BIOGRAPHY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN

Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in Hardin County, Kentucky & died on April 15,
1865 in Washington, D.C., sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail
Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was the 16th President of the United States, and the first
president from the Republican Party.
Lincoln staunchly opposed the expansion of slavery into federal territories, and his victory in the
1860 presidential election further polarized the nation. Before his inauguration in March of 1861,
seven Southern slave states seceded1 from the United States, formed the Confederate States of
America, and took control of U.S. forts and other properties within their boundaries. These events
soon led to the American Civil War.
Lincoln was an adept politician who emerged as a wartime leader skilled at balancing competing
considerations and at getting rival groups to work together toward a common goal. He personally
directed the war effort, which ultimately led the Union forces to victory over the seceding
Confederacy. His leadership qualities were evident in his diplomatic handling of the border slave
states at the beginning of the fighting, in his defeat of a congressional attempt to reorganize his
cabinet in 1862, in his many speeches and writings which helped mobilize and inspire the North,
and in his defusing of the peace issue in the 1864 presidential campaign.
Lincoln had a lasting influence on U.S. political and social institutions. The most important may
have been setting the precedent for greater centralization of powers in the federal government
and a weakening of the powers of the individual state governments, although this is disputed as
the federal government reverted to its customary weakness after Reconstruction and the modern
administrative state would only emerge with the New Deal some 70 years later.
Lincoln was also the president who declared Thanksgiving as a national holiday, established the
U.S. Department of Agriculture (though not as a Cabinet-level department), revived national
banking and banks, and admitted West Virginia and Nevada as states. He also encouraged
efforts to expand white settlement in western North America, signing the Homestead Act (1862).
However, he is most famous for his role in ending slavery in the United States with the enactment
of the Emancipation Proclamation as a pragmatic war measure which would set the stage for the
complete abolition of the institution.
His assassination, shortly after the end of the Civil War, made him a martyr to millions of
Americans. His reputation was forever sealed by the victory that he won, but without the
tarnishing that could have resulted from the disorder of Reconstruction in the aftermath of the
war. He is usually ranked as one of the greatest presidents, though is criticized by some for
overstepping the traditional bounds of executive power.
Abraham Lincoln was born in a one-room log cabin on a farm in Hardin County, Kentucky (now in
LaRue Co., in Nolin Creek, three miles (5 km) south of Hodgenville), to Thomas Lincoln and
Nancy Hanks. Lincoln was named after his deceased grandfather, Abraham Lincoln, who was
killed by Native Americans. Lincolns parents were largely uneducated.
When Abraham Lincoln was seven years old, he and his parents moved to Spencer County,
Indiana, partly on account of slavery and partly because of economic difficulty in Kentucky. In
1830, after economic and land-title difficulties in Indiana, the family settled on government land
along the Sangamon River on a site selected by Lincolns father in Macon County, Illinois, near
the present city of Decatur. The following winter was especially brutal, and the family nearly
moved back to Indiana.
When his father relocated the family to a nearby site the following year, the 22-year-old Lincoln
struck out on his own, canoeing down the Sangamon to homestead on his own in Sangamon

County, Illinois (now in Menard County), in the village of New Salem. Later that year, hired by
New Salem businessman Denton Offutt and accompanied by friends, he took goods from New
Salem to New Orleans via flatboat on the Sangamon, Illinois and Mississippi rivers. While in New
Orleans he may have witnessed a slave auction that left an indelible impression on him for the
rest of his life.
Lincoln began his political career in 1832 at the age of 23 with a campaign for the Illinois General
Assembly. The centerpiece of his platform was the undertaking of navigational improvements on
the Sangamon in the hopes of attracting steamboat traffic to the river, which would allow sparsely
populated, poor areas along and near the river to grow and prosper. He served as a captain in a
company of the Illinois militia drawn from New Salem during the Black Hawk War, writing after
being elected by his peers that he had not had any such success in life which gave him so much
satisfaction.
He later tried his hand at several business and political ventures, and failed at them all. Finally,
after coming across the second volume of Sir William Blackstones four-volume Commentaries on
the Laws of England, he taught himself the law, and was admitted to the Illinois Bar in 1837. That
same year, he moved to Springfield, Illinois and began to practice law with Stephen T. Logan.
He became one of the most highly respected and successful lawyers in the state of Illinois, and
became steadily more prosperous. Lincoln served four successive terms in the Illinois House of
Representatives, as a representative from Sangamon County, beginning in 1834. In 1837 he
made his first protest against slavery in the Illinois House, stating that the institution was founded
on both injustice and bad policy.
