y1
z z1
=
=
and
m1
n1
l1
I O
x x2
y y2
z z2
=
=
is given
m2
n2
l2
form)
Equation of a line passing through two points is
D U
l , m, n
x x1
y y1
z z1
=
=
(is the symmetrical
a
c
b
5.
m1
n1
l1
l2 = m2 = n2 and
PAGE # 181
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PAGE # 182
x2 x1
s.d. =
l1
l2
y2 y1 z2 z1
m1
n1
m2
n2
x2 x1
condition
6.
l1
l2
y2 y1
m1
m2
x
y
z
=
=
.
a
c
b
z2 z1
n1
= 0
n2
x
x1
x2
x3
or
*
A T
I O
= 0
a1
b1
c1
plane are || if a = b = c = 0.
2
2
2
x
y
z
+
+
= 1.
a
c
b
D U
= 0
y y1
z z1
y2 y1 z2 z1
y3 y1 z3 z1
cos =
y3
z 1
z1 1
z2 1
z3 1
x x1
x2 x1
x3 x1
y
y1
y2
PAGE # 183
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PAGE # 184
x x1
y y1
z z1
=
=
represents a straight line, then
m
n
l
x
y
z
=
=
= r (say)
a
c
b
ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by
p=
*
a2 + b2 + c 2
sin =
d2 d1
a + b2 + c2
al + bm + cn
a2 + b2 + c2
l2 + m2 + n2
Two points A(x1, y1, z1) and B(x2, y2, z2) lie on the
same or different sides of the plane
A l + Bm + Cn = 0.
a
b
c
=
=
m
n
l
x
y
z
=
=
is given by
m
n
l
+ m(y1 ) + n(z1 )]2
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2
a22 + b22 + c22
D U
A T
I O
PAGE # 185
D U
A T
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PAGE # 186