07401107

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSP.2016.2526968, IEEE
Transactions on Signal Processing
A High Resolution Time-Frequency Rate

Representation and the Cross Term
Suppression
Lei Zuo*, Ming Li, Member, IEEE, Zheng Liu and Lin Ma
EDICS: DSP-TRSF, MDS-ALGO, and OTH-NSP

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a high resolution time-frequency rate representation
(HR-TFRR) and derive its analytical formula. This formula implies that the HR-TFRR has a
narrower frequency rate support than the cubic phase function (CPF). Therefore, the HR-TFRR has a
higher frequency rate (FR) resolution than the CPF and can distinguish closer components in the
time-frequency rate domain. Due to the bilinear transform, the HR-TFRR suffers the cross term when
the instantaneous frequency functions of the components are cross or very close. In order to suppress
the cross term, we further propose a smoothed HR-TFRR (SHR-TFRR) by introducing an FR window
to the HR-TFRR, which is expressed in the convolution form. Finally, numerical examples
demonstrate that the HR-TFRR and the SHR-TFRR outperform their counterparts in frequency rate
resolution and cross term suppression, respectively. In addition, satisfactory performance of the
proposed methods in phase parameter estimation and real-world signal analysis is given.
Index Termscubic phase function (CPF), cross term, high-order polynomial phase signal,
time-frequency rate representation (TFRR).
Manuscript received Jun. 2, 2015. This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under
Grants 61271297 and 61501342, and by the China Postdoctoral Science foundation Grant 2014M562375.
Copyright (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to use this material for any other
purposes must be obtained from the IEEE by sending a request to pubs-permissions@ieee.org.
L. Zuo, M. Li, Z. Liu, and L. Ma are with the National Lab of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xian 710071, China.
Also they are with Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding at Xidian University (e-mail:
lzuo@mail.xidian.edu.cn; liming@xidian.edu.cn; lz@xidian.edu.cn; malin@nriet.com).
1053-587X (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSP.2016.2526968, IEEE
I. INTRODUCTION
stationary signal is usually processed by the Fourier transform, for the stationary signal concentrates in
one frequency bin. A non-stationary signal is often processed by time-frequency (TF) transforms,
because TF transforms can demonstrate the evolution of the instantaneous frequency (IF) with respect to time
[1]-[4]. There are many investigations about TF transforms [5]-[8], including linear transforms and bilinear
transforms. For linear transforms, the most popular one is the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) [5]. In the
STFT, a long window leads to a high frequency resolution and a low time resolution, and vice versa.
Moreover, once the window is chosen, the resolution is invariable. Hence, a multi-resolution method called
wavelet transform (WT) is developed in [6]. The WT has a high time resolution in low frequency region and
a high frequency resolution in high frequency region. Then, by combining the STFT with the WT, a new
linear TF transform referred to as S-transform is presented [7, 8]. For bilinear transforms, the typical one is
the Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD), and most of other bilinear transforms are variations of the WVD [3].
Even though the TF representation has a good ability to analyze the linear frequency modulated (LFM)
signal (i.e., the second order polynomial phase signal), it cannot estimate the phase parameter higher than
second order. In many scenarios, the returned signal is depicted as a high-order polynomial phase signal
(PPS), since a target sometimes undergoes micro motions, which are motions of the target or any structure on
the target except the translational one [10]. To describe the micro motion, we need to analyze the returned
signal and estimate the phase parameters of the high-order PPS. Many methods of analyzing the high-order
PPS are discussed in [11]-[17]. Both the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator [11] and the nonlinear
instantaneous least squares (NILS) estimator [12] provide quite accurate parameter estimation. However,
they need a multi-dimensional search that is computationally burdensome. Thus, efficient techniques based
on the phase differentiation are developed, including the higher-order ambiguity function (HAF) [13], the
polynomial WVD (PWVD) [14], the time-chirp distribution (TCD) [15], and the cubic phase function (CPF)
[16]. All of them are subsumed by a generalized bilinear function class [17]. In particular, the CPF, a
two-dimensional bilinear mapping operator, is of great importance in analyzing the high-order PPS. The CPF
has the capability of showing the evolution of the instantaneous frequency rate (IFR) with respect to time and
thus is a time-frequency rate representation (TFRR) [16]. Consequently, the CPF is quite suitable for
estimating the IFR of a cubic phase signal (a third order PPS) and has been widely investigated in [18]-[27].
A general form of the Nth order complex-lag TFRR for a signal with fast varying IFR is proposed in [18]. The
work in [19] estimates the phase parameters of a PPS at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by coherently
integrating the CPF over a compact interval in the two-dimensional CPF space. Similar to the PWVD, the
high-order phase (HP) function is developed to estimate the phase parameters of a high-order PPS [20]. Then,
the performance of the HP function is analyzed in [21]. Wang et al. introduce multiple time instants to
generalize the standard HP function in [22]. Besides, a hybrid CPF-HAF (HCPF-HAF) estimator is proposed
for the high-order PPS [23], and the performance of the HCPF-HAF is given in [24, 25] in detail. Recently,
methods based on non-uniformly spaced signal samples provide a better performance and a much smaller
calculation complexity [26, 27].
In practice, the returned signal of radar is usually modeled as the multi-component PPS. To estimate the
phase parameters of a multi-component PPS, many results have been obtained [28]-[34]. The integrated
generalized ambiguity function presents a good performance in phase parameter estimation [28]. However, it
has relatively large calculation complexity. The product high-order ambiguity function (PHAF) uses the
high-order multiple transform and proper scaling to improve identification of the highest order polynomial
phase coefficient [29]. In [30], the product CPF is proposed to analyze a multi-component PPS. The authors
of [31] derive the integrated CPF (ICPF) to estimate the frequency rate for a multiple LFM components
signal. Reference [32] shows a CPF evaluation technique for multi-component frequency-modulated signals
with non-overlapped components in the TF domain. Its spirit is to decompose the signal in the TF domain and
then to calculate the CPF of single component. A hybrid LPFT-LPD algorithm, which combines local
polynomial Fourier Transform (LPFT) and L-phase distribution (LPD), is proposed for multi-component
high-order PPSs [33, 34]. But it needs to estimate the phase parameters of each component by
multi-dimensional search at the beginning. In the above methods, they only utilize the auto-terms and never
consider the suppression of the cross term in the time-frequency rate (TFR) domain. However, The cross term
may overlap with auto-terms and thus makes it difficult to visually interpret the TFRR image.
In this paper, we propose a high resolution TFRR (HR-TFRR) that is a two-dimensional bilinear mapping
operator. Unlike the CPF, the HR-TFRR can be presented in the analytical formula, which shows that the
HR-TFRR has a higher frequency rate (FR) resolution. Therefore, the proposed HR-TFRR can distinguish
two closer components than the CPF in the TFR domain. As a bilinear transform, the HR-TFRR suffers cross
terms, which appear at the time instants where the IF functions of the components are cross or very close.
Then, to suppress the cross term, we propose the smoothed HR-TFRR (SHR-TFRR) that is obtained by
introducing an FR window to the HR-TFRR. Here, the HR-TFRR is expressed in the convolution form.
Performance assessments of the HR-TFRR and the SHR-TFRR are demonstrated by several numerical
examples.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we define the HR-TFRR to transform a
signal from the time domain into the TFR domain. In Section III, the analysis of the cross term in the
HR-TFRR is presented, indicating that the cross term appears at the time instants where the IF functions of
the signal components are cross or very close. Next, in Section IV, an alternative realization of the HR-TFRR
is developed in the convolution form, from which the SHR-TFRR is proposed by introducing an FR window
to suppress the cross term. Section V shows the simulation performance of the HR-TFRR and SHR-TFRR, as
well as the applications of the proposed methods in analyzing the noisy cubic phase signal and Big Brown
Bats sound emissions. Finally, the conclusion and discussion are given in Section VI.
II. THE HR-TFRR