Abraham Lincoln shared a bed with Joshua Fry Speed from 1837 to 1841 in Springfield. A recent
biography has suggested the controversial theory that their relationship may also have been
sexual: See The Intimate World of Abraham Lincoln.
In 1841, Lincoln entered law practice with William Herndon, a fellow member of the Whig Party. In
1856, both men joined the fledgling Republican Party. Following Lincolns assassination, Herndon
began collecting stories about Lincoln from those who knew him in central Illinois, eventually
publishing a book, Herndons Lincoln.
Only Robert survived into adulthood. Of Roberts three children, only Jessie Lincoln had any
children (2 Mary Lincoln Beckwith and Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith). Neither Robert Beckwith
nor Mary Beckwith had any children, so Abraham Lincolns bloodline ended when Robert
Beckwith (Lincolns great-grandson) died on December 24, 1985.
In 1846 Lincoln was elected to one term in the House of Representatives as a member of the
United States Whig Party. A staunch Whig, Lincoln often referred to Whig leader Henry Clay as
his political idol. As a freshman House member, Lincoln was not a particularly powerful or
influential figure in Congress. He used his office as an opportunity to speak out against the war
with Mexico, which he attributed to President Polks desire for military glory & that attractive
rainbow, that rises in showers of blood.
Lincoln was a key early supporter of Zachary Taylors candidacy for the 1848 Whig Presidential
nomination. When his term ended, the incoming Taylor administration offered him the
governorship of the Oregon Territory. He declined, returning instead to Springfield, Illinois where,
although remaining active in Whig Party affairs in the state, he turned most of his energies to
making a living at the bar.
By the mid-1850s, Lincoln had acquired prominence in Illinois legal circles, especially through his
involvement in litigation involving competing transportation interests & both the river barges and
the railroads. In 1849, he received a patent related to buoying vessels.

Lincoln represented the Alton & Sangamon Railroad, for example, in an 1851 dispute with one of
its shareholders, James A. Barret. Barret had refused to pay the balance on his pledge to that
corporation on the ground that it had changed its originally planned route. Lincoln argued that as
a matter of law a corporation is not bound by its original charter when that charter can be
amended in the public interest, that the newer proposed Alton & Sangamon route was superior
and less expensive, and that accordingly the corporation had a right to sue Mr. Barret for his
delinquent payment. He won this case, and the decision by the Illinois Supreme Court was
eventually cited by several other courts throughout the United States.
Another important example of Lincolns skills as a railroad lawyer was a lawsuit over a tax
exemption that the state granted to the Illinois Central Railroad. McLean County argued that the
state had no authority to grant such an exemption, and it sought to impose taxes on the railroad
notwithstanding. In January 1856, the Illinois Supreme Court delivered its opinion upholding the
tax exemption, accepting Lincolns arguments.
In addition, Lincoln worked in at least one criminal trial in 1857 when he defended William Duff
Armstrong pro bono who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker. The case is
famous for when Lincoln used judicial notice, a rare tactic at that time, to show an eyewitness
perjured himself on the stand claiming he witnessed the crime in the moonlight. Lincoln produced
a Farmers Almanac to show that the moon on that date was at a low angle and could not have
produced enough lumination for the witness to see anything clearly. Based on this evidence,
Armstrong was acquitted.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which expressly repealed the limits on slaverys spread that
had been part of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, helped draw Lincoln back into electoral
politics. It was a speech against Kansas-Nebraska, on October 16, 1854 in Peoria, that caused
Lincoln to stand out among the other free-soil orators of the day.
Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, proposing popular sovereignty as the solution to the slavery
impasse, had sponsored the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Many eastern Republicans had
urged the nomination of Douglas for the United States Senate in 1858, since he was a Northern
leader who had led the opposition to the Buchanan administrations push for the Lecompton
Constitution which would have admitted Kansas as a slave state.
Accepting the Republican nomination for the Senate in 1858, Lincoln delivered a famous speech
in which he stated, A house divided against itself cannot stand. (This statement is spoken by
Jesus in Matthew 12:25.) The speech created a lasting image of the danger of disunion due to
slavery. Lincoln was viewed as a heavy underdog against the popular Douglas.
