CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
PARAGRAPH
A paragraph is a group of related statements that a writer
develops about a subject. The first sentence states the specific
point, or idea of topic. The rest of the sentences in the paragraph
support that point.

Topic
o The topic is general idea or the subject of the paragraph.

Main idea
o A main idea is an important information that tells more
about the overall idea of a paragraph or section of a text.

Topic sentence
o A topic sentence is a sentence that captures the meaning of
the entire paragraph or group of sentences. It tells what the
passage is mainly about.
o The first sentence of a paragraph is usually called the topic
sentence. You have no doubt noticed in your reading of
1

certain English texts that it is possible to place the topic

sentence at the end of the paragraph (as a kind of
conclusion), or even in the middle (as a kind of link
between the two parts). It is even possible not to have a
topic sentence at all.

Controlling idea
o Controlling idea is sentences which support topic sentence
but its function is just restrictive in order to focus in one
discussion.

Supporting detail
o The supporting details give more information about the
topic. They are not as general as the main idea. Instead, they
help the reader understand more about the main idea.
o Supporting details provide the information that supports the
topic sentence in a paragraph. You can create supporting
details with descriptions, examples, reasons, explanations,
and comparisons.
KINDS OF PARAGRAPH

Deductive paragraph
o Deductive is paragraph which its topic sentence is in the
first sentence of paragraph, after topic of sentence is
controlling idea and supporting sentence or general
explanation about topic sentence.

Inductive paragraph
o Inductive is paragraph which its topic sentence is in the end
sentence of paragraph and before that, it is controlling idea
and supporting sentence or general explanation about topic
of sentence.

Combination paragraph
o Combination Is paragraph which its topic sentence is in the
first and the end sentence of paragraph and other sentences
are controlling idea and supporting sentence or general
explanation.

Dul paragraph
o Dul is paragraph which has no topic sentence. It is just
arranged by some sentence.
3

CHAPTER II
KINDS OF TEXT

1. NARRATIVE TEXT

Definition of Narrative Text

o Narrative is text focusing specific participants. Its social
function is to tell stories or past events and entertain the
readers.

Generic Structure of Narrative Text

o Orientation

: Introducing the participants and informing

the time and the place.

o Complication : Describing the rising crises which the
participants have to do.
o Resolution

: Showing the way of participants to solve

the crises, better or worse.

Language Feature of Narrative Text

4

o Using processes verbs

o Using temporal conjunction
o Using simple past tense

Kinds of Narrative Text

o Myth : A traditional story which may describe the origins
of the world, a place, and / or of people. It is considered a
true sacred in the remote past. Example: Nyi Roro Kidul.
o Legend
: A true story primarily about human heroes
in the recent past and may feature some religious reference.
Example: The story of Toba Lake.
o Fable : A fable is a short allegorical narrative making a
moral point, traditionally by means of animal characters
who speak and act like human beings. Example: The Mouse
Deer and The Crocodile.
o Fairy Tale
:A fairy tale is a type of short story that
typically features folkloric fantasy characters, such as
fairies, goblins, elves, trolls, dwarves, giants, mermaids, or
gnomes, and usually magic or enchantments.

Example of Narrative Text

The Legend of Lake Toba

There was a fisherman who lived in Batak Land. His name
was Batara Guru Sahala. When he was angling, he caught a fish.
He was surprised to find that fish because the fish could talk and it
begged to set it free. He did accordingly.
After getting free, the fish changed into a beautiful woman
and Sahala fell in love with her. Sahala asked her to marry him and
the woman received him. However, she asked his promised not to
tell anyone the secret that she was once a fish. They were very
happily married, and got two daughters.
It was a pity on Sahala. One day when he got very angry
with his daughters, he forgot his promise and he broke it. He told
his daughters that they were the daughters of a fish.
His wife could not forgive him. Suddenly, the earth began to
shake and volcanoes started to erupt. The earth cracked and formed
a big hole. People said that the hole became Lake Toba.

2. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Definition of Descriptive Text

o Descriptive Text is a text which says what a person or a
thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a
particular person, place, or thing.

Generic Structure of Descriptive Text

o Identification : Identifies phenomenon (person, place, or
thing) that will be described.
o Description

: Describes parts, qualities, characteristics,

etc.