A. Existing TFRRs
The TFRR transforms a signal into the TFR domain to demonstrate the evolution of the IFR with respect to
time. As far as we know, there are two kinds of TFRRs: one is the TCD [15]; the other is the CPF [16]. In the
following, we will review them briefly.
Consider a cubic phase signal
f (t ) = Ae j ( t ) = Ae j ( a0 +a1t +a2t
+ a3t 3 )
, T t T
(1)
where (t ) is the phase function and { A, a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 } are arbitrary parameters. The IF function of f (t ) is given
by [4]
IF(t ) =
d (t )
= a1 + 2a2 t + 3a3 t 2 .
dt
(2)
The IFR function of f (t ) is defined by [15, 16]

IFR(t ) =
d 2 (t ) dIF(t )
=
= 2(a2 + 3a3t ) .
dt 2
dt
(3)
The TCD is used to demonstrate the IFR evolution with respect to time [15], that is
T
TCD(t , ) = Z (t , )e j d
0
= [ f (t )]2 e j [IFR ( t ) ] d
0
= [ f (t )]2 T sinc(
T
2
)e
(4)
T
2
where = IFR(t ) ,
Z (t , ) = f (t + ) f (t ) ,
(5)
x=0
.
x0
(6)
and
1,
sinc( x) =
sin( x) x,
From (4), we see that the peaks of the TCD appear along the IFR law of the signal.
Later, the author of [16] proposes the CPF to estimate the IFR of a signal, i.e.,
CPF(t , ) = R(t , )e j d
2
(7)
= [ f (t )]2 e j ( IFR ( t ) ) d
2
where
R(t , ) = f (t + ) f (t ) .
(8)
This formula can be solved by the Fresnel function [35, P.300]. It is obvious to see that the CPF reaches its
maxima at the IFR law of the signal.
The two TFRRs are time and chirp rate covariant. The TCD has a higher frequency rate (FR) resolution
than the CPF. However, the TCD is sensitive to noise due to the interpolation in its realization.
B. The proposed HR-TFRR
Comparing the TCD with the CPF, we find that they are different in the integrand. Moreover, the
integration variable has the same order with that in the integrand in the TCD, while the integration variable in
the CPF does not. Therefore, making the integration variable has the same order with that in the integrand of
the CPF, we propose the HR-TFRR, which is
T
HR-TFRR(t , ) = 2 R(t , )e j d
2
= 2[ f (t )]2 e j ( IFR (t ) ) d .
2
(9)
= [ f (t )]2 e j ( IFR (t ) ) d 2
2
Denote v = 2 . Then, (9) can be written as

