ARAD MOKHTARI 810189340 CN HW#1

11. A.1:
Circuit switching: carry bit streams
Connection oriented.
original telephone network
Dedicated resource.
Packet switching: store-and-forward messages
Connectionless (IP) or connection oriented (ATM)
Internet
Shared resource.
Packet switching is the focus of computer Networks.
1. A.2:
Address: byte-string that identifies a node
usually unique
Routing: process of forwarding messages to the destination node based on its destination
address
1.A.3: OSI
Service says what a layer does
Interface says how to access the service
Protocol Says how the communication is done and how is the service implemented
a set of rules and formats that govern the communication between two peers
TCP/IP

OSI: conceptually define services, interfaces, protocols

Internet: provide a successful implementation

ARAD MOKHTARI 810189340 CN HW#1

1.A.4: UDP

TCP:

2:
Encapsulation: encapsulation is a method of designing modular communication protocols in which
logically separate functions in the network are abstracted from their underlying structures by inclusion
or information hiding within higher level objects.
Littles Result: The long-term average number of customers in a stable system L is equal to the longterm average effective arrival rate, , multiplied by the (Palm-) average time a customer spends in the
system, W; or expressed algebraically: L = W.

ARAD MOKHTARI 810189340 CN HW#1

Modulation: is the process of conveying a message signal, for example a digital bit stream or an
analog audio signal, inside another signal that can be physically transmitted. Modulation of a sine waveform
transforms a baseband message signal into a passband signal.
Types Of Sockets: Two different types of sockets :
Stream vs. datagram
Stream socket :( a. k. a. connection- oriented socket)
It provides reliable, connected networking service
Error free; no out- of- order packets (uses TCP)
Applications: telnet/ ssh, http,
Datagram socket :( a. k. a. connectionless socket)
It provides unreliable, best- effort networking service
Packets may be lost; may arrive out of order (uses
UDP)
Applications: streaming audio/ video (real player),
Fiber: Two main types of optical fiber used in optic communications include multi-mode optical
fibers and single-mode optical fibers. A multi-mode optical fiber has a larger core ( 50 micrometers),
allowing less precise, cheaper transmitters and receivers to connect to it as well as cheaper connectors.
2:

We will count the transfer as completed when the last data bit arrives at its destination
a) 1.0 KB = 16000 bits, 2 initial RTTs (200ms) + (16000)/(5,100,000) bps (transmit) +
RTT/2 (propagation) = 303 msecs (approx)
b) To the above, we add the time for 999 RTTs for a total of 303 + 99900 = 100.2 secs
c) This is 74.5 RTTs, plus the two initial RTTS, for 6.12 secs
d) Right after the handshaking is done, we send one packet. One RTT after handshaking, we send 2
Packets. At n RTTs past the handshaking, we have sent 1+2+4+... + 2n = 2(n+1) 1. At n =10, we have
Thus bee
3:
1+2+4++2n = 2n+1 -1 -> n = 9

T = (2+9.5)*RTT = 1.15s
T = (2+10)*RTT = 1.2s

1st
2st

4:
T= (S+80)/R *3 + (F/S -1)(S+80/R) = S+80/R + F/S+2
dT/dS = 0 -> -F/S^2 (S+80/R) + (F/S+2)/R = 0 => S = (40F)^0.5
5:
6*10^8 = 600Mb

ARAD MOKHTARI 810189340 CN HW#1

6:
N

6:

1/N

(n1)
( n1 ) L
L=
R
2R
n=1

7: (1260*8/20*10^6) + (1260*8/10^7) + (1260*8/20*10^6) = 4.06Mbps