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Learning Objectives

Muscle Contraction
Presented by:
Costales, Charlotte
Capillo, Ronnie
Cruz, Danielle
Daito, Jeremie
Calma, Maria Christine E.

Learning Objectives
Explain the sliding filament concept of
muscle contraction.
6. State the biochemical events that occur
during one cycle of muscle contraction and
relaxation
7.
Enumerate the different factors that regulate
muscle contraction.
8. Explain muscle fatigue biochemically.
9. Differentiate fast twitch from a slow twitch
muscle.
10. Correlate the theoretical aspects of muscle
contraction on clinical cases.
5.

By the end of the class, the students

should have:
1. Differentiate the types of muscles.
2. Explain the process on how
muscles change chemical energy to
mechanical energy.
3. Discuss the process on how
muscles extract, store and replenish
energy.
4. Differentiate Myosin from Actin.

Types of Muscles

Different types of muscles

SKELETAL MUSCLE CARDIAC MUSCLE

SMOOTH MUSCLE

Straited

Striated

Nonstriated

No synctium

Synctial

Synctial

Small T-tubules

Large T-tubules

Generally
rudimentary Ttubules

Plasmalemma
contains few
hormone receptor

Plasmalemma
contains a variety
of receptors

Plasmalemma
contains a variety
of receptors

Nerve impulse
initiates
contraction

Has intrinsic
rhythmicity

Contraction
initiated by nerve
impulse , hormones
etc.
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Muscle Anatomy

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Striations Of sarcomere

I band
Contain only actin filaments
Z line / Z disc
Anchor the ends of the actin filament
A band
Contains entire length of the myosin filament
in the center ends of the actin filaments in the
periphery

H zone
A light zone in the center of the A band
Contains only myosin filaments
M line
Contains proteins that are critical for the
organization and alignment of the myosin
filaments

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Major proteins of muscle

Muscle Proteins

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Myosin molecule

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TAIL
Consists of the 2 heavy chains (MHC)
arranged in a double helix.
2 HEADS
Contains an actin-binding site for interaction
with the actin filament
Contains a pocket for ATP / ADP
Contains Myosin ATPase
Used to hydrolyze ATP in the contractile
process

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Myosin filament

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Each myosin filament is surrounded by 6 actin

filaments arranged in a hexagonal pattern
Bipolarity allows the myosin filament to pull the
actin filaments toward the center of the
sarcomere during contraction

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F-actin (filamentous actin)

o Provides the backbone of the actin filament
o 2 stands arranged in a double helix
o Each stand is a polymer of globular G-actin
molecules

Actin molecule

G-actin (globular actin)

o Each contains an ADP molecule believed to be
the binding site for the myosin cross-bridge

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Tropomyosin and Troponin

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Tropomyosin- a fibrous molecule that

attach to F actin in the groove between
its filaments.
Troponin Complex
a)

b)
c)

Troponin T- binds to Tropomyosin as

well as to the other two troponin
Complex
Troponin I- inhibits the F actin-myosin
interaction
Troponin C- a calcium binding peptide

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Other important protein of muscle

Actin Complex

Protein

Location

Function

Titin

Reaches from the Z

line to the M line

Largest protein in the body.

Role in relaxation of muscle

Nebulin

From z line along the

length of actin
filaments

May regulate assembly and

length of actin filaments

Alpha Actinin

Anchors actin to Z
lines

Stabilizes actin filaments

Desmin

Lies alongside actin

filaments

Attaches to plasmalemma

Dystrophin

Attached to
Plasmalemma

Helps transmit tension from

sarcomeres to tendons.

Myosin binding
protein C

Arranged transversely Binds myosin and titin.

in sarcomere A band
Maintains structural integrity
of the sacromere

Calcineurin

Cytosol

Regulates amount of slow and

fast twitching muscle
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Energy providersfor Muscles

Glycogen- storage form of glucose

Storage and
Replenishment of Energy

Free fatty acids- major source of energy in

prolonged starvation
Protein-proteolysis of muscle during
starvation supplies amino acid for
gluconeogenesis

Generation of Energy

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Muscle Fatigue
Accumulation of
protons (decrease
pH)
Affects muscle by:

Lessening the release

of calcium from
sarcoplasmic
reticulum
Lessening the activity
of actomyosin
ATPase

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Fast Twitch Vs. Slow

Twitch

Type I (slow twitch)

fibers
Fibers

are red because

they contain myoglobin
and mitochondria
Used in more sustained
activities
Metabolic Pathway
used:

Aerobic

Type II (fast twitch)

fibers
Do not contain
myoglobin
Effective means of
energy source during a
short, intense exercise.
Metabolic Pathway
used:

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Sarcomere

Skeletal Muscle

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Sliding filament Theory

Regulation of Intracellular Calcium

in Skeletal Muscle

In the contracted
state, the actin
filaments have
been pulled
inwards among
the myosin
filaments, so
their ends
overlap one
another to their
maximum extent
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WALK-ALONG THEORY RATCHET

THEORY of CONTRACTION CROSSBRIDGE CYCLING

Step 1: Relaxed State

Myosin head is extended perpendicularly toward the

actin filament but is not yet attached
Tropomyosin prevents cross-linking to actin