T2
HR-TFRR(t , ) = [ f (t )]2 e j ( IFR ( t ) ) v dv

0
= [ f (t )]2 T 2 sinc(
T 2
2
)e
T 2
(10)
The analytical formula of the HR-TFRR indicates that its peaks also appear along the IFR law of the signal. It
is easy to find that the expression of HR-TFRR is similar to that of the TCD. But the former has a narrower
main lobe. Compared with the CPF, the HR-TFRR has a higher FR resolution, since its FR support is
narrower than that of the CPF.
As a result, the absolute value of HR-TFRR(t , ) is given by
-4
dB
-4
-2
x 10
-4
dB
0
FR
FR
-15
6
6
-20
50
100 150
Time (s)
(b)
200
-10
-2
Amplitude (dB)
Amplitude (dB)
250
-20
-30
-40
-50
-4
-2
-10
-15
6
200
2
4
100 150
Time (s)
(a)
0
-5
-10
-15
50
dB
0
-10
-4
-5
0
2
x 10
-2
-2
-5
-4
FR
-4
x 10
TCD
CPF
HR-TFRR
0
2
4
FR
x 10
50
100 150
Time (s)
(c)
200
250
-20
-4
-6
ITCD
ICPF
IHR-TFRR
2
4
6
-4
FR
x 10
(e)
-8
-10
-4
-20
250
-2
-4
(d)
Fig. 1 The LFM signal. (a) TCD, (b) CPF, (c) HR-TFRR, (d) The 128th time bins of the TFRRs, (e) The integrated TFRRs of the
noisy signal.
HR-TFRR(t , ) = [ f (t )]2 T 2 sinc(
T 2
2
)e
T 2
2
(IFR(t ) )T 2
= A T sinc(
)
2
2
(11)
Illustrative example: An LFM signal, which is generated by MATLAB code 'z=fmlin(255,0,0.1)' [36], is
used to compare the FR supports of the TFRRs (TCD, CPF, and HR-TFRR).
Figs. 1(a)-(c) show the three TFRRs. In them, we denote
/2
as the FR, which is used all through this
paper. To make the comparison clear, we limit the amplitudes of the results by -20dB. As seen in Fig. 1(a)-(c),
all the three TFRRs are concentrated at FR=0.0002. This means that the proposed HR-TFRR gives the
accurate FR estimation and is an effective TFRR. To compare the FR support of the three TFRRs, we take the
slices of the TCD, the CPF, and the HR-TFRR at n=0 (128th time bins) as an example. This is commonly used
to analyze signals in joint distribution domain [16, 37]. Fig. 1(d) shows the slices and illustrates that the FR
support of the HR-TFRR is almost identical with that of the TCD. This is because we calculate the HR-TFRR
by (8) directly for simplicity rather than using the interpolation. We also find that the FR support of the
HR-TFRR is narrower than that of the CPF. In other words, the HR-TFRR has a higher FR resolution than the
CPF.
For noisy LFM signals, the ICPF is developed to estimate the FR in white Gaussian noise, which is
expressed as [31]
T
ICPF() = CPF(t , ) dt .
2
(12)
Similar to the ICPF, we define the integrated HR-TFRR (IHR-TFRR) and the integrated TCD (ITCD) as
follows
T
IHR-TFRR() = TFRR(t , ) dt
2
(13a)
ITCD() = TCD(t , ) dt .
(13b)
Next, we construct a noisy signal by adding white Gaussian noise to the signal by SNR=-5dB. Then,
employing the integrated TFRRs (ICPF, IHR-TFRR, and ITCD) to the noisy signal, we obtain the integrated
TFRRs presented in Fig. 1(e). It is clear that the IHR-TFRR has a narrower FR support than the ICPF. In
addition, the ITCD is the most sensitive to white Gaussian noise. The reason is that the noise reduces the
accuracy of the interpolation in TCD.
III. CROSS TERM IN THE HR-TFRR

In this section, we will employ the proposed HR-TFRR to a multi-component signal, namely,
K
y (t ) = f k (t ), T t T ,
(14)
k =1
where f k (t ) = Ak e j ( a
2
3
k ,0 + ak ,1t + ak ,2t + ak ,3t )
, K is the number of components, and T is the time duration.
According to (8), we get

K
Ry (t , ) = R fk (t , ) +
k =1
where R f (t , )= f k (t+ ) f k (t ), and R f

k
k 1 , fk 2
k 1,k 2=1,k 1 k 2
R f k 1 , f k 2 (t , ) ,
(15)
(t , )= f k 1 (t+ ) f k 2 (t ) [30].
Then the HR-TFRR of y (t ) can be calculated by

T
HR-TFRR| y (t , ) = 2 Ry (t , )e j d
2
= HR-TFRR| fk (t , ) +
k =1
k 1,k 2=1,k 1 k 2
HR-TFRR| fk 1 , fk 2 (t , )
(16)
The second term of (16) is the cross term, which may overlap with auto-terms (i.e., the first term of (16)) and
thus makes it difficult to visually interpret the TFRR image.
The component of the cross term can be expressed as
T
HR-TFRR| fk 1 , fk 2 (t , ) = 2 R fk 1 , fk 2 (t , )e j d
2
= 2 f k 1 (t ) f k 2 (t ) e
j [ p + q 2 +( ak 1,3 ak 2,3 ) 3 ]
(17)
where
p = (ak1,1 + 2ak1,2 t + 3ak1,3t 2 ) (ak 2,1 + 2ak 2,2 t + 3ak 2,3t 2 )
(18a)
q = (ak 1,2 + ak 2,2 ) + 3(ak 1,3 + ak 2,3 )t .
(18b)
Note that p is the range between the two IF functions at time instant t .
For the sake of simplicity in calculation, we assume ak1,3 = ak 2,3 . Thus, the cross term between two
components is
g ( p, q ) = HR-TFRR| fk 1 , fk 2 (t , ) + HR-TFRR| fk 2 , fk 1 (t , )
T
= 2 f k 1 (t ) f k 2 (t ) e jq (e jp + e jp ) d
2
(19)
= 4 f k 1 (t ) f k 2 (t ) e jq cos( p ) d
2
The absolute value of (19) is

T
g ( p, q ) = 4 f k 1 (t ) f k 2 (t ) e jq cos( p ) d
2
= 4 Ak1 Ak 2
e jq cos( p ) d
2
4 Ak 1 Ak 2 e jq cos( p ) d
2
(20)
= 4 Ak1 Ak 2 d
0
= 2 Ak1 Ak 2T 2
= g ( p = 0, q = 0)
where denotes the absolute operator, e jq 1 , cos( p ) 1 , and = are used. Thus, the maximum of
2
g ( p, q ) appears at p = 0 and q = 0 . As indicated by (20), the maximum of g ( p, q ) is bigger than those of the
auto terms when the two signal components share the same amplitude.
Assume that the length of the sampled signal N is equal to 255 and the sampling frequency is 1Hz, the
discrete realization of (19) can be shown as
127
g ( p, q) = 4 f k 1 (n) f k 2 (n) e jqm cos( pm) m .

2
(21)
m=1
In (21), we can obtain p < 0.5 and q < / N , which is derived from [14, 36]
ai
N
i !( )( i1)
2
, i = 1, 2,L .
(22)
The variation of g ( p, q) with respect to p and q is shown in Fig. 2, where the line marked with '+'
belongs to HR-TFRR| f
k 2 , fk 1
(t , ) and that marked with 'o' belongs to HR-TFRR| fk 1 , fk 2 (t , ) .
Fig.2 indicates that the cross term of two components consists of two lines concentrating at small p 's .
dB
-0.5
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
0.5
-60
-0.01 -0.005
0
q
0.005 0.01
Fig. 2 The variation of the cross term
Note that p is a constant value determined by the range between the two IF functions at time instant t .
Therefore, we can obtain: 1) the cross term is serious at p 0 , i.e., the time instants where the two IF
functions are cross or very close; 2) the cross term becomes smaller as the range between the two IF functions
increase and can be neglected when p > 0.1 . Therefore, 'close' in the TF domain means that the range
between two IF functions is shorter than 0.1 Hz in this paper. In contrast, we consider that they are far away
when the range between their IF functions is longer than 0.1 Hz.
RemarkIf two components are close together in the TF domain, the serious cross term appears between
the two components in the TFR domain. Consequently, 1) When they are not close together in the TFR
domain, there are spurious peaks in the TFR domain. 2) When they are close together in the TFR domain, the
peaks of components and the spurious peaks overlap. As a result, the components cannot be distinguished.
As for the signal with K components, the number of cross terms is K(K-1)/2. In this case, the cross term
may overlap with auto-terms and thus makes the HR-TFRR difficult to interpret. In the next section, we will
propose a method to suppress the cross term.
IV. CROSS TERM SUPPRESSION BY THE SHR-TFRR