During his unsuccessful 1858 campaign for the Senate, Lincoln debated Douglas in a series of
events which became a national discussion on the issues that were about to split the nation in
two. During the debates, Lincoln forced Douglas to propose his Freeport Doctrine, which lost him
further support among slave-holders and may have forced the eventual dissolution of the
Democratic Party. Though Douglas was eventually reelected by the Illinois legislature (this was
before the 17th Amendment), Lincolns eloquence during the campaign transformed him into a
national political star.
Lincoln was chosen as the Republican candidate because his views on slavery were seen as
more moderate, because of his Western origins (in contrast to his main rival for the nomination,
the New Yorker William H. Seward), and because several other contenders had enemies within
the party. During the campaign, Lincoln was dubbed The Rail Splitter by Republicans to
emphasize Lincolns humility and humble origins, though in fact Lincoln was quite wealthy at the
time due to his successful law practice.
On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected as the 16th President of the United States, beating
Douglas and two other major candidates. Lincoln was the first Republican president. Lincoln won

entirely on the strength of his support in the North: he was not even on the ballot in nine states in
the South and won only 2 of 996 counties in the entire South. Even before Lincolns election,
leaders in the South made it clear that their States would leave the Union in response to a Lincoln
victory. A total of seven states seceded before Lincoln took office, forming the Confederate States
of America.
President-elect Lincoln survived an assassination attempt in Baltimore, Maryland, and on
February 23, 1861 arrived secretly in disguise to Washington, DC. Southerners ridiculed Lincoln
for this subterfuge, but the efforts at security may have been prudent. At Lincolns inauguration on
March 4, 1861, the Turners formed Lincolns bodyguard; and a sizable garrison of federal troops
was also present, ready to protect the president and the capital from rebel invasion.
In his First Inaugural Address, Lincoln declared, I hold that in contemplation of universal law and
of the Constitution the Union of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed,
in the fundamental law of all national governments, arguing further that the purpose of the
Constitution was to form a more perfect union than the Articles of Confederation which were
explicitly perpetual, and thus the Constitution too was perpetual. He asked rhetorically that even
were the Constitution construed as a simple contract, would it not require the agreement of all
parties to rescind it?
Also in his Inaugural Address, Lincoln supported the proposed Corwin amendment to the
constitution, of which he was a driving force. This proposed amendment would have explicitly
protected slavery in those states in which it already existed, and had already passed both
houses. Lincoln, however, adamantly opposed the Crittenden Compromise, which would have
permitted slavery in the territories, renewing the boundary set by the Missouri Compromise and
extending it to California. Despite support for this compromise among moderate Republicans and
across the nation, Lincoln declared that were the Crittenden Compromise accepted, it would
amount to a perpetual covenant of war against every people, tribe, and state owning a foot of
land between here and Tierra del Fuego. Lincoln also spurned requests to appoint a Southerner
to his cabinet (Sam Houston being a prominent suggestion).
After Union troops at Fort Sumter were fired on and forced to surrender in April, Lincoln called for
more troops from each remaining state to recapture forts, protect the capital, and preserve the
Union. In response, four more slave states seceded by May 1861, and splinter factions from
Missouri and Kentucky joined the Confederacy by December.
Though Lincoln is well known for ending slavery in the USA and he personally opposed slavery
as a moral evil, Lincolns views of his own Constitutional powers on the subject of slavery are
more complicated. He believed that the Declaration of Independences statement that all men
are created equal should apply also to black slaves, and that slavery was a profound evil which
should not spread to the Territories. However, Lincoln maintained that the federal government did
not possess the constitutional power to bar slavery in states where it already existed, and he
supported colonization, believing that freed black slaves were too different to live in the same
society as white Americans. Lincoln addresses the issue of his consistency (or lack thereof)
between his earlier position and his later position of emancipation in an 1864 letter to Albert G.
Hodges See: Abraham Lincoln on slavery
Lincoln is often credited with freeing enslaved African-Americans with the Emancipation
Proclamation. In practice, however, this only freed the slaves in areas of the Confederacy as
those areas came under control of Union forces; in territories and states that still allowed slavery
but had remained loyal to the Union, slaves were not initially freed. Lincoln signed the
Proclamation as a wartime measure, insisting that only the outbreak of war gave constitutional
power to the President to free slaves in states where it already existed. He later said: I never, in
my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper. The proclamation
made abolishing slavery in the rebel states an official war goal and it became the impetus for the
enactment of the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery.

Politically, the Emancipation Proclamation did much to help the Northern cause; Lincolns strong
abolitionist stand finally convinced Britain and other foreign countries that they could not support
the South.