Language Feature of Descriptive Text

o Using attributive and identifying process.
o Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.

o Using simple present tense.

Example of Descriptive Text

My Mother
My mother is a beautiful person. She is not tall but not

short, and she has curly hair and brown. Her eyes color are like
honey and her color skin color light brown, and she has a beautiful
smile. Her weight likes 120 lbs.
She is a very kind person. She is very lovely, friendly,
patient, and she loves to help people. I love my mom, because she
is a good example to me. She loves being in the Church, and she
loves sing and dance too.
She is a very good child, wife and mother. She always takes
care of her family. She likes her house to be clean and organized.
She a very organized person, and all things in the house are in the
right place. She doesn't like messes.
She always has a smile on her face. She is so sweet and
lovely. I like when I am going to sleep or went I wake up or when I
am going to go to some places, she always give me a kiss, and

when the family have a problem she always be with us to helps us

and to give us all her love.
3. RECOUNT TEXT

Definition of Recount Text

o Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the
past. Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the
audience. There is no complication among the participants
and that differentiates from narrative.

Generic Structure of Recount

o Orientation

: Introducing the participants, place and time

o Events

: Describing series of event that happened in

the past
o Reorientation : It is optional. Stating personal comment of
the writer to the story

Language Feature of Recount

o Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc
9

o Using chronological connection; then, first, etc

o Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc
o Using action verb; look, go, change, etc
o Using simple past tense

Example of Recount Text

My Holiday

Last week I went to Mount Bromo. I stayed at my friend's house in

Probolinggo, East Java. The house has a big garden with colorful
flowers and a small pool.
In the morning, my friend and I saw Mount Batok. The
scenery was very beautiful. We rode on horseback. It was scary, but
it was fun. Then, we went to get a closer look at the mountain. We
took pictures of the beautiful scenery there. After that, we took a
rest and had lunch under a big tree. Before we got home, we went
to the zoo at Wonokromo. We went home in the afternoon.
We were very tired. However, I think it was really fun to
have a holiday like this. I hope my next holiday will be more
interesting.
10

4. DISCUSSION TEXT

Definition of Discussion Text

o Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse.
This problem will be discussed from different points of
view. It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue.
The purpose of a discussion text is to present arguments
and information from differing viewpoints. Discussion texts
are usually written in the present tense.

Generic Structure of Discussion Text

o Issue : contains of statement and preview about
something.
o Arguments For/Supporting Arguments

: after stating

the issue, it is necessary to present the argument to support

that one point is agreeing.

11

o Arguments Against : beside the supporting argument,

discussion text need the arguments which disagree to the
stated issue.
o Recommendation/Conclusion

: It is used to tell how

to solve issue by concerning the arguments for and against.

Language Feature of Discussion Text

o Introducing category or generic participant.
o Relating verb/to be: is, am, are, etc.
o Using thinking verb: feel, hope, believe, etc.
o Using additive, contrastive, and causal
connection: similarly, on the hand, however, etc.
o Using modalities: must, should, could, may, etc.
o Using adverbial of manner: deliberately, hopefully, etc.
o Conjunction/transition: although, even, if, etc.

Example of Discussion Text

National Exam

National exam becomes the hot topic in most of

discussions. Though the Supreme Court has rejected an appeal by
12

the government on the organization of the national exams, the

controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national
exams (UN) has continued. Some debates include the primary
questions such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend
on the national exam?, will the quality of the Indonesian education
system worsen without national exam?
People, who support the national exam explain that the
quality of the Indonesia education system will drop without the
national exam, so they try to defend the current system.
However there are people who disagree with the opinion.
Those who against this national exam kept in our high school
education say that it doesn't need the national exams because the
quality of education does not just depend on the national exam.
Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of
students' competence in specific subjects, and does not measure
students' competences throughout the semester.
In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an
instrument to evaluate or detect the level of students' cognitive
competence in several subjects, on a national scale.

5. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT

Definition Of Analytical Exposition Text

13

o Analytical exposition is text that elaborates the writers idea

about the phenomenon surrounding. Its purpose is to
persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.