In this section, we propose the SHR-TFRR. First, an alternative realization of the HR-TFRR in the
convolution form is derived. Then, an FR window is introduced to suppress the cross term of the HR-TFRR.
The expression of the HR-TFRR is rewritten as
T
HR-TFRR| y (t , ) = y (t + ) y (t )e j d 2 .
2
(23)
Denote
T
U (t , ) = y (t + )e j d 2
2
(24a)
V (t , ) = y (t )e j d 2
0
(24b)
Note that there is no cross term in (24). Then, we give an alternative realization of (23) as
HR-TFRR| y (t , ) =
1
U (t , )*V (t , )
(25)
where * denotes the convolution with respect to .

Proof of (25): Similar to the proof of Fourier inverse theorem [38, P.261], for the right side of (25), we first
calculate the convolution over a finite interval of the form l l and then let l , i.e.,
1
U (t , )* V (t , )
2
l
1
=
lim U (t , )V (t , )d
2 l l
l
T T
2
2 2
1
=
lim y (t + ) y (t v)e jv e j ( v ) d 2 dv 2 d
l l 0
0
2
T T
l
2
2 2
1
= y (t + ) y (t v)e jv
lim e j ( v ) d d 2 dv 2
l l
0
0
2
=
where ()
is the Dirac
H = y (t + ) y (t v)e jv e j (
2
y (t + ) y (t v)e jv ( 2 v 2 )d 2 dv 2
2
delta
2
v2 )
(26)
function.
In
is continuous and
the second
l
equality of (26), the
integrand
H d 2 dv 2 d < . Therefore, the third equality
is obtained by interchanging the order of the integration based on Fubini's theorem [39, P.919]. Due to
0 T and 0 v T , (26) can be written as
T

Following the sifting property
y (t + 2 ) y (t v 2 )e jv ( 2 v 2 ) d 2 dv 2 .
2
y (t ) (t u ) dt = y (u ) , 0 u T
(27)
[35, P. 1029], we integrate (27) with respect to
v2 ,
y (t + 2 ) y (t 2 )e j d 2
2
= y (t + ) y (t )e j d 2
2
(28)
Consequently, (26) can be expressed as

T
2
1
U (t , )*V (t , ) = y (t + ) y (t )e j d 2 .
0
2
Thus, (25) has been proved.
(29)
Furthermore, (25) can be written as
1
U (t , )* V (t , )
2
1
U (t , / 2 + )V (t , / 2 )d
=
2
HR-TFRR| y (t , ) =
(30)
Introducing an FR window P ( ) to smooth the FR of (30) yields the SHR-TFRR, i.e.,

SHR-TFRR| y (t , ) =
1
2
P ( )U (t , / 2 + )V (t , / 2 )d
(31)
where
1, 1 2
P ( ) =
0, others
(32)
In the following, we will give the discrete realization of the SHR-TFRR. Assume that the length of the
discrete signal y(n) is N, an odd integer. First, the discrete HR-TFRR is shown as
HR-TFRR| y ( n, k ) = 2
( N 1)/2
y ( n + m) y ( n m) me
1
2
km2
N
, k ( N 1) / 2 .
(33)
m =0
Then, the discrete SHR-TFRR is given by

SHR-TFRR| y ( n, k ) =
N 1
l = N +1
P(l )U 2 (n, k + l )V2 ( n, k l ) ,
(34)
where
U 2 (n, 2k 1) = U (n, k ) V2 (n, 2k 1) = V (n, k )
,
,
U 2 (n, 2k ) = 0
V2 (n, 2k ) = 0
(35)
and
U ( n, k ) = 2
( N 1)/2
y (n + m)me
km 2
N
(36a)
m =0
V ( n, k ) = 2
( N 1)/2
y ( n m ) me
km 2
N
(36b)
m =0
Equation (35) is used to guarantee the FR resolution. Since the FR window P ( ) is a rectangular window in
this paper, the SHR-TFRR can be realized by
STFRR| y (n, k )
=
1
2
L2
[U
l = L1
(n, k + l )V2 (n, k l ) + U 2 (n, k l )V2 ( n, k + l ) ], 0 < L1 < L2 < N 1
(37)
V. NUMERICAL RESULTS
In this section, we evaluate the proposed HR-TFRR and SHR-TFRR by several examples. All the signals
used in this section are sampled by unity and 255 samples in length. For the sake of clarity, we will only
consider the signal with two components in this part, which can be easily generalized to the signal with N
components. First, the HR-TFRR is compared with the TCD and the CPF to demonstrate the advantages: 1)
the HR-TFRR outperforms the TCD in analyzing the noisy signal; 2) the HR-TFRR outperforms the CPF in
the FR resolution, when IF functions are far away from each other. Second, when the IF functions are cross or
close, the HR-TFRR suffers cross terms. Thus, the SHR-TFRR is used to suppress the cross term, whose
performance is shown in Part B. Finally, the applications of the TFRRs to analyze the signal of the Big Brown
Bats sound emissions and to estimate the phase parameters are given.
A. Performance of the HR-TFRR
Example 1: Consider a multi-component signal composed of two LFM components, which are expressed
as
s1 (n) = e j 2 (1+0.275 n+0.0003n ) ,
2
s1(n) = e j 2 (10.35 n+0.0002 n ) , 127 n 127 .