Perhaps Lincolns most important contribution as President, outside of his military leadership as
Commander-in-Chief, was his signing of the Homestead Act in 1862, though Lincoln had little do
with the drafting of the act or its passage in Congress. Considered by some to be the most
important piece of legislation in American history, the Act made available millions of acres of
government-held land in the midwest for purchase at very low cost. Any male over 21 could
obtain a Homestead tract of 160 acres (647,000 m) simply by filing a claim and paying a
processing fee of $18. The land had then to be lived upon, built up, and improved, for a period of
no less than 5 years. Many were more than willing to take up this challenge.
The Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act, also signed by Lincoln in 1862, provided government grants
for agricultural universities throughout the American states. Such universities often founded in
Homesteading states provided education and know-how for masses of local Homesteaders.
They helped found the concept of scientific Agriculture and, perhaps more importantly, helped
democratize American education. Like the Homestead Act, Lincoln had little to do with this acts
framing or passage in Congress.
After the Sioux Uprising of August 1862 in Minnesota, Lincoln was presented with 303 death
warrants for convicted Santee Dakota who had taken part. Of these, Lincoln only affirmed 39 men
for execution (one was later reprieved). Lincoln was strongly chastised for this action in
Minnesota and throughout his administration because many felt that all 303 Native Americans
should have been executed. Reaction in Minnesota was so strong concerning Lincolns leniency
toward the Native Americans that Republicans lost their political strength in the state in 1864.
Lincolns response was, I could not afford to hang men for votes.
The war was a source of constant frustration for the president, and it occupied nearly all of his
time. Lincoln had a contentious relationship with General George McClellan, who led the Northern
war effort after the retirement of Winfield Scott in late 1861. Lincoln wished to take an active part
in planning the Northern war strategy despite his inexperience in military affairs. Lincolns
strategic priorities were two-fold: First, to ensure that Washington, DC was well-defended; and
second, to conduct an aggressive war effort in hopes of ending the war sooner and appeasing the
Northern public, who rabidly pushed for an offensive war.
McClellan, a career military man and West Point graduate, took a more cautious approach.
McClellan took several months to plan and execute his Peninsula Campaign, which involved
invading Richmond by moving the Army of the Potomac by boat to the peninsula between the
James and York Rivers. McClellans delay irritated Lincoln, as did McClellans insistence that no
troops were needed to defend Washington, D.C. Lincoln insisted on holding some of McClellans
troops to defend Washington, a decision McClellan blamed for the ultimate failure of his
Peninsula Campaign.
McClellan, a lifelong Democrat who was temperamentally conservative, was relieved of effective
control of the Virginia campaign after releasing his Harrisons Landing Letter, where he offered
unsolicited political advice to Lincoln urging caution in the war effort. McClellans letter incensed
Radical Republicans, who successfully pressured Lincoln to appoint fellow Republican John Pope
as head of the new Army of Virginia. Pope complied with Lincolns strategic desire for the Union
to move towards Richmond from the North, thus guarding Washington, DC. However, Pope was
soundly defeated at Second Bull Run during the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the
Potomac to abandon Virginia for the time being, leading to Popes being sent West to command
against the American Indians.
Lincoln restored McClellan to effective command in time for the Battle of Antietam in September
of that year. It was Union victory in that battle that allowed Lincoln to release his Emancipation

Proclamation. Lincoln relieved McClellan of command shortly after the 1862 midterm elections
and appointed Republican Ambrose Burnside to head the Army of the Potomac, who promised to
follow through on Lincolns strategic vision for a sack of Richmond from the North. After Burnside
was embarrassingly routed at Fredericksburg, Joseph Hooker assumed command, but was
routed at Chancellorsville and also relieved of command.
After Union victory at Gettysburg and months of inactivity for the Army of the Potomac, Lincoln
made the fateful decision to appoint a radical and somewhat scandalous army commander:
General Ulysses S. Grant, who was disfavored by Republican hardliners because he had been a
Democrat. Grant would daringly wage his bloody Wilderness campaign, characterized by
shockingly high Union losses at battles such as Cold Harbor and the Crater. Grants aggressive
campaign, however, would eventually result in the Union taking Richmond and bringing the war to
a close in Spring 1865.
Lincoln authorized Grant to used the scorched earth approach to pacify the South. This allowed
Generals William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan to destroy and loot homes, farms and
cities in Virginia, Georgia, and South Carolina. The damage in Georgia alone totalled in excess of
100 million dollars.