Generic Structure Of Analytical Exposition Text

o

Thesis: introducing the topic and indicating the writers

position.

o Argument 1 : explaining the argument to support the

writers position.
o Argument 2 : explaining the other arguments to support
the writers position more.
o Reiteration

: restating the writers position.

Language Feature Of Analytical Exposition Text

o Using relational process
o Using internal conjunction
o Using causal conjunction
o Using simple present tense

Example Of Analytical Exposition Text

Hand-held Computer Games

My name is Thomas Park. I attend Seaview High School. I

am firmly of the opinion that hand-held computer games should not
be banned from schools.
14

Firstly, if they were banned, just imagine how many

unhappy and lonely teenagers there would be. You can play with
hand-held computer games at recess with your friends. Moreover,
they can help you make new friends. So, the games encourage
students to mix with one another.
Secondly, hand-held computer games dont interfere with
our schoolwork. Yes, occasionally students would get caught
playing with them in class. However, if there are proper rules and
punishments, this can be kept under control.
Lastly, these games develop our hand-eye coordination.
They are quite and so are not distracting! Therefore, I cant see why
teachers would object to this!
My argument is conclusive: hand-held computers at school
are harmless. Moreover, they are fun, help you make friends, can be
controlled, and are good. Therefore, dont ban hand-held computer
games!

6. HORTATORY EXPOSITION TEXT

Definition of Hortatory Exposition Text

o Hortatory exposition is text which represent the attempt of
the writer to have the addressee do something or act in
certain way. Its purpose is to persuade the reader idea with
any suggestions.
15

Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition Text

o Thesis
o Arguments
o Recommendation

Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition Text

o Focusing on the writer
o Using abstract noun
o Using action verb
o Using passive voice
o Using present tense, ect.

Example of Hortatory Exposition Text

Television for Social Construction

Television is today a part of daily life. It is not only a source

of entertainment but also news and information. Television is also a
valuable tool for science, education and industry.
What makes television even more interesting is that action
is accompanied by sound, so that we can see as well as hear what
on the television. Today we can stay at home and enjoy
entertainment that once could be seen only in cinema, theaters and
sport arenas. Television enables to meet important people. It can
16

bring important guests and important scene to receivers who are

located anywhere.
Television has a great influence on our idea about what is
right and what is wrong. It influences the way which we should
behave. Television has close related to our life in general. Some
times the value and life style we get from television are in conflict
with those that we get at home and school.
Critics point out that crime and TV show often appeal to
taste for violence, while many games and quizzes appeal to greedy.
It is important to suggest that television should be used for socially
constructive purpose for the shake of better life.

7. EXPLANATION TEXT

Definition of Explanation Text

o Explanation text is a text that is written to explain how or
why something happens, for example how river valleys are
formed or why the laws exist. Typically such text usually
consists a description of the phenomenon and an
explanatory sequence.

Generic Structure of Explanation Text

o General statement: stating the phenomenon issues which
are to be explained.
17

o Sequenced explanation: stating a series of steps which

explain the phenomena.

Language feature of Explanation Text

o Featuring generic participant: sun, rain, etc.

o Using chronological connection: to begin with, next, etc.
o Suing passive voice pattern.
o Using simple present tense.

Example of Explanation Text

Tsunami

The term of tsunami comes from the Japanese which

means harbor ("tsu") and wave ("nami"). A tsunami is a series of
waves generated when water in a lake or a sea is rapidly displaced
on a massive scale.
A tsunami will be generated when the seafloor abruptly
deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Such large
vertical movements of the earth's crust can occur at plate
boundaries.
Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in
generating tsunami, and occur where denser oceanic plates slip
under continental plates.

18

As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of

gravity to regain its equilibrium, it radiates across the ocean like
ripples on a pond.
Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is
caused by the huge mass of water behind the initial wave front, as
the height of the sea keeps rising fast and floods powerfully into the
coastal area.
8. PROCEDURE TEXT

Definition of Procedure Text

o Procedure is a text that shows a processing order. The
purpose procedure text is to tell the reader how to do or
make something. The information is presented in a logical
sequence of events which is broken up into small sequenced
steps. These texts are usually written in the present tense.
The most common example of a procedural text is a recipe.