2
Obviously, the frequency of the first component lies between 0.2Hz and 0.35Hz and that of the second
component lies between -0.4Hz and -0.3Hz. Fig. 3(a) is the spectrogram obtained with a hamming window
with 64 samples in length. It illustrates that the IF functions of the two components are far away from each
other. The TCD, the CPF, and the HR-TFRR of the signal are shown in Figs. 3(b)-(d), respectively. In the
three TFRRs, The IFRs of the two components appear as two parallel lines at FR=0.0002 and FR=0.0003,
respectively. The cross term in Figs. 3(b)-(d) is very weak, for the range between the two IF functions is
longer than 0.1Hz. However, interference outside the support regions of the two components in both the TCD
and CPF is heavy, whereas that in the HR-TFRR is very small. The reason is that the HR-TFRR has the
-4
x 10
-4
dB
-4
-0.4
-10
FR
-10
100 150
Time (s)
200
250
50
100 150
Time (s)
(a)
dB
-20
250
50
-5
0
2
-10
Amplitude (dB)
-2
-10
250
-20
-20
-30
-4
(d)
250
-20
-0.5
TCD
CPF
HR-TFRR
-40
200
200
(c)
-15
6
100 150
Time (s)
100 150
Time (s)
200
(b)
-4
50
-15
6
Amplitude (dB)
50
FR
-5
-15
0.4
0.2
-4
dB
-2
x 10
-4
-5
-0.2
FR
Frequency (Hz)
-2
x 10
-2
2
FR
(e)
-1
-1.5
-2
ITCD
ICPF
IHR-TFRR
-2.5
-3
-4
6
x 10
-4
-2
2
FR
6
x 10
-4
(f)
Fig. 3 The signal is composed of two LFM signals, and the range between their IF functions is longer than 0.6Hz. (a)
Spectrogram, (b) TCD, (c) CPF, (d) HR-TFRR, (e) The 128th time bins, (f) The integrated TFRRs of the noisy signal at
SNR=-5dB.
lowest side lobe among the three TFRRs.

To compare the resolution of the three TFRRs, the 128th time bins of the three TFRRs are extracted and
presented in Fig. 3(e). Given a threshold
= -11dB ,
the HR-TFRR above can be considered as two
components, while the TCD and the CPF cannot. Therefore, the FR resolution of the HR-TFRR is the highest
and that of the CPF is the lowest. Although the TCD has a higher FR resolution, it suffers the most serious
side lobes.
For the noisy signal at SNR=-5dB, we calculate its integrated TFRRs, which are presented in Fig. 3(f). As
shown in Fig. 3(f), the IHR-TFRR has the highest FR resolution and the ITCD is the most sensitive to the
noise.
To make the analysis of the FR resolution clear, we introduce Renyi entropy [40] into the TFR domain. In
the TF domain, the third-order Renyi entropy not only illustrates number of components, but also
demonstrates the resolution of TF transforms [41]. Similarly, Renyi entropy can analyze the FR resolution of
TFRRs quantitatively. In this paper, we define the third-order Renyi entropy as
+ +
1
R3 (C ) = log 2 ( C 3 (t , )dtd ) ,

2
(38)
with
U (t , ) , U (t , ) >
C (t , ) =
,
U (t , )
0,
(39)
where is a real threshold, U (t , ) denotes the data from 96 to 160 time bins and from 0.153 104 to
3.981 10 4
FR in a TFRR. The number of components can be indicated by [40]

R 3 (s1 (n) + s1(n)) = R 3 (s1 (n)) + 1 = R3 (s1(n)) + 1 .
(40)
Hence, Using the third-order Renyi entropies, we denote = R3 (s1 (n) + s1(n)) 0.5 ( R3 (s1 (n)) + R3 ( s1(n))) .
According to (40), the TFRR has a higher FR resolution when is closer to 1. Fig. 4 presents the curves of
versus , which is shown in 'dB'. In Fig. 4, 's of the HR-TFRR always distribute around 1, while those
of the TCD and the CPF do not. Thus, the HR-TFRR can give the number of the components as 2 and it is
more accurate than the TCD and the CPF.
-5
Amplitude (dB)
1.2
0.8
0.6
TCD
CPF
HR-TFRR
0.4
0.2
-25
-20
-15
-10
(dB)
Fig. 4 Renyi entropies of
the three TFRRs.
-10
-15
-20
-25
-5
-4
-2
ITCD
ICPF
IHR-TFRR
2
4
FR
6
x 10
-4
Fig. 5 The integrated TFRRs of

0.5s ( n) + s( n) .
1
-4
x 10
-4
dB
-4
-0.4
-4
dB
0
-2
-5
-0.2
-5
-10
FR
0
FR
Frequency (Hz)
-2
x 10
0.2
-10
4
-15
-15
0.4
50
100 150
Time (s)
200
250
50
100 150
Time (s)
(a)
250
-20
50
100 150
Time (s)
(b)
-4
x 10
-4
250
-20
0
2
-10
100 150
Time (s)
200
250
-20
-30
-15
-40
-20
-50
-4
6
50
Amplitude (dB)
-10
-5
200
(c)
dB
-2
FR
200
TCD
CPF
HR-TFRR
-2
(d)
2
FR
6
x 10
-4
(e)
Fig. 6 The signal is composed of two cubic phase signals, and the range between their IF functions is longer than 0.3Hz. (a)
Spectrogram, (b) TCD, (c) CPF, (d) HR-TFRR, (e) The 128th time bins.
For the components with different amplitudes, we consider the signal 0.5s1 (n) + s1(n) . Fig. 5 shows the
integrated TFRRs. In Fig. 5, we can obtain the number of components as 1 by the ICPF, while as 2 by the
IHR-TFRR and the ITCD. Moreover, the IHR-TFRR has lower side lobes than the ITCD. In summary, Fig.
5 illustrates that the HR-TFRR outperforms the TCD and the CPF in side lobe and FR resolution,
respectively.
Example2: Consider a multi-component signal composed of two cubic phase components, whose IF
functions is longer than 0.3Hz. The two components are given by
s2 (n) = e j 2 (1+ /8 n+0.002 n +0.00001n ) ,
2
s2 (n) = e j 2 (1+19 /24 n+0.001n +0.00001n ) , 127 n 127 .

