UNIT-1

2-Marks
1. What is the need for system analysis in planning and operation of power
system?
Need for power system analysis in planning and operation of power
system, operational planning covers the whole period ranging from the
incremental stage of system development. The system operation engineers at
various points like area,space,regional and national load dispatch deals with the
dispatch of power.
Power balance equation is
PD = PGi , i=1,2.N
Total demand= sum of the real power generation
2. How the base values are chose in per unit representation of a power system?
Selection of Base MVA: First a base MVA is chosen. The same MVA
will be used in all parts of the system. It may be the largest MVA of a section, or
total MVA of the system or any values like 10, 100, 1000 MVA etc.
Selection of Base KV: The rated voltage of the largest section may be
taken as base KV. The base voltage of remaining section are assigned depends
on the turns ratio of the transformer.
3. Define per unit value of an electrical quantity. Write equation for base
impedance with respect to 3-phase system.
The per unit value of any quantity is defined as the ratio of actual
quantity to its base quantity expressed as a decimal. The ratio in percent is 100
times the value in per unit.
4. Draw the circuit representation of a transformer with off-nominal tap ratio a

5. What are the advantages of per unit syetem?

1) Per unit data representation yields valuable relative magnitude
information.
2) Circuit analysis of systems containing transformers of various
transformation ratios is greatly simplified.
3) The p.u systems are ideal for the computerized analysis and
simulation of complex power system problems.

4) Manufacturers usually specify the impedance values of equivalent

in per unit of the equipments rating. If the any data is not available,
it is easier to assume its per unit value than its numerical value.
5) The ohmic values of impedances are refereed to secondary is
different from the value as referee to primary. However, if base
values are selected properly, the p.u impedance is the same on the
two sides of the transformer

The circuit laws are valid in p.u systems, and the power and voltages equations are
simplified since the factors of 3 and 3 are eliminated.
6.

What is one line diagram or single line diagram?

A Single line diagram is diagrammatic representation of power system in which the
components are represented by their symbols and the interconnections between them are shown
by a single straight line (even though the system is 3- phase system). The ratings and the
impedances of the components are also marked on the single line diagram.
7.

Write the equation for converting the p.u. impedance expressed in one base to another
base.

8. What are the components of power system?

The components of power system are Generators, power Transformers, Transmission
lines, Substation Transformers, Distribution Transformers and Loads.
9.

If the reactance in ohms is 15 ohms, find the p.u value for a base of 15 KVA and 10 KV.

10. How are the loads represented in reactance or impedance diagram?

1. Draw the reactance diagram for the power system shown in Fig.1. Neglect resistance and use a
base of 100 MVA, 220 kV in 50 line. The ratings of the generator, motor and transformer are
given below.

Generator: 40 MVA, 25 kV, X = 20%

Synchronous motor : 50 MVA, 11 kV, X = 30%
Y Y Transformer : 40 MVA, 33/220 kV, X = 15%
Y - 30 MVA, 11/220 kV, (/Y), X = 15%

(16)

2. (i) Draw the structure of an electrical power system and describe the components of the
system with typical values. (12)
(ii) What are the step by step procedures to be followed to find the per-unit impedance diagram
of a power system? (4)

3. Choosing a common base of 20 MVA, compute the per unit impedance (reactance) of the
components of the power system shown in Fig.5 and draw the positive sequence impedance
(reactance) diagram.

Gen 1 : 20 MVA, 10.5 kV, X = 1.4 Ohm

Gen 2 : 10 MVA, 6.6 kV, X = 1.2 Ohm
Tr 1 : 10 MVA, 33/11 kV, X = 15.2 Ohm per phase on HT side

Tr 2 : 10 MVA, 33/6.2 kV, X = 16.0 Ohm per phase on HT side

Transmission line : 22.5 Ohms per phase

(16)

4. Draw the reactance diagram using a base of 50MVA and 13.8KV on generatorG1

G1: 20MVA, 13.8KV, X=20% ; G2: 30MVA, 18.0KV, X=20%

G3: 30MVA, 20.0KV, X=20% ; T1: 25MVA, 220/13.8 KV, X =10%
T2:3Single phase unit each rated 10MVA, 127/18 KV, X =10%
T3: 35MVA, 220/22 KV, X =10%
5. Write detailed notes about the per-phase model of a three phase transformer.(8)
6. What are the advantages of per-unit computations? (4)
Per unit data representation yields valuable relative magnitude information.
Circuit analysis of systems containing transformers of various transformation
ratios is greatly simplified.
Circuit parameters tend to fall in relatively narrow numerical ranges making
erroneous data easy to spot.
The p.u. systems are ideal for the computerized analysis and simulation of
complex power system problems.
Manufacturers usually specify the impedance values of equivalent in per unit of
the equipments rating. If any data is not available, it is easier its per unit value
than its numerical value.
7. Write short notes on:

(i) Single line diagram

(ii) Change of base.
(iii) Reactance of synchronous machines.
8.

(5)
(5)
(6)

Figure shows a single line diagram of unloaded three generator power system with
interconnection between the generator by means of three transformers and a transmission
line with two sections with their impedances marked on the diagram. The ratings of
generators and transformers are given below: s.37