Generic Structure of Procedure Text

o

Goal

: showing the purpose.

o Material

: telling the needed materials

o Steps

: describing the steps to achieve the purpose .

Language Feature of Procedure Text

o Using temporal conjunction
19

o Using action verb

o Using imperative sentence
o Using simple present tenses

Example of Procedure Text

How to make candle

What you need in making candle are wax, molds, wick, dye
discs, essential oils, and a double boiler. All these materials are
available from craft shops. Or if you do not want to buy them, you
can improvise with an old saucepan, Pyrex jug, or even a sturdy
can, in a pot of water. After providing the materials, follow this
procedure or instruction in making candles!
First of all, melt the wax. All wax has a flash point, so to
prevent it bursting into flames; you must melt it in a double boiler,
with water in the bottom pan. Then, prepare the mold with the
wick. Thread the wick through the mold and make sure that you
leave a good few centimeters sticking out of the hole in the bottom.
After that, add the scent. If you want a scented candle, add a few
drops of essential oil to the melted wax. You can use any essential
oil you like, as long as it doesn't contain water.
Next step, pour the wax into the mold. Try and tip the wax
into the mold quickly, all in one go, to minimize spillage and air
bubbles. Then, release the bubbles and top it up. Releasing the air
bubbles will eventually make the candle sink, so you will need to
20

top it up with more melted wax. Finally, remove it from the mold.
After four or five hours, the candle can be taken out of its mold.
Your candle is now ready for display. Remember, you must always
leave it for a day before lighting it.

9. REVIEW TEXT

Definition of Review Text

o

Review is one of text genres. This classification of

text types is commonly based on the structure which used
by the writer to compose his text. Each text type will have
different form of generic structure. Its purpose is to analyze
and evaluate.
Generic Structure of Review Text

Introduction : it is the highlight of the general

description about what will be reviewed.

Evolution
: the second phase is coming inside
into the product in details.

Interpretation
: time for reviewer to write
about what he thinks or impresses on the product.

21

Summary
: this phase is recommending
conclusion for reader of the product.
Language Feature of Review Text

Focus on specific participants

Using adjectives

Using long and complex clauses

Using metaphor
Example of Review Text
Original soundtrack of brownies

Bisa Saja was chosen as the first single of the album and
theme song of Brownies because the lyrics reflect the story in the
movie. Budjana of GIGI demonstrates his skills in playing an
acoustic guitar in Cinta Terakhir. Three other brand new songs,
Dilema, Jangan Bilang Pacarku, and Semua orang berhak mendapat
rasa bahagia, give supporting nuances to the flow of the movie.
GIGI composed them by imagining how the scenes would look like
based on the screenplay.
When Hanung Bramantyo (the director) and Dewa Budjana
of GIGI chatted, Budjana expressed his interest in making a
soundtrack album. Then, he recommended a few GIGI songs,
which producer accepted because of the chemistry they created
with the movie.

22

Since GIGI could provide a variety of colors to add all

kinds of musical nuances to enrich the movie, the producer deemed
it unnecessary to find other musicians to complete the original
soundtracks of Brownies.
Armand Maulana (Vocalist), I Gede Dewa Budjana
(Guitarist), Thomes Ramadhan (Bass Player), and Gusty Erhany
(Drum-stand-in player for Budhi Haryono) put a alot of effort into
this album. As a result, they have created a perfect belnd of a movie
and songs that makes Brownies tastier.
It's always fun to have a piece of piece brownies in your
mouth but having it on your stereo is more entertaining. No movie
is perfect without a musical score and Ost. Of Brownies has proved
it excellently.

10. REPORT TEXT

Definition of Report Text

o Report is text which presents information about something,
as it is. It is as result of systematic observation and analysis.
Its purpose is to inform some results to audiences and
classify the facts

Generic Structure of Report Text

23

o General classification
: Stating classification of
general aspect of thing, animal, public place, plat, etc which
will be discussed in general.
o Description : describing the thing which will be
discussed in detail, part per part, customs or deed for living
creature and usage for materials.

Language Feature of Report Text

o Introducing group of general aspect
o Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc.