2
As shown in Fig. 6(a), the spectrogram of this signal illustrates that the IF functions of the two components
are separated in the observing time interval. Figs. 6(b)-(d) show the TCD, the CPF, and the HR-TFRR of the
signal, all of which consist of two parallel slant lines. Compared with the TCD and the CPF, the HR-TFRR
has the least interference outside the supports of the two components. The 128th time bins of the TCD, the
x 10
-4
dB
x 10
-4
dB
0
0
0.2
-5
-5
-10
-15
-5
-5
-10
-15
FR
-0.2
FR
Frequency (Hz)
-0.4
0.4
50
100 150
Time (s)
(a)
200
x 10
250
50
-4
100 150
Time (s)
(b)
dB
0
200
250
-20
50
100 150
Time (s)
(c)
200
250
-20
-5
-5
-10
-15
Amplitude (dB)
FR
-10
-20
-30
-40
TCD
CPF
HR-TFRR
-50
-60
50
100 150
Time (s)
(d)
200
250
-20
-5
0
FR
5
x 10
-4
(e)
Fig. 7 The signal is composed of two LFM signals, whose IF functions are cross. (a) Spectrogram, (b) TCD, (c) CPF, (d)
HR-TFRR, (e) The 128th time bins.
CPF, and the HR-TFRR are plotted in Fig. 6(e). It also indicates that the HR-TFRR has a higher FR
resolution than the CPF.
Example3: Analyze a multi-component signal composed of two LFM signals, the IF functions of which are
cross. The two components are shown as
s3 (n) = e
1
1 2
j 2 (1+ n +
n )
8 2048
, s3 (n) = e
1
1 2
j 2 (1+ n
n )
8 2048
, 127 n 127 .
In Fig. 7(a), the spectrogram of this signal illustrates that the IF functions of the two components are cross.
Figs. 7(b)-(d) show the three TFRRs of the signal, respectively. Unlike the previous examples, the cross
terms appear in all the three TFRRs. Fig. 7(e) shows the slices at the 128th time bins of the three TFRRs. It can
be seen that the cross term is bigger than the auto terms by 5dB. Thus, the cross term has a serious effect on
the application of the TFRRs. In the next part, we will show how to suppress the cross term by the proposed
SHR-TFRR.
B. Performance of the SHR-TFRR

For the signal used in Fig. 7, we calculate the SHR-TFRR by denoting L1=20 and L2=60, which is shown in
Fig. 8(a). As seen in Fig. 8(a), the result of the SHR-TFRR illustrates that the cross term is suppressed
obviously. Meanwhile, the auto terms suffer a little loss. Fig. 8(b) presents the slices at the 128th time bins of
the SHR-TFRR and HR-TFRR. As shown in Fig. 8(b), the SHR-TFRR suppresses the cross term by 13.7dB,
while the FR support of the SHR-TFRR spreads by 3.8% at -10dB. Fig. 8(c) shows the IHR-TFRR and the
integrated SHR-TFRR (ISHR-TFRR). The suppression of the cross term is about 3dB, while the FR support
spreads by 16.3% at -10dB. Thus, the SHR-TFRR can effectively suppress the cross term.
Similar to the S-method [42], the TCD can be represented in its smoothed version (STCD) by introducing
the FR window (32). Like the way in [33, 34], the CPF also has its smoothed version (SCPF). With the same
FR window, the STCD and the SCPF of the same signal as Fig. 8 are given in Figs. 9(a) and (b). From them,
we see that both the STCD and the SCPF have the ability to suppress cross terms. However, the SCPF is not
concentrated at the time edges (start and end signal points), and there are some speckles in the STCD.
To quantify the performance of the smoothed TFRRs (STCD, SCPF, and SHR-TFRR) in suppressing the
cross term, we define the parameter signal-to-interference rate (SIR) as
SIR(dB ) = 10 lg(
dB
FR
-5
-5
-10
-15
0
-5
-10
-20
-30
-40
50
100 150
Time (s)
(a)
200
250
-20
(41)
Amplitude (dB)
-4
Amplitude (dB)
x 10
Total energy of auto terms

).
Total energy of cross terms
-5
HR-TFRR
SHR-TFRR
0
5
FR
(b)
-10
-15
-20
IHR-TFRR
ISHR-TFRR
-25
-5
x 10
0
FR
-4
5
x 10
-4
(c)
Fig. 8 The signal used in Fig. 7. (a) SHR-TFRR, (b) The 128th time bins of the HR-TFRR and SHR-TFRR, (c) The IHR-TFRR
and ISHR-TFRR.
TABLE I
SIRS OF THE SIGNAL USED IN FIG. 7
(dB)
TCD
CPF
HR-TFRR
Original
0.7466 -0.9611
0.9531
Smoothed
1.4359 -0.0044
2.2629
Improvement 0.6893 0.9567
1.3098
The SIRs of the original and smoothed TFRRs are provided in Table I, which result from the TFRRs
between 60 and 190 time bins to avoid the de-concentrated region of the SCPF. The HR-TFRR in the original
or smoothed versions has the biggest SIRs. This demonstrates that the HR-TFRR has the least cross term. In
addition, the smoothed version of the HR-TFRR has the most performance improvement.
Fig. 9(c) shows the 128th time bins of the smoothed TFRRs. From Fig. 9(c), we can find that the
performance of the SHR-TFRR to suppress cross term and to reduce interference is better than the others. Fig.
9(d) gives the integrated smoothed TFRRs (ISTCD, ISCPF, and ISHR-TFRR), which result from integrating
the smoothed TFRRs between 60 and 190 time bins. In Fig. 9(d), the ISHR-TFRR has the narrowest FR
-4
dB
x 10
-5
-5
-10
-15
50
100 150
Time (s)
200
250
-4
dB
0
-5
-5
-10
-15
FR
FR
x 10
-20
50
100 150
Time (s)
(a)
250
-20
(b)
0
-5
Amplitude (dB)
-10
Amplitude (dB)
200
-20
-30
STCD
SCPF
SHR-TFRR
-40
-50
-5
0
FR
-15
-20
ISTCD
ISCPF
ISHR-TFRR
-25
-30
-5
x 10
(c)
-10
0
FR
-4
5
x 10
-4
(d)
Fig. 9 The signal used in Fig. 7. (a) STCD, (b) SCPF, (c) The 128th time bins of the integrated smoothed TFRRs, (d) The integrated
smoothed TFRRs.
-4
dB
0
x 10
-5
-0.2
-5
FR
Frequency (Hz)
-0.4
0
-10
0.2
0.4
50
100 150
Time (s)
200
50
250
100 150
Time (s)
(a)
x 10
-15
250
(b)
-4
dB
0
0
-10
-5
0
-10
Amplitude
-5
FR
200
-20
-30
TCD
CPF
TFRR
SHR-TFRR
0
5
FR
-40
50
100 150
Time (s)
200
250
-15
-5
(c)
x 10
-4
(d)
Fig. 10 The signal is composed of two cubic phase signals, whose IF functions are cross. (a) Spectrogram, (b) HR-TFRR, (c)
SHR-TFRR, (d) The 128th time bins of the TCD, CPF, HR-TFRR, and SHR-TFRR.
support and the smallest cross term.