Lincoln had a star-crossed record as a military leader, finding little success in his efforts to
coordinate troop movements. Eventually, he found in Grant a man who shared his vision of the
war and was able to bring that vision into reality with his battlefield daring.
Lincoln, perhaps reflecting his lack of military experience, developed a keen curiosity with military
campaigning during the war. Lincoln continually visited battle sites and seemed fascinated by
watching scenes of war. During Jubal Earlys raid into Washington, DC, in 1864, Lincoln had to be
told to duck his head to avoid being shot observing the scenes of battle.
Lincoln was more successful in giving the war meaning to Northern civilians through his oratorical
skills. Despite his meager education and upbringing, Lincoln possessed an extraordinary
command of the English language, as evidenced by the Gettysburg Address, a speech dedicating
a cemetery of Union soldiers from the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. While most of the
speakerse.g. Edward Everett at the event spoke at length, some for hours, Lincolns few choice
words resonated across the nation and across history, defying Lincolns own prediction that The
world will little note, nor long remember what we say here. Lincolns second inaugural address is
also greatly admired and often quoted. In these speeches, Lincoln articulated better than any of
his contemporaries the rationale behind the Union effort.
During the Civil War, Lincoln exercised powers no previous president had wielded; he proclaimed
a blockade, suspended the writ of habeas corpus, spent money without congressional
authorization, and frequently imprisoned accused Southern spies and sympathizers without trial.
Some scholars have argued that Lincolns political arrests extended to the highest levels of the
government including an attempted warrant for Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney, though the
allegation remains unresolved and controversial (see the Taney Arrest Warrant controversy).
Lincoln was the only U.S. President to face a presidential election during a civil war (in 1864). The
long war and the issue of emancipation appeared to be severely hampering his prospects and an
electoral defeat appeared likely against the Democratic nominee and former general, George
McClellan. Lincoln ran under the Union party banner, composed of War Democrats and
Republicans. General Grant was facing severe criticism for his conduct of the bloody Wilderness
campaign. However, the Union capture of the key railroad center of Atlanta by William Tecumseh
Shermans forces in September changed the situation dramatically and Lincoln was reelected.
The reconstruction of the Union weighed heavy on the Presidents mind throughout the war effort.
He was determined to take a course that would not permanently alienate the former Confederate
states, and throughout the war Lincoln urged speedy elections under generous terms in areas

behind Union lines. This irritated congressional Republicans, who urged a more stringent
Reconstruction policy. One of Lincolns few vetoes during his term was of the Wade-Davis bill, an
effort by congressional Republicans to impose harsher Reconstruction terms on the Confederate
areas. Republicans in Congress retaliated by refusing to seat representatives elected from
Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee during the war under Lincolns generous terms.
Let em up easy, he told his assembled military leaders Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, Gen. William T.
Sherman and Adm. David Dixon Porter in an 1865 meeting on the steamer River Queen. When
Richmond, the Confederate capital, was at long last captured, Lincoln went there to make a
public gesture of sitting at Jefferson Daviss own desk, symbolically saying to the nation that the
President of the United States held authority over the entire land. He was greeted at the city as a
conquering hero by freed slaves, whose sentiments were epitomized by one admirers quote, I
know I am free for I have seen the face of Father Abraham and have felt him.
On April 9, 1865, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House in
Virginia. This left only Joseph Johnstons forces in the East to deal with. Weeks later Johnston
would defy Jefferson Davis and surrender his forces to Sherman. Of course, Lincoln would not
survive to see the surrender of all Confederate forces; just days after Lee surrendered, Lincoln
was assassinated.
Lincoln had met frequently with Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant as the war drew to a close. The two
men planned matters of reconstruction, and it was evident to all that they held each other in high
regard. During their last meeting, on April 14, 1865 (Good Friday), Lincoln invited Grant to a
social engagement that evening. Grant declined (Grants wife, Julia Dent Grant, is said to have
strongly disliked Mary Todd Lincoln). The Presidents eldest son, Robert Todd Lincoln, also turned
down the invitation.