Example of Report Text

ELEPHANT

Elephant is the largest and strongest of all animals. It is a

strange looking animal which it has thick legs, huge sides and
backs, large hanging ears, a small tail, little eyes, long white tusks
and above all, elephant has a long nose, the trunk. An elephant is
commonly seen in a zoo, it is hard to find in its natural habitat.
The trunk is the elephant's peculiar feature. This trunk has
various usages. The elephant draws up water by its trunk and can
squirt the water all over its body like a shower bath. The elephant's
trunk also lifts leaves and put them into its mouth. In fact, the trunk
serves the elephant as long arm and hand. An elephant looks very
clumsy and heavy and yet an elephant can move very quickly.

24

The elephant is very intelligent animal. Its intelligence

combined with its great strength makes an elephant a very useful
servant to man. Elephant can be trained to serve in various ways
such as carry heavy loads, hunt for tigers and even fight. An
elephant is really a smart animal.

11. SPOOF TEXT

Definition of Spoof Text

o Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the
past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social
function is to entertain and share the story.

Generic Structure of Spoof Text

o Orientation (introduction of the participant of the story,
where it happen and when. By giving the orientation, reader
will recognize the story).

25

o Events (tells about the chronological of the story. Several

events are explored in chronological way which able to
arrange the story read nicely.)
o Twist (an unpredictable plot in the end of the story which
amuses the reader. Readers even did not predict before that
it would be).

Language Feature of Spoof Text

o Focusing on individual participant
o Use of material process
o Use of circumstance of time and place
o Use of past tense
o Use of direct speech for the dialog
o Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
o Using adverb of time and place
o Told in chronological order

Example of Spoof Text

PENGUIN IN THE PARK

Once a man was walking in a park when he across a

penguin. He took it to a policeman and said; what should I do?
the policeman replied; take it to the zoo!
26

The next day, the policeman saw the man in the same park.
The man was still carrying the penguin. The policeman was rather
surprised and walked up to the man and asked; why are you still
carrying the penguin? Didnt you take it to the zoo? the man
replied; I certainly did. And it was a great idea because the
penguin enjoyed it. So, today I am taking it to the movie

12. ANECDOTE TEXT

Definition of Anecdote Text

o Anecdote is text which retells funny and unusual incidents
in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the reader.

Generic structure of Anecdote Text

o Abstract
o Orientation
o Crisis
27

o Incident

Language feature of Anecdote Text

o Using exclamation word
o Using imperative
o Using rhetoric question
o Using action verb
o Using simple past tense

Example of Anecdote Text

Snake in the bath

How would you like to find a snake in your bath? A nasty

one too!
We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty
for so long that everything was in a terrible mess. Anna and I
decided we would clean the bath first, so we set to, and turned on
the top.
Suddenly to my horror, a snakes head appeared in the plughole. Then out slithered the rest of his long thin body. He twisted
and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, spiting and hissing at
us.
For an instant I stood there quite paralysed. Then I yelled
for my husband, who luckily came running and killed the snake
28

with the handle of a broom. Anna, who was only three at the time,
was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her
out of the way or shed probably have leant over the bath to get a
better look!
Ever since then Ive always put the plug in firmly before
running the bath water.

13. NEWS ITEM TEXT

Definition of News Item Text

o News item is a text which informs readers about events of

the day. The events are considered newsworthy or
important. Its purpose is to inform the important news.
Generic structure of News Item Text
o Main event
o Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)
o Resource of information
29

Language feature of News Item Text

o Focusing on circumstances
o Using material process
o Using action verbs
o Using saying verbs
o Using adverb of time, adverb of place, adverb of manner.

Example of News Item Text

The women were beheaded in the southern Asir province in

what was the second execution in the country.
The maid was earlier found of suffocating her female boss
and stealing her jewelry. Rape, murder and other serious crimes can
carry the death penalty in the conservative desert kingdom.
Last year, Saudi Arabia, which follows a strict interpretation
of Syiria, Islamic law executed more than 130 people.

30

Reference

Discussion materials of genre for senior high school by Drs. Nofri

Anten. M.Pd
http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/students/fwalters/para.html 06.28 am
07.12.2014
http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/paragraphs.shtml 06.45 am
07.12.2014

31