Next, we consider another signal consisting of the following two cubic phase components
s4 (n) = e j 2 ( /6 n+0.0021n +0.000003n ) ,
2
s4 (n) = e j 2 ( /6 n0.0029 n +0.000002 n ) , 127 n 127 .

2
The spectrogram of this signal (Fig. 10(a)) demonstrates the cross IF functions. Figs. 10(b) and (c) show
the HR-TFRR and SHR-TFRR obtained by L1=20 and L2=60. Comparison between Figs. 10(b) and (c)
implies that the SHR-TFRR suppresses nearly half of the cross term. Fig. 10(d) presents the slices at the 128th
time bins of the TFRRs and the SHR-TFRR. Therein, the cross term of the CPF is the largest and those of the
TCD and HR-TFRR are divided into two parts. Compared with the HR-TFRR, the SHR-TFRR suppresses
the right part of the cross term by -13dB, while the auto terms spread by 9.2% at -10dB. Thus, the SHR-TFRR
still works well for the cubic phase signals even when two IFRs are not parallel.
Table II provides the SIRs of the original and smoothed TFRRs between 60 and 190 time bins. Results
indicate that the SHR-TFRR outperforms its competitors in suppressing the cross term.
TABLE II
SIRS OF THE SIGNAL USED IN FIG. 10
(dB)
TCD
CPF
HR-TFRR
Original
0.9426 -0.8938
1.1243
Smoothed
1.9290 0.1172
2.1474
Improvement 0.9864 1.011
1.0231
C. Application of the HR-TFRR

Consider a noisy cubic phase signal
r (n) = s(n) + w(n)
= exp( j ( n
n2 +
n3 )) + w(n)
10
1000
100000
where 127 n 127 and w( n) is the zero-mean white Gaussian noise with variance 2 . The IFR of s ( n) at
time instant n is
TFR(n) = 2(a2 + 3a3 n) = 2(

+3
n) .
1000
100000
(42)
For a noisy cubic phase signal, it is known that the phase parameters can be determined by estimating the
IFRs at two different time instants [20]. Fig. 11 illustrates the estimated mean square errors (MSEs) of a3 and
a2 for the noisy cubic phase signal, which is obtained by 1000 Monte-Carlo runs for each method. Here, the
HAF is operated by = 85 and the results of the TFRR-based methods are obtained at two time instants,
TCD
CPF
HR-TFRR
STCD
-100
-110
HAF
-60
-70
-120
-80
-130
-90
-15
SHR-TFRR
-50
MSE (dB)
MSE (dB)
-90
SCPF
-10
-5
0
SNR (dB)
10
-15
(a)
-10
-5
0
SNR (dB)
(b)
Fig. 11 Estimated MSEs of the phase parameters. (a) a3 and (b) a2 .
x 10
0.1
-5
0.2
-4
-4
FR
Frequency (Hz)
0.3
-3
0.4
-2
100
200
Time (s)
300
-1
400
100
(a)
-8
-7
-7
-6
-6
-5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-2
200
Time (s)
400
300
400
x 10
300
400
-4
-4
-3
100
300
(b)
-4
FR
FR
-8
x 10
200
Time (s)
100
(c)
200
Time (s)
(d)
Fig. 12 Big Brown Bats sound emissions. (a) SPWV, (b) TCD, (c) CPF, and (d) HR-TFRR.
n = 85 and n = 170 . At low SNR, the estimated MSEs for the HAF method are greater than those of the TFRRs.
This is because the HAF-based MSEs vary approximately in proportion to SNR-4 [43], whereas those of the
TFRR-based methods vary approximately in proportion to SNR-2. In other words, the better performance of
the TFRR-based methods at low SNR is a direct consequence of the fact: it is based on a bilinear function;
instead, the HAF method is based on a function with fourth-order nonlinearities.
Among the TFRR-based methods, the TCD-based methods have the worst performance. The reason is that
the accuracy of the interpolation in realizing the TCD is affected by the noise seriously.
In Fig. 11, the HR-TFRR has almost the same MSE with the CPF. The SCPF performs a little worse than
the CPF, because the smoothed operation spreads the auto term. In contrast, the SHR-TFRR has a better
performance, this is because the window involves less noise than the HR-TFRR (the window size is 20 bins
and the centers are 60 and 40 for n = 85 and n = 170 , respectively).
In real scenarios, echolocation is achieved by emitting ultrasonic sounds that are closely modeled by a
multi-component cubic phase signal [44]. Using the Big Brown Bats sound emissions [45], we demonstrate
the capability of the HR-TFRR method to analyze the multi-component cubic phase signal. The smoothed
pseudo-WVD (SPWV) of the Big Brown Bats sound emissions is presented in Fig. 12 (a). There are three
components and ranges between IF functions are longer than 0.1Hz. Thus, it can be analyzed by the
HR-TFRR. By applying the TFRRs to the Bats sound emissions, the results are shown in Figs. 12 (b)-(d).
Comparison shows that the HR-TFRR has the best FR resolution. Moreover, the comparison also reveals that
the HR-TFRR can work well for multi-component signals.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we propose the HR-TFRR that is a two-dimensional bilinear mapping operator. Further, its
smoothed version, the SHR-TFRR, is presented to suppress the cross term of the HR-TFRR.
Compared with the TCD, the HR-TFRR is less sensitive to white Gaussian noise. Compared with the CPF,
the HR-TFRR has a narrower FR support, namely, a higher FR resolution. Therefore, the HR-TFRR could
distinguish two close components better than the CPF in the TFR domain. Like other bilinear transforms, the
HR-TFRR suffers the cross term. The cross term can be ignored when the IF functions of the components are
far away from each other. However, the cross term is large and appears at the time instants when the IF
functions of components are cross or very close. Thus, we further develop the SHR-TFRR to suppress the
cross term. The performances of both the HR-TFRR and the SHR-TFRR are evaluated by numerical
examples. Results show that they outperform their counterparts in FR resolution and cross term suppression,
respectively.
The CPF is widely used to analyze the high-order PPS [46, 47]. Similarly, the HR-TFRR and the
SHR-TFRR can be applied in place of the CPF. For example, we have applied the SHR-TFRR to estimate the
phase parameters of a noisy cubic phase signal in white Gaussian noise. Simulation results show that the
SHR-TFRR outperforms the CPF. Moreover, the analysis of the Big Brown Bats sound emissions gives
another evidence of the high FR resolution of the HR-TFRR.
The range of the window is critical in calculating the SHR-TFRR. The properly selected one can suppress
the cross term effectively. The window relies on the locations of the components in U 2 (n, k ) and V2 ( n, k ) . And
we can use Viterbi algorithm to locate the components [48]. Assume that the locations of a component in
U 2 ( n, k ) and V2 ( n, k ) are k1 and k2 at time instant n , respectively. Then the center of the window is denoted as
k1 k2 , and the window size can be a small number, such as 20. By employing the same processing to the
time instant one by one, we will obtain the SHR-TFRR finally. This will be demonstrated in detail in our
future work. The FR support of the HR-TFRR becomes narrower, if the interpolation is used to realize (9).
This also will be addressed in future work. Moreover, there are some problems need to be solved: the
SHR-TFRR cannot work well when the IFRs of the components are cross; both the HR-TFRR and
SHR-TFRR need long time duration.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Dr. Jeffrey C. O'Neill to provide the Matlab code of the TCD.
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Lei Zuo received the B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Xidian University, Xian, China, in 2008
and 2014, respectively. Now he is a lecturer in the National Laboratory of Radar Signal
Processing, Xidian University.
His current research interests include timefrequency analysis and synthesis, timefrequency rate analysis,
and target detection.
Ming Li (M03) received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Xidian University, Xian,
China, in 1987, 1990, and 2007, respectively.
In 1987, he joined the Department of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, where he is
currently a Professor with the National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing. His research interests include
adaptive signal processing, and detection theory.
Zheng Liu received the B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in 1985, 1991 and 2000, respectively.
Now he is a Professor, doctoral director and the vice director of the National Laboratory of
Radar Signal Processing at Xidian University, Xian, China. His research interests include the
theory and system design of radar signal processing, precision guiding technology and multi-sensor data
fusion.
Lin Ma received a BS in Electronics Engineering from Xidian University in 1987. Afterwards