Without his bodyguard Ward Hill Lamon, to whom he related his famous dream of his own
assassination, the Lincolns left to attend a play at Fords Theater. The play was Our American
Cousin, a musical comedy by the British writer Tom Taylor (1817-1880). As Lincoln sat in his state
box in the balcony, John Wilkes Booth, a well-known actor and Southern sympathizer from
Maryland, crept up behind the President and aimed a single-shot, round-slug .44 caliber Deringer
at his head, firing at point-blank range. He shouted Sic semper tyrannis! (Latin: Thus always to
tyrants, and Virginias state motto; some accounts say he added The South is avenged!) and
jumped from the balcony to the stage below. Booth managed to limp to his horse and escape,
and the mortally wounded President was taken to a house across the street, now called the
Petersen House, where he lay in a coma for some time before he quietly expired. Abraham
Lincoln was officially pronounced dead at 7:22 AM the next morning, April 15, 1865 (Easter
Saturday). Upon seeing him die, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton lamented either Now he
belongs to the angels or Now he belongs to the ages, the latter often repeated.
Booth and several other conspirators had planned to kill a number of other government officials at
the same time, but for various reasons Lincolns was the only assassination actually carried out
(although Secretary of State William H. Seward was badly injured by an assailant). Several of the
conspirators were eventually captured. Four people were tried by military tribunal and hanged for
the assassination plot (David Herold, George Atzerodt, Lewis Powell (aka Lewis Payne), and
Mary Surratt, the first woman ever executed by the United States government.) Three people
were sentenced to life imprisonment (Michael OLaughlin, Samuel Arnold, and Dr. Samuel Mudd).
Edward Spangler (aka Edman aka Ned) was sentenced to six years imprisonment. John Surratt,
tried later by a civilian court, was acquitted. The fairness of the convictions, particularly of Mary
Surratt, have been called into question, and there are doubts as to the exact degree of her
involvement, if any. Booth himself was shot when discovered holed up in a barn (the barn itself
collapsed in the 1930s and the site is now the median of a state highway in Virginia).
Lincolns body was carried by train in a grand funeral procession through several states on its
way back to Illinois. The nation mourned a man whom many viewed as the savior of the United

States. He was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, where a 177 foot (54 m) tall granite
tomb surmounted with several bronze statues of Lincoln was constructed by 1874. To prevent
continued attempts to steal Lincolns body and hold it for ransom, Robert Todd Lincoln had
Lincoln exhumed and reinterred in concrete several feet thick on September 26, 1901. See
Abraham Lincolns Burial and Exhumation.
Many medical experts now suspect that Lincoln may have suffered from congestive heart failure
and Marfan Syndrome, both of which can be fatal.
Lincolns death made the President a martyr to many. Today he is perhaps Americas second
most famous and beloved President after George Washington. Among contemporary admirers,
Lincoln is usually seen as a figure who personifies classical values of honesty, integrity, as well as
respect for individual and minority rights, and human freedom in general. Many American
organizations of all purposes and agendas continue to cite his name and image, with interests
ranging from the gay rights group Log Cabin Republicans to the insurance corporation Lincoln
Financial.
Over the years Lincoln has been memorialized in many city names, notably the capital of
Nebraska; with the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC (illustrated, right); on the U.S. $5 bill and
the 1 cent coin (Illinois is the primary opponent to the removal of the penny from circulation); and
as part of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial. Lincolns Tomb, Lincolns Home in Springfield,
New Salem, Illinois (a reconstruction of Lincolns early adult hometown), Fords Theater and
Petersen House are all preserved as museums, the nickname for the state of Illinois is Land of
Lincoln named after him.
On February 12, 1892 Abraham Lincolns birthday was declared to be a federal holiday in the
United States, though in 1971 it was combined with Washingtons birthday in the form of
Presidents Day. February 12 is still observed as a separate legal holiday in many states,
including Illinois.
Lincolns birthplace and family home are national historic memorials: Abraham Lincoln Birthplace
National Historic Site in Hodgenville, KY and Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield,
IL. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is also in Springfield.
The statue of Lincoln that is furthest south is outside the USA in Mexico. A gift from the United
States, dedicated in 1966 by President Lyndon B. Johnson, it is a 13 foot high bronze statue in
Ciudad Jurez, Chihuahua. The USA received a statue of Benito Jurez in exchange, which is
in Washington, DC. Jurez and Lincoln exchanged friendly letters, and Mexico remembers
Lincolns opposition to the Mexican-American War. There are also at least two statues of Lincoln
in England, one in London and another in Manchester .
The ballistic missile submarine Abraham Lincoln (SSBN-602) and the aircraft carrier Abraham
Lincoln (CVN-72) were named in his honor.
Famous director Steven Spielberg is currently planning a movie on Abraham Lincoln with Liam
Neeson in the leading role.

The American Disney theme parks feature an Audio-Animatronics Abraham Lincoln in the
show Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln and the Hall of Presidents.