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Step 2: Binding of cross-bridge to

actin

Step 3: Power Stroke (Ratchet

Action)

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Step 4: Disassociation

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RELAXATION
o Termination of contraction or termination of
cycling
o Contraction ends with myosin and actin
filaments no longer connected at the crossbridges
o Actin filaments slide away from the center and
back to their normal resting position within the
sarcomere
o Sarcomere returns to its resting length

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SERCA (sarcoplasmic
endoplasmic reticulum calcium
ATPase pump)

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Cardiac muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Uses the actin-myosin-tropomyosin-troponin

system
Exhibits intrinsic rhythmicity
Relies on extracellular Ca for contraction

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Calcium Channel

Ca-Na exchanger

Principal route of exit of Ca from myocytes

Positive inotropic effect

Ca ATPase

Ca-induced Ca release (CICR)

Slow Ca channel

Voltage gated
Regulated by cAMP dependent protein
kinases and cGMP protein kinases

Fast Ca Channel

Early phase of increase of myoplasmic Ca

Smooth muscle contraction

Smooth Muscle

o Similarities to skeletal muscle

Contain both actin (but no troponin) and
myosin filaments
Contractile process is initiated by increased
intracellular calcium
ATP is hydrolysed to provide the energy for
contraction

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Smooth Muscle Contraction

o Major differences compared to skeletal
muscle
Physical organization
Energy requirements Excitationcontraction coupling
Duration of contraction
Control of contraction by calcium

Smooth Muscle Relaxation

SOURCES of CALCIUM
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Closely associated with calveolae in the
sarcolemma
When an action potential is transmitted to the
calveolae, the sarcoplasmic tubules release
calcium via calcium-release channels

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Extracellular Fluid
Provides almost all of the calcium used in the
contractile process
Calcium influx via voltage-gated calcium
channels in the sarcolemma
Enters the fiber at the time of the action
potential or other stimulus
Contraction will be affected by the ECF
calcium concentration
o Contraction ceases when concentrationfalls
to 1/3-1/10 normal

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Effect of hormones on smooth

muscle
Hormones regulate contraction - epinephrine,
a smooth muscle relaxer, activates adenylyl
cyclase, making cAMP, which activates
protein kinase, which phosphorylates MLCK,
inactivating MLCK and relaxing muscle.

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Smooth Muscle Effectors

Epinephrine (as Primatene) is an over-thecounter asthma drug, but it acts on heart as well
as on lungs.
Albuterol is a more selective smooth muscle
relaxer and acts more on lungs than heart .

Clinical correlations
Malignant hyperthermia
Rigidity of muscle, hypermetabolism and high fever
on exposure to certain anesthetics and depolarizing
skeletal muscle reactants
High cytosolic concentration of calcium in skeletal
muscle
Abnormalities of the calcium ATPase or of the
calcium release channel.
165 in
In swine there is the substitution of Cys for Arg
the Calcium release channel

Clinical correlations
Rigor mortis
qSustained contraction (contracture) of all
muscle in the body
qDue to depletion of ATP
qAssociated with death
qCan be used to determine time of death
Eventually resolves when muscle proteins are
digested by leaking proteolytic enzymes

Albuterol is used to prevent premature labor

Oxytocin (pitocin) stimulates contraction of
uterine smooth muscle, inducing labor

Clinical correlations
Cramps
Painful spastic contractions
q Due to an irritation within the muscle
qLocal inflammation due to build-up of lactic
acid.
q

Clinical correlations
Duchennes Muscular Dystrophy
Mutations in the gene encoding dystrophin.
Muscle loss and weakness
Impairment in the function of dystrophin is critical in
the causation of Duchennes muscular dystrophy.
* dystrophin- links the actin cytoskeleton to the
ECM and appears to be needed for the assembly of
the synaptic junction

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Summary
SKELETAL MUSCLE

CARDIAC MUSCLE

SMOOTH MUSCLE

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Sarcoplasmic reticulum

well developed and Ca2+ present and Ca2+ pump
pumps act rapidly
acts relatively rapidly

Sarcoplasmic reticulum
often rudimentary and
Ca2+ pump acts slowly

Extracellular fluid Ca2+

not important for
contraction

Extracellular fluid Ca 2+
important for
contraction

Extracellular fluid Ca2+

important for
contraction

Troponin System Present Troponin System Present Lacks Troponin system;

uses regulatory head of
myosin
Caldesmon not involved

Caldesmon not involved

Caldesmon is important
regulatory protein

Very rapid cycling of

cross bridges

Relatively rapid cycling

of cross bridges

Slow cycling of the

cross-bridges permits
slow, prolonged
contraction and less
utilization of ATP

Thank you!

References:
Hall, J.E. (2016). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology
13th edition.Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc. Pp. 75102.
Koeppen, B.M. and Stanton, B.A. (2010).Berne and Levy Physiology
6th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc., Pp. 233-268.
Murray, R.K. et al. (2003).Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry 26th
edition. Toronto, Ontario: The McGraw-Hill Companies.
Pp. ` 556-579.
Tortora, G. A. and Derrickson, B. (2009).Principles of Anatomy and
Physiology 12th edition. Hoboken, New Jersey: John
Wiley and Sons, Inc. Pp. 303-336.

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