he went on to obtain an MS of EE in 1989 from Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics
Technology (NRIET). Also, he is currently a Professor with the National Laboratory of Radar
Signal Processing at Xidian University, Xian, China. He is a member of the IEEE AESS and
CIE. He is currently a chief scientist in China Electronics Technology Company Group. He has extensive
experience in radar technology and systems development. His research areas are instrumentation radar,
weapon location radar, large phased array radar and wideband radar. He has held senior management
positions in NRIET.

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A High Resolution Time-Frequency Rate

EDICS: DSP-TRSF, MDS-ALGO, and OTH-NSP

II. THE HR-TFRR

The IFR function of f (t ) is defined by [15, 16]

Denote v = 2 . Then, (9) can be written as

HR-TFRR(t , ) = [ f (t )]2 e j ( IFR ( t ) ) v dv

HR-TFRR(t , ) = [ f (t )]2 T 2 sinc(

as the FR, which is used all through this

III. CROSS TERM IN THE HR-TFRR

, K is the number of components, and T is the time duration.

According to (8), we get

where R f (t , )= f k (t+ ) f k (t ), and R f

Then the HR-TFRR of y (t ) can be calculated by

q = (ak 1,2 + ak 2,2 ) + 3(ak 1,3 + ak 2,3 )t .

The absolute value of (19) is

g ( p, q) = 4 f k 1 (n) f k 2 (n) e jqm cos( pm) m .

(t , ) and that marked with 'o' belongs to HR-TFRR| fk 1 , fk 2 (t , ) .

Fig. 2 The variation of the cross term

IV. CROSS TERM SUPPRESSION BY THE SHR-TFRR

where * denotes the convolution with respect to .

equality of (26), the

H d 2 dv 2 d < . Therefore, the third equality

[35, P. 1029], we integrate (27) with respect to

Consequently, (26) can be expressed as

Thus, (25) has been proved.

Furthermore, (25) can be written as

Introducing an FR window P ( ) to smooth the FR of (30) yields the SHR-TFRR, i.e.,

Then, the discrete SHR-TFRR is given by

P(l )U 2 (n, k + l )V2 ( n, k l ) ,

(n, k + l )V2 (n, k l ) + U 2 (n, k l )V2 ( n, k + l ) ], 0 < L1 < L2 < N 1

s1(n) = e j 2 (10.35 n+0.0002 n ) , 127 n 127 .

lowest side lobe among the three TFRRs.

the HR-TFRR above can be considered as two

FR in a TFRR. The number of components can be indicated by [40]

Fig. 5 The integrated TFRRs of

s2 (n) = e j 2 (1+19 /24 n+0.001n +0.00001n ) , 127 n 127 .

B. Performance of the SHR-TFRR

Total energy of auto terms

support and the smallest cross term.

s4 (n) = e j 2 ( /6 n0.0029 n +0.000002 n ) , 127 n 127 .

C. Application of the HR-TFRR

TFR(n) = 2(a2 + 3a3 n) = 2(

Fig. 11 Estimated MSEs of the phase parameters. (a) a3 and (b) a2 .

[41]M. B. Malarvili, M. Mesbah, B. Boashash, Renyi entropy of quadratic time-frequency distributions:

Lin Ma received a BS in Electronics Engineering from Xidian University in 1987. Afterwards

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